General Mathematics Eduard M Albay

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS’

TRAINING FOR THE K TO 12 BASIC
EDUCATION CURRICULUM
May 29, 2017 to June 3, 2017
June 12 – 24, 2017
EDUARD MANZANO ALBAY

Faculty, College of Arts and Sciences
Mathematics and Allied Disciplines Department
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
 Functions and their Graphs
 Business Mathematics
 Logic
ON PARTICIPATION
LAHAT KASALI
KASALI LAHAT.
ON REACTION
OO… AT…
ON SHARING
T.I.P.S.
ON GADGETS
MINIMIZE
(subject to constraints)
for
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR GRAPHS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Objectives of the Session
• Explain concepts related to functions;
• Solve problems involving functions;
• Determine real life applications of functions
• Construct a DLL in General Mathematics

• Perform demonstration teaching in any
lesson in General Mathematics
General Mathematics
Curriculum Guide
Activity 1
• Form five groups.
• Complete the table below based on the set
of competencies given to you.
Rank the Topics
Competencies Outline of Topics based on Level of Difficulty
(1 is the Most difficult)
• Provide a brief discussion for each of the

topic based on the accomplished table.
Presentation of Output
April 17- May 4, 2017
OVERVIEW
ON FUNCTIONS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Overview on Functions
1. Functions through:
a. Ordered pairs
b. Mapping
c. Table of Values
d. Graphs
e. equation
f. Real-life situations
2. Evaluating Functions
3. Operations on Functions
4. Composition of Function
5. Word Problems on Functions
Introduction
In many real-life situations, there are
quantities that depend on one or
more variables.
In mathematics, the relationship

between two distinct quantities based
on a definite rule is referred to as a
function.
Functions as Ordered Pairs
Function or not?
f = {(0, –1), (2, –5), (4, –9), (6, –13)}
R = {(a, 0), (b, –1), (c, 0), (d, –1)}
g = (5, –10), (25, –75), (50, –100)
T = {(–2, 0), (–1, 1), (0, 1), (–2, 2)}

Functions as Mapping
Functions as Table of Values
Function or not?
Functions as Table of Values
Functions as Graphs
Function or not?
Vertical Line Test

Functions as Equations
y = f(x)
Function or not?
y  2x  3
x y 2
Functions in Real Life
Identify whether the relationship that exists
between the following pairs indicates a
function or not.
1. A jeepney and its plate number
2. A student and his ID number
3. A teacher and his cellular phone
4. A pen and the color of its ink
5. A chemical element and its symbol.
6. Birth month and names of students in a
class
Functions as Ordered Pairs
A function is a relation defined as a set of
ordered pairs (x, y) where every value of
x corresponds to a unique value of y.
Evaluating Functions
When you evaluate a function, it means
that you:
a. Substitute the independent variable in
the equation by the given number
b. Solve for the function value at that
number.
 13  6
1

2
Reflect:
When does the value

of the function
become undefined?
The function value becomes
undefined when:
a. the denominator of the given
function becomes 0
b. the radicand of a given radical
expression with an even index
is a negative number.
Question:
At what integral value/s of x does the

function f(x) = (x – 3)2 – 4 become
zero? {1,5}
Negative? {2,3,4}
Rational number greater than zero? x  5
Counting number? x  5
Operations on Functions
Reflect:
Does the resulting equation

after operating two or more
functions define a function?
Operations on Functions
Composite Functions
Given two functions f and g,
the composite function, denoted by f g
(read as “f composed with g”),
is defined by ( f  g )( x)  f [ g ( x)]
Composite Functions
If f ( x)  3x  4 x and g ( x)  x, 1 find:
2
a. ( f  g )( x)
b. ( f  g )(2)
Composite Functions
Composite Functions
Given two functions f and g, the
composite function, denoted by f  g
(read as “f composed with g”), is defined
by ( f  g )( x)  f [ g ( x)]
Activity 2
Solving Word problems on Functions

Word Problems on Functions
The surface area (SA) of a cube is a

function of its edges. Determine the
length of the edge of a square box if
2
its surface area is 1 350 cm .
(SA = 6s2)
EDGE= 15 cm
Consider the function described in the

given set {(–4, –7), (2, 2), (x – 3, 20)}.
What must be the value of x so that the
function satisfies the equation
2y = 3x – 2?
x = 17
You work as a hairstylist in a well-known salon and
spa where you are entitled to a 20% employee discount
on all its services. During your last birthday, your boss
gave you a gift certificate worth P600. Now, you plan
to pamper yourself with a hair treatment and a whole
body massage worth P5 000. Your boss gave you two
options: (a) subtract the amount of the gift certificate
first from the total amount and then apply the 20%
discount, or (b) take first the 20% employee discount
and then subtract the amount of the gift certificate.
Which deal is better? Explain your answer.
You work as a hairstylist in a well-known salon and
spa where you are entitled to a 20% employee discount
on all its services. During your last birthday, your boss
gave you a gift certificate
Amountworth P600. Now, you plan
to Pay
to pamper yourself with a hair treatment and a whole
Option A = P 3,520.00
body massage worth P5 000. Your boss gave you two
Optionthe
options: (a) subtract B =amount
P 3,400.00
of the gift certificate
Option
first from the total B is a better
amount and thendeal.
apply the 20%
discount, or (b) take first the 20% employee discount
and then subtract the amount of the gift certificate.
Which deal is better? Explain your answer.
Suppose a mapping diagram will be

drawn to illustrate the correspondence
between the commodities (y) in a grocery
store and the producer/manufacturer (x)
of the commodities, how does the
mapping look like? Does the diagram
determine a function? Defend your
answer.
NO
Given that y = 3 for any value of x.

Is y a function of x? YES
Is x a function of y? NO
Explain your answer.
Given that x = -2 for any value of y.

Is x a function of y? NO
Is y a function of x? YES
Explain your answer.
1
If g (r )  , show that
r
 st 
g ( s)  g (t )  g  
t s
g (r ) 
1  st 
g ( s)  g (t )  g  
r t s
1 1 1
 
s t st
ts
ts ts

st st
Domain and Range
Domain
Range
Domain and Range
Activity:
Determine the domain and range of the
following functions.
5
g ( x) 
x2
f ( x)  x
f ( x)  x  25
2
Domain and Range
Question:
Explain in your own words how to

determine the domain and range of a
function using
a. a set of ordered pairs;
b. a mapping diagram; and
c. an equation.
Piece-wise Function
There are functions which are piece-wise
in nature. These are functions which are
defined in different domains since they
are determined by several equations.
Piece-wise Function
Find the domain and range:
2 x  3 if x  2
f ( x)  
4 if x  2
{x x  2} { y y  7}
Activity 3
Activity: Find the domain and range:
 x - 1 if x  1
2
f ( x)  
1 if 1  x
{x x  } { y y  1}
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Rational Functions
1. Rational Functions
2. Rational Function, Rational Equation,
Rational Inequality
3. Graphs and Properties of Rational
Functions
4. Solving Word Problems Involving
Rational Functions
Rational Functions
Tell whether or not the following functions
are rational function.
3
f ( x)  f ( x)  3 x
x2
1
x2 2x
f ( x)  4 x 2 f ( x)  
x2 x2
4
f ( x)  3x  5 x  x  1
2
Rational Functions
Two polynomial functions expressed as a
quotient is called rational function.
Polynomial functions are also rational

functions.
Rational functions are algebraic

functions.
Rational Function, Rational
Equation, and Rational Inequality
x2  6x  9 2 x 3x  1
f ( x)   9
x3 5 2
x5 3 x2
 4
2x 4 x
1 1
4
2 x2
1
x 2
Activity 4
Solving Rational Equations

Rational Equation
Solve:
x5 3 x2 x2
 x  10 
x4 x2
x  6
2x 4
x  4 4x  5 1 

 2 2x  3
0  ,2
2 
3 1 4
 2  2
x  x  6 x  x  12 x  6 x  8
2 x  11
Activity 5
Solving Rational Inequality

Rational Inequality
Solve: 2 x 3 x  1 (5,)
 9
5 2
x2 2
4 (,0)  ( ,)
x
3
4 x 2  49  7  7 
2x  6
0  ,3  
 2   2 ,  

Rational Equation
CRAM METHOD
C Clear all fractions by multiplying both sides

of the equation by the LCD of the terms.
R Remove all grouping symbols, if any.
A Add or subtract similar terms
M Multiply or divide both sides by c, leaving
the variable on the left side of the equation
with coefficient equal to 1. Then, check the
result.
Rational Equation
Also, when solving rational equations, it
is very helpful that you have a wide
knowledge on algebraic processes and
skills like factoring techniques, and
operating algebraic expressions, and
solving quadratic equations.
Graphs and Properties
of Rational Function
• Domain
• Range
• Vertical Asymptote
• Horizontal Asymptote
• Intercepts
• Domain
x 1
f ( x)  • Range
x2 • Vertical Asymptote
• Horizontal Asymptote
• Intercepts
x 1
f ( x) 
x2
{x x  2}
{ y y  1}
x  2 y 1
(1,0)
x 1
f ( x)   1
x2  0, 
 2
x 1 x 1
Algebraic Method f ( x)   y
x2 x2
Horizontal Asymptote
y 1  0
y 1
Range
{ y y  1}
Activity 6
Without graphing, find the domain, range,
horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the
rational function
2
f ( x)  2
x 4
5x  2
f ( x) 
2x 1
2
f ( x)  2 Horizontal Asymptote
y0
x 4
Domain Vertical Asymptote
{x x  2} x2
x  2
Range
{ y y  0}
5x  2
f ( x)  Horizontal Asymptote
2x 1 y
5
2
Domain
1 Vertical Asymptote
{x x   }
2 1
Range x
5 2
{y y  }
2
Word Problems Involving
Rational Function
• Variation
– Direct Variation/Direct Square Variation
– Inverse Variation
– Joint Variation
– Combined Variation
• Work Problems
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Inverse Functions
1. One-to-one Functions
2. Inverse Functions
One-to-One Functions
When do you say

that a function
is one-to-one?
A function f is a one-to-one
function if and only if every value
in the range corresponds to
exactly one value in the domain.
Every one-to-one function has a
unique inverse function.
Horizontal Line Test

Inverse Functions
A function f is a one-to-one
function if and only if every value
in the range corresponds to
exactly one value in the domain.
Every one-to-one function has a
unique inverse function.
Inverse Functions
Inverse of a Function
f ( x)  4 x  12
Activity 7
Finding the Inverse of a Function

3x 1 2 x  10
f ( x)  5  f ( x) 
2 3
x
f ( x)  2 x 3 1
f ( x)  3
2
2
f ( x)  2 1
f ( x) 
2
3
 x3 x2
f ( x)  ( x  1)  2
3
1
f ( x)  x  2 1
3
 x  2
f ( x)  3 1
f ( x)  2 x  2
3
2
Graph of Inverse Functions
x
f ( x)  3
2
f ( x)  2 x 3
yx
Inverse Functions
Question:
Is it possible for a function

to be an inverse of itself?
Inverse Functions
Inverse Functions
Question:
Consider the function f(x) = x2.
Is the function f one-to-one? Why?
Suppose the function f is not one-to-
one. Is it possible for it to become a
one-to-one function? Support your
answer.
EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Exponential Functions
Exponential function
or not?
Exponential Equation
Exponential Inequality
Activity 8
Solving Exponential Equations

Activity 8
Solve each exponential equation.
2 x 3 n  2
 1  1
1) 216 x2
 36 2 x 3
   
 216  4)  4
4 2
 n 1
 1 
9 3b
 
2) b  812b
 64 
9
3) 4  n2
 4  64
n
5) 
3
216 
3 x 3
 36
1,600
Activity 9
Solving Word problems on

0  b 1
b 1
Applications Functions
• Population Growth and Decay

• Appreciation and Depreciation
• Simple Interest
• Compound Interest
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Logarithmic Functions
y= bx x= by
The logarithmic
function was
introduced, making
it possible to solve
for the function
value y in the
equation x = by.
Solve each equation.
1. log2 (–2x + 10) = log2 (7 – 5x)
2. log4 2m = log4(–3m – 10)
log5 2 x 2
3. 5  3x  2
Incorrect sign. It
Spot the error, if there is any.
should be (-x2) by
addition property of
equality.
Activity 10
log15 5 1
Prove that 15 
5
Activity 11
Solving problems on Logarithmic

Functions (Quiz Bee)
You gave the following equation to Allan
and Ana for them to solve:
log18 (k  2)  log18 (7k  2)
2
After a given time, you asked them to

show their answers. Ana and Allan have
(0, 7) and (–7, 0) as their solutions,
respectively. Which of them got the
correct answer?
ANA
Given the logarithmic equation
log6 ( x  26)  log6 (1)

2
determine algebraically whether it

has a solution or not. If the
logarithmic equation has no solution,
explain your answer.
No Solution
x9
In the given inequality, (x – 9) should be
positive, hence, x > 9. And since x > 9 satisfies
the solution for which x ≥ -7, then, the solution
for the given logarithmic inequality is (9,+∞).
(3,5]
The inequality is true for -2 ≤ x ≤ 5. However,
for log x to exist, x > 0, and for log (x – 3), x – 3
> 0, or that is, x > 3. Therefore, the solution of
the inequality is (3, 5].
Functions
How do the concepts of

functions help you
understand your life,
the community, and the
world?
Functions
BUSINESS
MATHEMATICS
April 17- May 4, 2017
• Define and illustrate terms related to
business mathematics.
• Model and solve real life problems using
interests, annuities, and loans.
• Develop financial management skill by using
appropriate financial instruments in making
conclusions and decisions.
Business Mathematics
1. Simple and Compound Interests
2. Simple and General Annuities
3. Bonds and Stocks
4. Business and Consumer Loans
IDEAS
Shopping Mall
Activity 12
Ideas Shopping Mall

WORD WHAT I WHAT I NEED
KNOW TO KNOW
Simple and Compound Interests
Interest is a fraction or percentage being
imputed to a sum or money.
Simple interest is the interest charged to a

borrower or earned by a lender for the full term
of the loan.
In a compound interest, the interest earned or

charged is being rolled over and reinvested with
the principal amount. In short, the interest also
earn interest, not just the original principal
amount.
Maturity value is the amount to be paid to the
holder of a financial obligation at the
obligation’s maturity.
Future value is the sum to which today’s

investment will grow by a specific future date,
when compounded at a given interest rate.
How are these two terms

similar or different?
Maturity value is used for investments and
deposits
Future value is used for insurance or bonds.

Interest I  PRT
Future Value (FV)
Simple interest FV  P (1  RT )
NT
 R
Compound interest FV  P1  
 N
Activity 13

You want to start saving money. You placed a

time deposit in Bank A for Php 50,000.00 with
an interest rate of 5%. How much will your
savings be after 5 years if:
a. Invested following the simple interest rate?
b. If compounded twice a year.
62,500
Compare the results. 64,000
Present Value (P)
Future Value
Simple interest P
1  RT
Future Value
Compound interest P NT
 R
1  
 N
Activity 14

You are planning to invest in a high-risk mutual

fund of Bank A which will give you 5% interest
in 5 years. Your target is to earn a total amount
of Php 1,000,000.00. How much should you
invest if the investment is:
a. Under simple interest scheme? 800,000.00
b. Compounded monthly? 779,180.30
c. What conclusion can you make?
Principal Amount / Present Value
Amount / Future Value
Interest
Rate
Time
Compounded
Semi-annually
Quarterly
Annually
Before borrowing or
lending money, it is It is important to read
important to consider problems carefully. The
the interest cited in the word compounded
agreement. makes the problem more
complex and specifies
the use of a different
formula.
Simple and General Annuities
Annuity is a term that refers to a deposit or

investment agreement between a potential
depositor or investor and a financial institution
that promises to pay out a steady amount of
money over time.
Types of Annuities
Ordinary Annuity or also known as fixed
annuities, where payments are made at the
END of each period and usually when
borrowing money and making repayments.
Annuity Due , where payments are made at

the BEGINNING of the period and usually
applied when saving or investing.
Simple Annuity when the interest

compounding period is EQUAL to the payment
period.
General Annuity
, when the interest
compounding period is NOT EQUAL to the
payment period.
The concept of annuity is very much related to

the foundation of simple and compound
interests. The difference lies in the complexity
of the components of the financial instrument.
Future and Present Values of an
Ordinary Annuity
Simple Annuity
 1  I  NT
 1 1  1  I  NT 
FV  P   PV  P  
 I   I 
General Annuity
 1  I 2  NT
 1 1  1  I 2  NT 
FV  P   PV  P  
 I2   I2 
No. of Compounding/Year
where, I 2  (1  I )  1
C C
No. of Payment/Year
Ordinary Simple Annuity
Your mom decided to join their office
cooperative and agreed to contribute P 1,000
per month beginning in January 2017 and will
earn 3% compounded monthly. How much will
be your mom’s investment future value at the
end of April 2017? After 5 years?
To illustrate simple annuity:
Compute for the interest 0.03
I  0.0025
per month: 12
1,000
1,000  1,000(1  0.0025)  2,002.50
1,000  1,000(1.0025)  1,000(1.0025) 2  3,007.51

1,000  1,000(1.0025)  1,000(1.0025) 2  1,000(1.0025)3
 4,015.03
P 15.03
Future value of an ordinary simple annuity:
 1  I NT  1 R
Future Value  P   where, I 
N
 I 
Thus, after 5 years:
 1  0.002512(5)  1
Future Value  1,000 
 0.0025 
 64,646.70
Using simple annuity, after 5 years, :  64,646.70
NT
Using compound interest:  R
FV  P1  
 N
(12 )( 5 )
 0.03 
Future Value  60,0001    69,697.01
 12 
What conclusion can you make

based on the results?
Activity 15
1. Your dad started to join the barangay’s
cooperative and agreed to contribute
P2,000.00 per month starting in January
2017, which will earn 4% compounded
monthly.
a. How much will be the future value of your
dad’s contribution after March 2017?
b. How much will your dad’s money grow in 4
years?
Ordinary Annuity
Present value of an annuity is the amount of
money that one has to invest today in one
lump-sum payment in order to accumulate the
same amount of money produced by
contributing regularly to the annuity over some
period of time.
1  1  I  NT  R
PV  P   where, I 
 I  N
Ordinary Annuity
Find the present and future values of your
college educational plan earning 4%
compounded quarterly if payments of
P5,000.00 are made quarterly for 10 years.
Present Value
1  1  I  NT  R .04
PV  P   where, I    0.01
 I  N 4
1  1  0.01`40 
PV  5,000   P 164,173.43
 0.01 
Ordinary Annuity
NT
Future Value using  R
compound interest formula: FV  P1  
 N
( 4 )(10 )
 .04 
FV  164,173.431    244,431.87
 4 
Future Value using
ordinary annuity formula:
 1  I NT  1 R .04
FV  P   where, I    0.01
 I  N 4
 1  0.01( 4)(10)  1
FV  5,000   244,431.87
 0.01 
Reflect Upon
What do the results tell you?

Note that in 10 years, you gained P44,431.87
How do these help you

in making decisions?
General Annuity Due
General Annuity Due payments are made
at the beginning of each payment period, and
the compounding period is not equal to the
payment period.
 1  I 2 NT  1
FV  P   1  I 2 
 I2 
1  1  I 2  NT  where, I 2  (1  I )C  1
PV  P  
 I2  C
No. of Compounding/Year
No. of Payment/Year
General Annuity Due
Rapa invested Php 5000 in a fund at the beginning
of every three months for five years. The fund was
earning an interest rate of 5% compounded
monthly.
a. What was the total amount invested?
b. What was the accumulated value of the
investment?
• Payments are made at the beginning of each payment
period (quarter)
• Compounding period (monthly) ≠ payment period
(quarter)
General Annuity Due
a. Total Amount invested = 5000 x 20 = 100,000.00
b. First, compute for the number of interest periods

per compounding interval denoted by C.
Number of Interest Compounding per Year
C
Number of Payments per year
12
C 3
4
General Annuity Due
Second, determine the equivalent periodic rate I2 .
I 2  (1  I )  1 where, I  R
C
N
3
 0.05 
I 2  1    1  0.0126
 12 
General Annuity Due
Finally, apply the value of I2 in the future value
computation.
 1  I 2 NT  1
FV  P   1  I 2 
 I2 
 1  0.0126( 4)( 5)  1
FV  5000  1  0.0126  114,348.27
 0.0126 
Activity 16
General Annuity Due

General Annuity Due
Alexandria inherited money that was invested
in an account which provided her Php 4500
at the beginning of every month for 30 years.
If the interest rate on the savings account was
4% compounded semi-annually, what was the
amount of the inheritance? Round your
answer to the nearest hundred dollars.
Php 949,500.00
Annuity
Annuities give you a

picture of what lies
ahead if you invest on You must decide wisely
a particular financial in choosing the most
product. appropriate financial
plan for you.
Deferred Annuity
Deferred Annuity is a type of annuity where
an amount of money is set aside into a
financial instrument with the agreement that it
will be regularly disbursed but only after a
guaranteed period of time or several years.
1  1  I  NT 
PV  P  
 I (1  I )
K

P is the expected amount to be given out in a year divided by the number of
payout.
K is the number of deferred period times the number of payout per year.
-NT is the number of payout per year multiplied by the total period.
1  1  I  NT 
Deferred Annuity PV  P  
 I (1  I )
K

A recently married couple wants to establish a
trust fund that will serve as their savings. The
trust fund will pay the couple P 50,000.00 per
year for 20 years after being deferred for 10
years. It will earn 4% interest compounded
quarterly and is to be paid out quarterly. How
much is the present value of this trust fund?
50000
P  12500
4 P  - 4(20)  -80
4%
I  1%
4 K  4(10)  40
1  1  I  NT 
Deferred Annuity PV  P  
 I (1  I )
K

1  1  I  NT  50000
PV  P   P  12500
 I (1  I )
K 4
 4%
I  1%
4
 1  1  0.0180  P  - 4(20)  -80
PV  12500 40  K  4(10)  40
 0.01(1  0.01) 
PV  P 460,822.95
Bonds and Stocks
Bond is a loan which an investor provides to a

company or government, known as issuer. In
return, the issuer provides the investor with a
bond in which it promises to pay a specified
rate of interest during the life of the bond, and
to repay the face value (principal) of the bond
when it matures.
Bonds and Stock
Bonds and Stocks
Corporate bonds
Secured bonds
Unsecured bonds
Convertible bonds
Bonds and Stocks
Question:
How does bond work?

Sells each bond at to
$ 50
If no investors found
$ 50
If no investors found
If there are investors
found
At the end of the term
Risks associated with Bonds
Company or government failure

Interest rate change
Inflation
Bonds and Stocks
Question:
Why do you think the government

is the most secured issuer of
bonds?
Bonds and Stocks
Stocks are defined as shares of ownership in
a corporation. Owners of stocks are called
stockholders.
What is the difference

between bonds and stocks?
Why do corporations sell their stocks?

Bonds and Stocks
Common stockholders
Preferred stockholders
Dividends
Risks (Market, default, guarantee of principal,

inflationary, interest)
Business and Consumer Loans
Consumer Credit is the term used for a type
of loan that is offered to businesses and
individuals and other retail customers. The
repayment of a loan in equal installments is
called amortization.
Closed-end Credit
Open-end credit
Business and Consumer Loans
The 5C’s of Credit
Character
Capacity
Capital
Collateral
Conditions
Business Loans
1. Corporate Loan
2. Commercial Loan
3. SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) Loan
Consumer Loans
1. Housing or mortgage loan
2. Auto or car loan
3. Salary or personal loan
4. Credit card
Activity 17
Reflection
Reflect Upon
Why is it that many Filipinos

do not save or save very little?
Question:
What is the essence of

Lessons from Business Mathematics
On Earning: Never depend on a single income.
Make an investment to create a second source.
On Spending: If you buy things you do not need,
soon you’ll have to sell things you need.
On Taking Risks: Never test the depth of the
water with both feet.
On Investment: Do not put all eggs in one
basket.
On Expectation: Honesty is very expensive gift.
Do not expect it from cheap people.
LOGIC
April 17- May 4, 2017
• Explain terms related to logic
• Determines the validity and falsity of real-life
arguments
• Illustrates the methods of direct and indirect
proofs
• Illustrates real-life situations using the
concepts of logic.
Logic
Logic
Reasoning
Seeks the rules and The goal of logic is to

principles of how people provide rules for
rational thinking,
should reason correctly
hence it states what
and rationally. ought to be
Propositions
A statement is a
declarative
sentence that is
A proposition is a either true or
statement that false, but not
expresses a single and both.
complete idea, and
bears either truth or
falsity
Propositions
Simple Proposition: A statement that
conveys one thought with no connectives.
Compound Proposition: Is a statement

comprises of two simple statements combined
by a connective (and, or, implies that, if and
only).
Propositions
2 is an even number.
Today is Sunday and it is a sunny day.
I will go home today only if the trainer

dismisses us early.
Activity 18
Proposition Generation
CONNECTIVES
April 17- May 4, 2017
Connectives
Logical Connective
Negation (it is not the case that) 
Conjunction (and) ˄
Disjunction (or) ˅
Conditional (implies) 
Biconditional (if and only if) 
Connectives
Represent the following statements using logical
connectives.
1. P or not Q.
2. If P then Q.
3. If P and R, then Q.
4. P if and only if Q.
5. P if and only if Q and R.
6. Not P and not Q
7. It is not the case that if P, then Q.
8. If P and Q, then R and S.
9. P implies not Q or R.
10. P if and only if Q implies not R.
Connectives
Let: P = "The pancake is hot."
K = "The kakanin is cold."
C = "The fried chicken will be delivered.
Translate the following into logical notations.

1. The pancake is hot and the fried chicken will not be
delivered.
2. If the kakanin is cold, then the fried chicken will be
delivered.
3. Either the kakanin is cold or the fried chicken won't
be delivered.
4. If the fried chicken won't be delivered, then both the
pancake is hot and the kakanin is cold.
Connectives
Let: P = "The pancake is hot."
K = "The kakanin is cold."
C = "The fried chicken will be delivered.
5. The kakanin isn't cold if and only if the pancake isn't

hot.
6. The fried chicken will be delivered only if the kakanin
is cold."
7. The pancake is hot and the kakanin isn't cold, but the
fried chicken will be delivered."
Connectives
Other words or Symbol
phrases
P but Q P˄Q
Either P or Q P˄Q

P or Q but not both (P ˅ Q) ˄ (P ˄ Q)
P if Q
PQ
P is necessary for Q
P only if Q
P is equivalent to Q
P whenever Q PQ
Dominance of Connectives
Connectives in their dominant order.

1. Biconditional
2. Conditional
3. Conjunction, Disjunction
4. Negation
Connectives
Add parenthesis in each statement to form the
type of statement indicated. If none are
needed, indicate that fact.
1. Negation ~ P ~ Q
2. Biconditional ~ P QR
3. Disjunction PQ  RS
4. Conditional PQ  RS
5. Conjunction PQ  RS
Connectives
Add parenthesis in each statement to form
the type of statement indicated. If none are
needed, indicate that fact.
6. Negation ~ P  Q ~ R
7. Conjunction ~ PQ  R
8. Conditional ~ PQ  R
9. Biconditional PQ  R
10.Disjunction ~ PQR
Truth Table
p q pq pq pq pq

T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T
Activity 19
Truth Tables
Truth Table
Construct a truth table for each

number.
1. P  (Q  R)
2. ( P  Q)  ( R  ~ P)
3. P  (Q  ~ R)
4. ( P  Q)  ( R  ~ P)
5. (~ P  ~ R)  (~ Q  R)
6. ( P  ~ P )  ( R  ~ Q )
FORMS OF CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Conditional Statements
• Conditional statements can be
converted into various forms.
Statement Wordings Symbols
Conditional If P, then Q. PQ
Converse If Q, then P. QP
Inverse If not P, then not Q. ~ P ~ Q
Contrapositive If not Q, then not P. ~ Q ~ P
Conditional Statements
Convert the following conditional
statement into its equivalent converse,
inverse, and contrapositive forms.
1. If a number is even, then it is

divisible by 2.
2. Pacquiao wins only if Mayweather
loses.
Truth Value
P = a whole number is an integer.
1 1
Q= 2 2
R = Some squares are rectangles.
Find the truth value of the following:

PQ QP ~ Q ~ P PR
PQ P R P ~ R ~ Q ~ R
LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE
April 17- May 4, 2017
Logical Equivalence
Two statements P and Q are logically

equivalent, written as P  Q if P and Q
have the same truth values.
Logical Equivalence
Prove that P  Q and ~ P  Q

are logically equivalent.
P Q PQ P P Q P  Q
T T T T F T T
T F F T F F F
F T T F T T T
F F T F T F T
Logical Equivalence
1. Show that ~ ( p  q )  (~ p  ~ q )
2. Which of the following statements
is/are true?
a. ~ ( p  q )  (~ p  ~ q )
b. p  q  q  p
c. p  (q  r )  ( p  q)  ( p  r )
d. ( p  r )  q  (r  ( p  q ))
Logical Equivalence
~~ P  P Rule of double negation
( P  Q)  (~ P  Q) Or-form of an implication
( P  Q)  (~ Q ~ P) Contrapositive of an implication
~ ( P  Q)  (~ P  ~ Q) De Morgan’s Laws
( P  R  Q)  ( R  ( P  Q)) Rule for Direct Proof

TAUTOLOGY
April 17- May 4, 2017
Tautology
A tautology is a statement that is true
no matter what truth values its
constituent prime statements have.
P ~ P P  PQ
P ~ P P ~ P P Q PQ P  PQ
T F T T T T T
T F T T F T T
F T T F T T T
F T T F F F T
Tautology
Show that that the following are

tautologies.
1. ( p  q )  (q  p )
2. ~ p  ( p  q )
3. ( p  q )  (q  p )  ( p  q )
CONTRADICTION
April 17- May 4, 2017
Contradiction
A contradiction is a statement that is
false no matter what truth values its
constituent prime statements have.
P ~P P ~ P
T F F
P ~ P
T F F
F T F
F T F
Contradiction
(~ P  Q)  ( P ~ Q)
P Q ~ P ~ Q ~ PQ P  ~ Q (~ P  Q)  ( P ~ Q)
T T F F T F F
T F F T F T F
F T T F T F F
F F T T T F F
Activity 20
Show that that the following are

contradictions.
1. q  ( p  q )
2. ( p  q )  ( p  q )
VALID AND INVALID
ARGUMENTS
April 17- May 4, 2017
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Valid Argument has the property: If all the
premises are true, the conclusion cannot be
false.
Example:
All men are mortal.
Juan is a man.
Therefore, Juan is mortal.
Invalid Argument is an argument where the
conclusion is false even when the premises
are true.
Example:
Juan owns a Lexus automobile.
Rich people own Lexus automobiles.
Therefore, Juan is rich.
through Truth Tables
Steps
1. Identify the premises and conclusion of the
argument.
2. Construct a truth table.
3. Locate the critical rows.
If the conclusion is true, VALID.
If the conclusion is false, INVALID.
Example
If oil price hikes, then food prices will increase.
Oil price hiked.
Therefore, food prices will increase.
Premises: If oil price hikes, then food prices will

increase. pq
Oil price hiked. p
Conclusion: Therefore, food prices will increase. q
pq
p q pq p q
p
T T T T T
q
T F F T F
Critical row F T T F T
F F T F F
Thus, the argument is VALID.
Example
I will go home today only if we will be dismissed

early.
We were not dismissed early.
I will go home today. pq
q
 p
pq
p q p  q q p
q
T T T F T
p
T F F T T
Critical row F T T F F
F F T T F
Thus, the argument is INVALID.
Some Valid Arguments
Disjunctive Syllogism
Modus Tollens
Modus Ponens
Hypothetical Syllogism
Activity 21

Valid or Invalid?
-21 is less than or equal to 4.
-21 is not equal to 4.
Therefore, -21 is less than 4.
Valid or Invalid?
If an integer is even, then it is divisible by 2.
The integer is not divisible by 2.
Therefore, the integer is not an even.
Valid or Invalid?
If 3 is an integer, then it is a rational number.
3 is an integer.
Therefore, 3 is a rational number.
Valid or Invalid?
If x is an integer, then x is a rational number.
If x is a rational number, then x is a real
number.
Therefore, if x is an integer, x is a real number.
Valid or Invalid?
½ is a rational number.
Therefore, ½ is an integer.
Valid or Invalid?

½ is not an integer.
Therefore, ½ is not a rational number.
Modus Tollens
Modus Ponens
If 3 is an integer, then it is a rational number.
3 is an integer.
Therefore, 3 is a rational number.
Deductive Syllogism
Hypothetical Syllogism
If x is a rational number, then x is a real
number.
Therefore, if x is an integer, x is a real number.
Fallacy of denying the consequent.

½ is a rational number.
Therefore, ½ is an integer.
Fallacy of denying the antecedent

½ is not an integer.
Therefore, ½ is not a rational number.
METHODS OF PROOF
April 17- May 4, 2017
Direct Proof
A direct proof is a sequence of
statements which are either givens or
deductions from previous statements,
and whose last statement is the
conclusion to be proved.
Direct Proof
Example:
1. The sum of two odd numbers is even.
2. If n is even, then n2 is also even.
Activity 22
Direct Proof
Direct Proof
Activity:
1. If n is any even integer, then (−1)n = 1.
2. The sum of an even number and an odd
number is odd.
3. For all integers n, 4(n2 + n + 1) − 3n2 is a
perfect square.
4. The product of an even number and any
other number is even.
5. If x is even, then x2 – 6x + 5 is odd.
6. For all integer a, b and c, if a|b and a|c,
then a|(b+c).
Direct Proof
An indirect proof is also called proof by
contradiction
Indirect Proof
Example:
1. The sum of two odd numbers is even.
2. If n is even, then n2 is also even.
Activity 23
Indirect Proof
Indirect Proof
Activity:
1. The sum of two even numbers is even.
2. The sum of an even number and an odd
number is odd.
3. The product of two odd numbers is odd.
4. The product of an even number and any
other number is even.
5. If x is even, then x2 – 6x + 5 is odd.
Activity 24
Lesson Plan
Activity 25
A 21st Century
Educator

General Mathematics Eduard M Albay

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GENERAL MATHEMATICS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS’

EDUARD MANZANO ALBAY

• Construct a DLL in General Mathematics

• Provide a brief discussion for each of the

In mathematics, the relationship

R = {(a, 0), (b, –1), (c, 0), (d, –1)}

g = (5, –10), (25, –75), (50, –100)

T = {(–2, 0), (–1, 1), (0, 1), (–2, 2)}

Vertical Line Test

When does the value

At what integral value/s of x does the

Does the resulting equation

Solving Word problems on Functions

The surface area (SA) of a cube is a

Consider the function described in the

Suppose a mapping diagram will be

Given that y = 3 for any value of x.

Given that x = -2 for any value of y.

Explain in your own words how to

Polynomial functions are also rational

Rational functions are algebraic

Solving Rational Equations

Solving Rational Inequality

C Clear all fractions by multiplying both sides

When do you say

Horizontal Line Test

Finding the Inverse of a Function

Is it possible for a function

Solving Exponential Equations

Solving Word problems on

• Population Growth and Decay

2. log4 2m = log4(–3m – 10)

Solving problems on Logarithmic

After a given time, you asked them to

log6 ( x  26)  log6 (1)

determine algebraically whether it

How do the concepts of

Ideas Shopping Mall

Simple interest is the interest charged to a

In a compound interest, the interest earned or

Future value is the sum to which today’s

How are these two terms

Future value is used for insurance or bonds.

Simple and Compound Interests

You want to start saving money. You placed a

Simple and Compound Interests

You are planning to invest in a high-risk mutual

Annuity is a term that refers to a deposit or

Annuity Due , where payments are made at

Simple Annuity when the interest

The concept of annuity is very much related to

1,000  1,000(1.0025)  1,000(1.0025) 2  3,007.51

What conclusion can you make

What do the results tell you?

How do these help you

a. Total Amount invested = 5000 x 20 = 100,000.00

b. First, compute for the number of interest periods

General Annuity Due

Annuities give you a

Bond is a loan which an investor provides to a

How does bond work?

Company or government failure