Task

Thermodynamics
Temperature:

Temperature (symbolized T ) is an expression of heat energy. Temperature can

mean different things in different situations.

Thermodynamic temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy in molecules

or atom s of a substance. The greater this energy, the faster the particles are
moving, and the higher the reading an instrument will render. This is the method
lay people most often use

Units:

There are three temperature scales in common use today: kelvin (K), centigrade or
Celsius (C), and Fahrenheit (F). A fourth scale, known as the Rankine (R)
temperature scale, is less often used. The kelvin is the unit of temperature in the
International System of Units ( SI ).

One kelvin is formally defined as 1/273.16 (3.6609 x 10 -3 ) of the thermodynamic

temperature of the triple point of pure water (H 2 O). A temperature of 0 K
represents absolute zero, the absence of all heat.

In the centigrade or Celsius temperature scale, the freezing point of pure water at
one atmosphere is assigned the value zero; the boiling point is +100 C. One-degree
increments in the centigrade scale are the same size as those in the kelvin scale. At
standard Earth-atmospheric sea-level pressure, water freezes at 0 C or +273.15 K,
and boils at +100 C or +373.15 K. A temperature of 0 K thus corresponds to -
273.15 C. To convert a kelvin temperature figure to Celsius, subtract 273.15. To
convert a Celsius temperature figure to kelvin, add 273.15.

The Fahrenheit scale is used mostly by non-scientists. Pure water at one

atmosphere (the average sea-level pressure) freezes at +32 degrees Fahrenheit (F);
pure water at one atmosphere boils at +212 degrees F. Absolute zero is -459.67
 Task
Thermodynamics
degrees F. One Fahrenheit degree increment is 5/9 (0.55555) times the size of a
kelvin or centigrade degree. If C is the centigrade temperature, the Fahrenheit
temperature F is given by F = (1.8 x C) + 32. The Fahrenheit and centigrade scales
agree at -40.

Pressure:

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an

object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also
spelled gage pressure)[a] is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Units:
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square
metre (N/m2, or kg·m−1·s−2). This name for the unit was added in 1971;[4] before
that, pressure in SI was expressed simply in newtons per square metre.
Other units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch (Ibf/in2)and bar, are also in
common use. The CGS unit of pressure is the barye (Ba), equal to 1 dyn·cm−2, or
0.1 Pa. Pressure is sometimes expressed in grams-force or kilograms-force per
square centimetre (g/cm2 or kg/cm2) and the like without properly identifying the
force units. But using the names kilogram, gram, kilogram-force, or gram-force (or
their symbols) as units of force is expressly forbidden in SI. The technical
atmosphere (symbol: at) is 1 kgf/cm2 (98.0665 kPa, or 14.223 psi).
Since a system under pressure has the potential to perform work on its
surroundings, pressure is a measure of potential energy stored per unit volume. It is
therefore related to energy density and may be expressed in units such as joules per
cubic metre (J/m3, which is equal to Pa).