Part 2

Structural Design and

Construction
Alfred A. Yee
Alfred A. Yee Division,
Leo A. Daly
Honolulu, Hawaii

Chang Nai Kim

Alfred A. Yee Division,
Leo A. Daly
Honolulu, Hawaii

T he challenge faced by our firm, as

structural engineers for One Hun-
dred Washington Square, was clear: to
work out the logistics of balancing the
office tower on its pedestal.
Our solution to this assignment is
based on an exterior wall system acting
as an understated, 19-story precast con-
crete Vierendeel wall truss, spanning
from corner column to corner column,
which provides an economical but visu-
ally interesting means of lifting the bulk
of the building 40 ft (12.2 m) above its
Lyra plaza, The truss opens the ground level
for pedestrian use and provides unim-
peded views of both the main head-
quarters building and the gardens
around the new building (Fig. 6).
During the conceptual planning of the
building system, various structural
schemes were considered in developing
the Vierendeel wall truss. These in-
Fig. 6. View of plaza and gardens. cluded structural steel, cast-in-place

24


th

H ! II?
trar^S l parking

11 ! 1. i. ^__ l 1 J11.111

7 # 7 I entrarrce

ml ^4 cqr' ,^r-

° y—.
aSrtr.. '

truck ramp
y ti::..c4UF

do
rr..v^JiLv.

^iR

0m
- a a

E• i l■I^lI U^^!^^^^
l E

r e
. lg

^C - .. 5
= ems r '# }' a; .;i
p,
IiC

wasrrton ave„^a
PLAZA FLOOR FLAN • 0 S S 2

Fig. 7. Plaza floor plans of office tower with shaded vertical columns and center core wall
elements.

reinforced concrete, and precast con- • Precast concrete sandwich exterior

crete sandwich panels combined with wall panels,
t)ost-tensioned concrete girders. The • Slip-formed in situ concrete center
final solution evolved from a careful re- core.
view of the total design impact upon • Four in situ double corner col-
mechanical, electrical, architectural, umns.
structural and construction systems. • Cast-in-place bottom chord perim-
Considering all the design and eco- eter post-tensioned girders.
nomic factors, the structural system and • Cast-in-place transverse post-ten-
construction methodology included the sioned girders through slip-formed
following major elements: center core walls.
• Precast prestressed double tee • Construction sequences of post-
floor joists and inverted tee floor tensioning girders at different
beams. stages of building erection.

PC! JOURNALlJanuary-February 1984 25


Fig. 8. Diagrammatic perspective of tower structure showing major elements of the
structural system.
Fig. 7 shows the street level plan of
the central core and double corner col-
umns. A diagrammatic perspective of
the building system is illustrated in Fig.
8. A transverse building section, in-
cluding dimensions of floor and tower
heights, is shown in Fig. 9.
A retrospective review of the com-
pleted design effort confirms that the
execution ofthe construction documents
required close teamwork among the
consultants electrical, mechanical and
structural engineers. Complete and fre-
quent coordination of all the disciplines
by the architect was of primary impor-
26
mil
• TOT. Of 1 RGRE9 a
COLUJ. NTEI+IORS Ct
la nOORS (ZSAOfJ EG FT_
PER FLOp11 OFFER SMIWA
PLM" 'A FLeXS&lTv
FOI11 POBI-IEMTU *O PERK
DETER 0051555 (OESNMEU
,-v tot SOTTO T 01010 CF
THE 0105EI51EEL 19U55 FE-
TERIOR W q U •O' SOOYE
cc•]• LEVEL. •GCEMl LOAD
051 sROr PREC•SI ROOR
FR/^~ IMI 5O51A SO 05
0851 WALL E55118 To PE -
ATE 45 EST%EIELT STROyO
tance. Any changes which occurred
during the design development re-
quired a full understanding of the impli-
cation upon the total building system.
Some design items which affected the
exterior wall system were: (1) Within
the Vierendeel wall truss there were
many openings for the mechanical sys-
tem; (2) The exterior finish of the Vie-
rendeel truss was the finish of the
building; and (3) Within the exterior
finish of the Vierendeel wall panel were
railing elements for the window wash-
ing equipment.
These and other similar items re-
 a le
TRANSVERSE SECTION • ° J
Fig. 9. Transverse section through building.

quired complete planning to insure ac- design criteria. Additional superim-

curate prefabrication of the wall panels
and timely construction performance on
the total building.
The Uniform Building Code was
adopted with amendments set forth by
the Minneapolis Building Code. Design
loadings recommended by the Minne-
apolis Building Code for gravity and lat-
eral loads (such as live, snow and wind
loads) were included in the structural
posed loadings were assigned to areas
which were designated for mechanical
equipment, roof areas where potential
snow and ice accumulation could occur,
and for the earth-filled landscaped gar-
den and plaza levels. Any exposed area
where ponding could occur due to
heavy rain or drainage system failure
were considered for design superim-
posed loadings.

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 27

 H.V.AC. DUCT
OPENING

STEEL REefFORCWG

PAST- OUTED
RECESSED
SPLICE SLEEVE

CAST-IN-PLACE
SPANDREL

POST-GRO4JTED
SPUCE SLEEVE

—PRECAST
STRUCTURAL
4 WALL PANEL

RIGID TFERF
INSULATION

PRECAST
CONCRETE
E KTERIDN
WALL PANEL

PRECAST
DOUBLE—TEE
FLOOR JOISTS

STEEL CABLE
TENDONS

• --!POST-TENSIONED
CONCRETE GIRDER
I

0
C

Fig. 10. Structural section through typicaI exterior wall construction showing assembly of
elements in Vierendeel truss.

28
Structural Concept
The basic intent of the engineering
design was to provide an economical
structural system which could be
erected readily with construction tech-
niques available in the Minneapolis re-
gion and which would be sufficiently
versatile to accommodate a fairly wide
range of weather conditions. A precast
exterior wall system combined with
precast double tee floor framing was ex-
plored and confirmed as feasible.
To further speed construction, the
slip-formed center core walls were de-
signed to precede the precast construc-
tion. This permitted the entire erection
of the center core walls before any con-
struction of the precast wall and floor
system was started, thus concentrating
labor and equipment for the various
tasks at different time periods.
A diagrammatic view of the assembly
of the Vierendeel truss elements, in-
cluding precast double tees, post-ten-
sioned girders and precast sandwich
wall panels, is shown in Fig. 10,
The third floor plan of Fig. 11 shows
the post-tensioned perimeter girders
and the transverse cantilever girders. It
further outlines the positions of the cor-
ner columns and the central core, The
fourth floor plan (Fig. 12) shows the
upper flanges of the post-tensioned pe-
rimeter and cantilever girders. Exterior
precast wall panels serve as elements of
the Vierendeel truss, which begins at
the fourth floor. Elements of the typical
floor framing system (Fig. 13) are pre-
stressed double tees and prestressed in-
verted tees.
Construction Methodology
The foundations for the corner col-
umns and the center core are conven-
tional spread footing pads founded on
limestone bedrock approximately 35 ft
(10.7 m) below street level. The bedrock
stratum was dense and substantial, ca-
pable of supporting 70,000 psf (3346
PCI JOURNALJJanuary-February 1984
kPa), After the center core walls were
constructed by the slipforming tech-
nique to their full height, the tower cor-
ner columns were constructed to a
height 2 ft (610 mm) below the third
floor, which was 40 ft (122 m) above the
street level. The corner columns above
the street level were architecturally
shaped and tapered with a maximum
overall size of 4 x 11 ft (12 x 3.4 m) for
each segment of the double column.
The reinforcement consisted of 58-#18
Grade 60 reinforcing bars with a W14 x
311 structural steel column placed in
each segment.
At an intermediate height between
the plaza street level and the third floor,
a concrete tie was required to assist in
the comer column stability. The struc-
tural steel column was designed to sup-
port Vierendeel wall truss and perime-
ter girders until the wall truss was
structurally functional for six stories
(third floor to ninth floor). During this
construction sequence, three stages of
post-tensioning were performed on the
perimeter and transverse girders,
thereby subjecting the steel column to
horizontal and rotational displacements
due to prestress axial shortening. The
corner columns were originally de-
signed to be constructed with the Vie-
rendeel wall truss keeping not more
than four stories behind erection of the
wall panels.
The transverse girders cantilever 19 ft
(5.8 m) from the core wing walls to pro-
vide a flexible support to the north and
south perimeter girders. Reterto Fig. 11
for the plan location of the transverse
cantilever girders, to Fig. 7 for outline of
core wing walls, and to Fig. 9 for the
elevation view of the cantilever trans-
verse girder located 40 ft (12.2 m) above
the plaza street level. The core wing
walls, which are 2 ft thick x 20 ft wide
(0.6 x 6.1 m), were cast with the slip-
furmed core -walls. The maximum un-
supported height of the core coring
walls is 40 ft (122 m) between the plaza
street level and the third floor. Core
29
 222'-I I"
0

DBL-TEES

POST-TENSIONED
GIRDER- -

DOUBLE
PRECAST
BEAMS
NED

^1.,,,JNED
GIRDER
Fig. 11. Structural plan for third floor.
C) CORNER COLUMNS EXTERIOR PRECAST
0 ALL PAN ELS
C
m
z
n
I^ I^
C-
w
MI
C
,^ f
li 1 1 Ali
II

T 4u
DOUBLE TEES POST-TENSIONED
i I DOUBLE GIRDER------
TEES
li! u!
co
T _J'
-Tr ^ _----_—
ii II

DOUBLE i ----
TEES
r,

DOUE
PRE AST
j BEAMS ^l l r_i r
I ^

Fjl II ^I
^I I j POST-TENSIONED_± DOUBLE TEES
I II I I TRANSVERSE
I it GIRDERS
^I^E, `I III

k -- ---_^^ _------------ _^i tL

POST-TENSIONED GIRDER
Fig. 12. Fourth floor plan.
W
N
COLUMNS EXTERIOR PRECAST
PANELS
1
•I

.1

.Ir ^
- -----z

i d q^
r, d^ a
Ili

i DOUBLE-
PRECAST
BEAMS

1; h
j^ it 1

i4
Fig. 13. Typical floor plan, 7th through 12th floors.
 t OF TRANSVERSE ? POUR GIRDERS
GIRDERS a -^ —3rda41hFLRS
4th F10OR
3 rd FLOOR _ - -W k4 Cot_.

BASEMENT .-
SUB-BASEME'

Fig. 14, Construction of north and south girders, Sequence 1.

CONCRETE STRENGTH
L OF TRANSVERSE AT TIME OF STRESSING SHALL
GIRDERS - -_ BE 6000 PSI OR GREATER
4th FLOOR PERIMETER GIRDER
'^'^_ _ELQQI3_ ^;^ _
-^= _ _ __ POST TENSIONING
STAGEI

J I
W !4 COL.-- -P ES RE S TRANSVERSE
GIRDERS STAGEfII I ADJUST SHORES AFTER
POST TENSIDNING FOR
r SHORING { ^
SNUG FIT
Is t FLOOR
BASEMENT__
SUB =BASEMENT .

Fig. 15. Construction of north and south girders, Sequence 2.

POUR 5 th, 6th & C OF TRANSVERSE

7 th FLOORS
GIRDERS
7^h FLOOR —__
—^
_ J Z
6th FLO OR
— - -- - oo a
`i^h. FL048 -
—— —
__ a-
4 tti FLOOR 0o^w^
I- z d.
3 rd FLOOR__ .__ t _ —_.1^ _ _ aa^vr
ST i GE ^^ TES R SS RA SUERS£ ADJUST SHORES T
i GIRDERS STAIGE 2 I BE LOOSE FIT SHORES
MAY BE REMOVED
SHORING I I I ^
AFTER 7 th FLR. CONC.
Iat.FLOOR — STRUCTURE HAS CURED
TO THE REQUIRED 28
BASEMENT — DAY STRENGTH.
SUB-BASEMENT

Fig. 16. Construction of north and south girders, Sequence 3.

wing wall vertical reinforcement con-
sisted of #18 reinforcing bars at 6-in.
(152.4 mm) spacing on each face.
In addition, two W14 x311 structural
steel columns were added on the east
wing walls and two W14 x370 structural
steel columns on the west walls. These
structural steel members provided im-
proved stiffness at the free ends of the
wing wall to cope with the large reac-
tions generated by the cantilevered
transverse girders.
Integral with the construction of the
perimeter post-tensioned girders was

PC! JOURNAUJanuary- February 1984 33

 {F --t OF TRANSVERSE
91h FLOOR I GIRDERS
tth FLOOR ----
7 th FLOU R
6th FLOOR
5th FLOOF _
4tfi F^00
3 rd FLOOF

--PRESTR $5 RA SVERSE -SHORES MAY BE REMOVED

GIRDERS STAGE3 AFTER 7 t h FLR. CONCRETE
STRUCTURE HAS CURED TO
SHORING THE REQUIRED 28 DAY
I 51 FLOQR
STRENGTH
BASEMEN
SUB -BASI =MENT

Fig. 17. Construction of north and south girders, Sequence 4.

POUR GIRDERS
3rd 8, 4th FLRS.
41h
I-- ELOOR
rd FLOOR ____
W 14 COL.

iTh
^ 1 I I I^
--SHORING
LS1 FLOOR
BASEMENT
SUB-BASEMENT EEitEIEt;b 7E)
Fig. 18. Construction of east and west girders, Sequence 1.

the requirement for shoring the post-
tensioned girders, precast wall panels
and floor system, This shoring was re-
quired from the third floor to the seventh
floor with superimposed loading ac-
counting for construction to the ninth
floor, until the Vierendeel wall was con-
structed and structurally effective. At
this point in the construction sequence,
three post-tensioning stages were to be
completed and shoring removal would
therefore be permitted.
The construction sequences for the
north and south post-tensioned perim-
eter girders are shown in Figs. 14 through
17. East and west post-tensioned perim-
eter girders are shown in Figs. 18
through 20. East and west post-ten-
sioned cantilever girders are shown in
Figs. 21 through 24.
After completing the third stage
post-tensioning of the east and west
cantilever girders (with six stories of
Vierendeel exterior precast wall assem-
bled), it was planned to place the in situ
comer columns from the third floor to
the sixth floor so that the corner column
construction would be progressively
completed within three floors of the
on-going installation of precast wall
panels and precast floor framing.
At this stage, the contractor would also
be permitted to remove the perimeter
shoring, thereby activating the partially
constructed Vierendeel truss to support
the external loads. However, during the
actual construction the contractor re-
quested that this restraint he modified to
permit continued construction of the
precast wall panels and floor framing

34
 PERIMETER GIRDER CONCRETE STRENGTH AT
POST TENSIONING TIME OF STRESSING SHALL
STAGE I BE 6000 PSI OR GREATER
4th FLOOR
3 r d FLOOR
W14 COL: ADJUST SHORES AFTER
POST TENSIONING FOR
SNUG FIT
I St FLOOR
BASEMENT _
SUB-BASEMENT

Fig. 19. Construction of east and west girders, Sequence 2.

POUR 5th, 6 th B, —PERIMETER GIRDER

7 th FLOORS ti • POST TENSIONING
STAGE 2
7 th FLOOR
6 th FLOOR IIi TL uz
5^ h _FL_OOR _
rTi Wu)(
4th FLOOR
3rd FLOOR_

ADJUST SHORES TO
BE LOOSE FIT SHORES
MAY BE REMOVED
Ist FLOOR __ AFTER 7 th FLR CONC.
STRUCTURE HAS CURED
BASEMENT TO THE REQUIRED 28
S UB - BAS E MENT DAY STRENGTH.

Fig. 20. Construction of east and west girders, Sequence 3.

before corner columns were constructed

to their intended schedule. SE
To accommodate this request, the GIRDER
Vierendeel wall system was reviewed ORING
IstELQc
and the contractor was permitted to pro-
ceed with a new criterion. This revised
111 I SUB-BASEMENT
construction sequence allowed the con-
tractor to proceed with the Vierendeel Fig. 21. Construction of east and west
wall tntss to the 13th floor but necessi- transverse girders. Sequence 1.

4th FLOOR _
^r
I RESTRESS TRANSVERSE
T 11 GIRDER STAGE I
SHORING
^1
Ls1 FLOOR
EASEMENT
SUB-BASEMENT

Fig. 22. Construction of east and west transverse girders, Sequence 2.

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 35

 7 th FLOOR
6 th FLO OR
5 th FLOOR
4!! FLOO R
3 rd FLOOR
STRESS TRANSVERSE
DER STAGE 2
SHORING
I st FLOOR
BASEMENT
SUB-BASEMENT

Fig. 23. Construction of east and west transverse girders, Sequence 3.

9th FLOOR
8th FLOOR
7th FLOOR
6th FLOOR
5th FLOOR
4AFLOOR --
3rdFLOOR
TRANSVERSE
SHORING ^E 3

I St FLQOR _
BASEMENT
SUB-_BASEMENT

Fig. 24. Construction of east and west transverse girders, Sequence 4.

tasted the existing perimeter shoring to

remain in place until the corner columns
were installed to the 10th floor. At this
stage of construction, the contractor
55 MORTAR
would be permitted to remove the pe-
rimeter shoring. This revised criterion
was actually followed by the contractor. DEFORMED BAR
Connection of the precast wall panels
to the post-tensioned girders at the
DEFORMED BAR
fourth floor and to upper floor wall pan-
els from the fifth floor to the roof was
achieved by using the NMB Splice SLEEVE
Sleeve Post Grout System (see Fig. 25).
This permitted installation of wall pan-
els on each exterior side before grouting
the connections. Further, the capacity of
these connections allows development
of the ultimate strength of the reintorc- Fig. 25. NMB splice sleeve.

36
1,I J-I r71I
Fig. 27. Explosion detail of precast wall and floor assembly.

ing steel, which was a necessity for the
Vierendeel wall truss.
The typical precast Vierendeel truss
wall panel was 10 ft wide x 13 ft high (3 x
4 m). Details of the wall panel are
shown in Fig. 26. Jointing was located at
mid-depth of the spandrel and midspan
of alternate windows in plan. The pre-
cast sandwich panel consisted of 12-in.
(305 mm) thick structural concrete, 2½
in. (64 mm) of polystyrene insulation,
and 3 in, (76 mm) of precast concrete

38
 exterior facing. Details of the concrete
jointing may be seen in Fig. 27. The
maximum vertical reinforcing in the
columns was 8414 bars and the maxi-
mum spandrel beam reinforcing was
6411 bottom bars and 2411 top bars.
During installation of the precast pan-
els as many as 28 reinforcing bars re-
quired proper fitting and connections
for one panel assembly. The NMB
splice sleeve was able to accommodate
this assembly resulting in the efficient
erection of the precast panels. Refer to
Figs. 28 through 32 for installation of
precast wall panels. Actual installation
of panels took place from November
1979 to June 1980, during both very
cold, windy, wintry conditions and mild
spring weather. Grouting of the sleeves
was permitted when ambient tempera-
tures were 40 F (4 C) or higher. During
certain periods of erection, artificial
heating was required to keep the ambi-
ent temperature at the acceptable mini- Fig. 28. Top view of installed precast wall
mum level. panels.

Fig. 29. Precast wall panel being lowered into splice sleeves.

PCi JOURNAUJanuary-February 1984 39

Fig. 30. Precast wall panel with horizontal splice sleeves prior to setting.

I;

Fig. 31. Precast wall panel with horizontal splice sleeves in final setting.

40
Fig. 32. Erection of prestressed double tees on precast wall panels.

Other Construction Details

The arrangement of reinforcing steel,
structural steel, post-tensioning tendons
and anchorages at the corner columns is
illustrated in Figs. 33, 34, and 35. Be-
cause of the numerous and dense steel
requirements, accurate detailing and
placement of the steel was submitted to
a very complete review. Full-scale
drawings were performed to insure
proper location for all the steel ele-
ments. Splices for the reinforcing steel
and the structural steel were carefully
examined for their strength require-
ments and their positioning to avoid in-
terference. Careful detailing minimized
the difficulties and prevented many
potential delays in the construction of
the corner columns and perimeter
post-tensioned girders.
Further significant assistance was Fig. 33. Location of reinforcing steel and
provided by the use of superplasticizers. structural steel in corner columns for plaza
Slump at the time of pouring was in- to third floor levels.

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 41

 SPC PANEL
STRESSING ANCHOR
PLATES FOR VSL ES-31
c. VSL TENDONS
POST- TENSIONING
TENDONS

a♦

w14, 311
STL. COL.

FIRST STAGE POUR

,' ,^o

Via'•:''--^:^- .-q. . ,
- -FIRST STAGE POUR
SECOP
STAGI OUTLINE OF 3•-O"
POUR WIDE GIRDER

C~ —T' -€ VSL TENDONS

Fig. 34. Corner column junction with post-tensioned girder at third floor level.
 f ?.' `FIRST STAGE POUR

/ // /r,\ OUTLINE OF CORNER

COLUMN BELOW 3R0 FL-

/ / / /
/ *QO

/ y

FIRST STAGE POUR

Fig. 35. Corner column junction with post-tensioned girder below start of precast
Vierendeel wall panels.

creased to 6 in. (152 mm) with this addi-
tive. The installed concrete exhibited
high quality placement and compressive
strength.
The post-tensioned perimeter girder
concrete and steel arrangement are
shown in Fig. 36. The post-tensioned
transverse girder cross section is shown
in Fig. 37. Construction of the west and
south perimeter girders is shown in Figs.
38 and 39, respectively. Shoring of these
perimeter girders is also shown, These
shorings are kept in place and adjusted
to bear snugly to the girders after each
post-tensioning stage. The slipformed
central core walls are visible in the
background of Figs. 38 and 39.
Fig. 40 shows construction of the cor-
ner columns being performed after the
third and final post-tensioning of perim-
eter girders and transverse girders has
been completed. Splicing of column
reinforcing steel was performed by me-
chanical connectors. Due to the density
of the reinforcement, the use of smaller
bars and lapping of column vertical
reinforcing was not possible. A further
refinement of the corner column was
that the finish marble chip cladding was
used as the form for the in situ column.
Placement of exterior cladding was
done prior to the second stage of post-
tensioning. However, two panels were
delayed in their placement on the north

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 4984 43

 N1
C'
Fig. 36. Post-tensioned north and south girder sections.
Fig. 37. Post-tensioned transverse girder
section.
and south girders, as shown in Fig. 41.
After completion of the third stage
post-tensioning of the transverse gird-
ers, the two remaining cladding panels
were installed. Views of the exterior
precast wall during the final stages of
construction are shown in Fig. 42.
44
The typical floor framing consists of
18-in, deep x 7 ft 6 in. wide (457 mm x
2.3 m) double tees. In situ topping was
2 1/2 in. (64 mm) thick minimum. The
typical span for this system was 41 ft
(12.5 m). Interior inverted tee beams
supporting the double tees (see Fig. 13
for floor framing plan) were 2 ft 3 in.
(686 mm) deep. The total composite
depth at the inverted tee beams, in-
cluding in situ slab thickness, was 2 ft 9
in. (838 mm). The inverted tee beams
were designed to span 39 ft (11.9 m) on
the east side and 48 ft (14.6 m) on the
west side. Midspan shoring for the in-
verted tee beams was required during
construction.
Along the south and north side of the
tower building the double tee was sup-
ported on the precast exterior wall panel
(Vierendeel wall truss) at one end and
on the prebuilt center core at the other
end. Bearing connection of these floor
members was accomplished by welding
embedded metal devices. (See Figs. 43
and 44 for details of double tee support
Fig. 38. West perimeter girder prior to first stage of post-tensioning.

Fig. 39. South perimeter girder indicating layout of post-tensioning tendons.

PCI JOURNAL/January- February 1984 45


Fig. 40. Preparation of corner columns
after third stage of post-tensioning of
perimeter girders.
.^i
Fig. 42. Partial view of Vierendeel truss
46
f A
r S
_rc11!
Fig. 41. Placement of two cladding panels
was delayed until after post-tensioning of
perimeter girders.
connections.) Overall structural inte-
gration of precast exterior wall panels,
precast double tee joists, inverted tee
beams and the interior prebuilt outer
core walls was performed by reinforced
composite in situ concrete. These
joineries were located in beam sections
between precast wall panels and in the
topping over precast floor members.
Computer Analysis
An important contribution to the sue-
cessful structural design of the Vieren-
deel wall was the application of com-
puter analysis. A modified in-house ver-
sion of the SAP program was applied in
conjunction with a General Automation
SPC 16/40 minicomputer with accessory
disc drive peripheral equipment.
For the north and south Vierendeel
wall truss, the analysis consisted of3949
nodal points and 1591 members. The
 DOUBLE-TEE

Fig. 43. Precast double tee connection at Vierendeel wall truss.

4-S/8"0 L4x3x3/8
BOLTS DBL-TEE

STIFF PL
L6x6xI/2xO'-7"
PL I/2 x 3 x I -O PL I /2 x 8 x 1'- 0"
10"
AT CORE WALL

[Li_
DOUBLE-TEE CONNECTION DETAIL

f- --
Fig. 44. Precast double tee connection at slipformed center core wall.

east and west Vierendeel wall truss
analysis consisted of 2011 nodal points
and 1952 members. A subprogram was
added to SAP to permit story by story
adjustment of the Vierendeel wall truss
in the same manner that the construc-
tion sequence was performed. Historical
data of internal forces were accumulated
and stored until the total structure was
completed.
One complete cycle of each Vieren-
deel wall truss analysis consisted of 22
runs, which considers in sequence 19
structural configuration levels and three
post-tensioning stages. Total computer
running time for each cycle of the north
and south wall truss was 20 hours and
for each cycle of the east and west wall
was 12 hours. The total design effort to
realize an efficient structure required
numerous cycles of computer analysis.
The selection of construction se-
quence and post-tensioning stages was
optimized through analysis of the com-
puter's calculations. Maximum dead
load and total load displacements were
calculated at 1.0 and 128 in. (25 and 33
mm), respectively. Actual field mea-
surement of maximum deflections was
1.12 in. (28 mm). Computer tabulations

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 47

yielded satisfactory and realistic results
and were invaluable to the engineering
design.
During installation of the Vierendeel
wall truss, the construction sequence
was varied according to the availability
ofmaterial, equipment and men. Corner
column completion lagged behind the
panel installation. Precast wall con-
struction also preceded precast floor
construction, thereby requiring modifi-
cation of the post-tensioning stages and
shoring removal sequence. The com-
puter data were changed for each varia-
tion and the analysis was rerun on the
SAP program. These changes were sim-
ple to perform since the basic structure
was modeled in the design phase. The
structure was then scrutinized to insure
that its performance was within the cri-
teria of the original design. In this re-
gard, the computerized engineering
played a significant role in determining
the flexibility permitted in the con-
struction sequence.
Concluding Remarks
Based on the early studies of the office
tower and an evaluation of the different
construction methods and materials
available to implement the design, the
precast concrete system selected was
the most feasible method. After project
completion and observation of the con-
struction and structural performance, it
may be concluded that the precast sys-
tem did indeed provide an exceptionally
sound solution. The combination of pre-
cast concrete with composite cast-in-
48
place concrete provided a rigid system
capable of resisting substantial vertical
and lateral superimposed loads. The
system further demonstrated the instal-
lation efficiency of precast concrete and
the high quality of its finish.
The computer analysis of the Vieren-
deel wall truss clearly depicted the
many redundancies available in the
structure. Studies were performed to
provide hinges at various locations of
high bending. Results showed that load
transfer could he directed to other
member of the truss without any drastic
change in displacements or build-up of
internal forces on the adjusted structural
configuration.
There was an obvious chronological
accumulation of internal forces in the
Vierendeel wall truss lower floor mem-
bers due to the story-by-story erection of
wall panels. To provide a wider dis-
tribution of forces, the post-tensioning
of the perimeter and transverse girders
was divided into three different con-
struction stages. Further distribution
was accomplished by timing the re-
moval of shoring so that the partially
constructed structure would accommo-
date and integrate with the remaining
upper portion of structure yet to be
built. There appeared to be a sensitive
demarcation of architectural proportions
of the wall panel sizing, window open-
ing, corner column dimensions and pe-
rimeter girder depth with the structural
requirements of strength and rigidity.
The final design provided a building
system which satisfied both the ar-
chitectural concept and requirements
for structural integrity.