PRESENTATION ON

GAS TURBINE
HISTORY OF GAS TURBINE

 A Gas turbine is a Turbo-machine and

basically similar to steam turbine
regarding its working principle
 The first turbine to produce useful work was
probably a wind mill, where no
compression and no combustion exist
 Now a days gas turbine include a
compression process and combustion
process.
 Joule and brayton independently
proposed the cycle that is the ideal
prototype
What is gas turbine?
A gas turbine is a type of turbine that
uses pressurized gas to spin it in order
to generate electricity or provide kinetic
energy to an airplane or jet. In all
modern gas turbines, the pressurized
gas is created by the burning of
a fuel like natural
gas, kerosene, propane or jet fuel.
The heat generated by this fuel
expands air which flows through the
turbine to supply useful energy.
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power
Plants over Diesel Plants
Work developed per kg of air is more than
diesel plant

Less vibrations due to perfect balancing

and no reciprocating parts Less space
requirements
Capital cost is less

Higher mechanical efficiency

Running speed of the turbine is large

Lower installation and maintenance

costs
Torque characteristics of turbine plants are
better than diesel plant
Ignition and lubrication systems are simpler

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) does not

increase with time in gas turbine plant as
rapidly in diesel plants
Poor quality fuel can be used

Light weight with reference to Weight to

power ratio is less for gas turbine power
plants
Smoke less combustion is achieved in gas
power plants
Disadvantages of Gas Turbine Power
Plants over Diesel Plants
Special metals and alloys are required for
different components Special cooling methods
required for cooling of turbine blades Short life
Thermal efficiency is low &Poor part load
efficiency
Wide operating speeds the fuel control is difficult

Needs to have speed reduction devices for higher

operating speeds of turbine.
Difficult to start a gas turbine compared to diesel
engine & Manufacturing of blades is difficult and
costly
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power
Plants over Steam Plants
No ash handling
Low capital and running costs
Space requirement is less
Fewer auxiliaries are used
Can be built relatively quicker
Can brought on load quickly to support peak
loads
Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine is higher
than steam when working on the temperature
(>5500C)
Gas turbine plants quite economical for short
running hours
Storage of fuel is smaller and handling is easy.

Less cooling water required for gas turbine

plants compared to steam

 Weight per horse power is far less

 Can be installed anywhere

 Control of gas turbine is much easier

MAIN PARTS OF GAS
TURBINE
Simple gas turbine plant consists of

 Compressor

 Combustor chamber

 Turbine

 Auxiliary devices like starting device,

lubricating pump, fuel pump, oil system

and duct system.

AIR COMPRESSOR
 The air compressor and turbine are mounted
at either end on a common shaft, with the
combustion chamber between them.

 Gas turbines are not self starting. A starting

motor is used.

 The air compressor sucks in air and

compresses it, thereby increasing its
pressure.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
 In the combustion chamber, the compressed
air combines with fuel and the resulting
mixture is burnt.

 The greater the pressure of air, the better the

fuel air mixture burns.

 Modern gas turbines usually use liquid fuel,

but they may also use gaseous fuel, natural
gas or gas produced artificially by gasification
of a solid fuel.
TURBINE
 Hot gasesmove through a multistage
gas turbine.

 Like in steam turbine, the gas turbine also

has stationary and moving blades.

 The stationary blades

• Guide the moving gases to the rotor

blades
• Adjust its velocity

 The shaft of the turbine is coupled to

OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE
Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle

Air at ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor,

where its temperature and pressure are raised. The high

pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber,
where the fuel is burned at constant pressure. The high-
temperature gases then enter the turbine where they
expand to atmospheric pressure while producing power
output.

Some of the output power is used to drive the

compressor.

The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are thrown out

(not re-circulated), causing the cycle to be classified as
an open cycle
CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE
The compression and expansion processes remain the
same, but the combustion process is replaced by a
constant-pressure heat addition process from an
external source.

The exhaust process is replaced by a constant-

pressure heat rejection process to the ambient air.

In closed cycle gas turbine power plant, the mass of

air is constant or another suitable gas used as
working medium, circulates through the cycle over
and over again.
S.N Factors Open cycle gas Closed cycle gas
o turbine turbine
1 Pressure Low pressure High pressure
2 Size of the plant for Larger size Reduced size
given output
3 Output Less output Greater output
4 Corrosion of turbine Corrosion takes place No corrosion since there is
blades due to contaminated indirect heating
gases
5 Working medium Loss of working medium No loss of working
medium
6 Filtration of incoming air It may cause severe No filtration of air required
problem
7 Part load efficiency Part load efficiency is Part load efficiency is high
less
8 Thermal efficiency Low High
9 Requirement of cooling Not required Large amount of cooling
water water is required
10 Weight of system for Less More
given power
11 Response to the Quick response Slow response
changing load
ADVANTAGES OF GAS
TURBINE
 Compact design, high speed and high power.

 Storage of fuel requires less area and handling is easy.

 The cost of maintenance is less.

 Less pollution and less water is required.

 Simple lubrication system.

 Less pollution and less water is required.

 The gas turbine can be driven at a very high speed i.e

40000 rpm.
DISADVANTAGES OF GAS
TURBINE
 66% of the power developed is used to drive the
compressor. Therefore the gas turbine unit has a
low thermal efficiency.

 High frequency noise from the compressor is

objectionable.

 Starting of the plant is not as simple as diesel

plants.

 Compare to other power plant, the overall

efficiency of this plant is quite low.
METHODS TO IMPROVE THE GAS TURBINE
PERFORMANCE

 Increasing the turbine inlet temperatures

 Increasing the efficiencies of turbo-

machinery components

 By Regeneration

 By Reheating

 By Intercooling
REGENRATION

 The exhaust gasses from the turbine carry

a large quantity of heat with them since
their temperature is far above the ambient
temperature.

 They can be used to heat air coming from

the compressor there by reducing the mass
of fuel supplied in the combustion
chamber.
REHEATING

 The output of gas turbine can be

improved by expanding the gasses in two
stages with a reheater between the two.

 The H.P. turbine drives the compressor

and the LP turbine provides useful power
output.
INTERCOOLING

 A compressor in a gas turbine cycle

utilizes the major percentage of power
developed by the gas turbine.

 The work required by the compressor

can be reduced by compressing the air
in two stages and incorporationa
intercooler between the two.
WORK DISTRIBUTION IN GAS TURBINE
Effect of different parameters on gas turbine
performance from practical data.
If pressure ratio is 4, Maximum temperature is 864 K,
Minimum temperature is 288 K, Initial pressure is 100
KPa
Parameter Efficiency Output of
turbine
Regeneration Increases by 50 % No change
Intercooling Decreases by 6.5 % Increases by 100%
Reheating Decreases by 10.4 Increases by 24.5
% %
Reheat + Increases by 66.7 % Increases by 24.5
Regeneration %
Intercooling + Increases by 68 % Increases by 10.2
Regeneration %
Reheating + Decreases by 18.2 Increases by 34.7
Intercooling % %
THANK YOU