ELE2117

Electrical Machines I – 2019/2020

Amir Dillawar Msc.(Eng), MIET

 Outline
TRANSFORMERS THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Construction
• Types of connections
•

• The ideal transformer

• The non-ideal transformer • Per phase analysis
• Voltage regulation
• Efficiency
• Maximum Efficiency Criterion
• Determination of Transformer Parameters
• Rating, cooling
• Parallel operation
 LESSON 1 OVERVIEW
• What is a transformer?

• What are its uses?

• How does it operate?

• How to derive equations for the ideal transformer

 COMPLEX POWER
• Complex Power 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼 ∗ [VA]
• ‘*’ or conjugate means the angle of ‘I’ in power is 180 degrees out of phase
with the angle of the current in the load.
• The complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal
real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign for
example 3 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 and 3 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 are complex numbers. The product of two
complex conjugates is a real number.
• 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑃𝑃 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 for inductive loads
• 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑃𝑃 – 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 for capacitive loads
 TRANSFORMERS
• A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electric energy from one
electrical circuit to another through magnetically coupled coils.
• A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in
the transformer’s core and thus a varying magnetic field in the secondary
winding which induces a varying voltage in the secondary winding – mutual
induction.
• Transformers are used in many applications:
• Reduce supply voltages for small power electronic equipment
• Important for transfer of power over long distances
• Important for reduction of voltages to safe levels
 TRANSFORMERS
• They can also be of various types
and configurations:
• Step up, step down
• Voltage increases, current decreases
and vice versa
• Three phase, single phase
• Dry type, oil immersed
Small Equipment Transformers
 TRANSFORMERS
Pole mounted, oil filled
Three Phase Dry Type Transformer Transformer
TRANSFORMERS

SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER DESIGN
• Core
• Windings
• Cooling medium
• Enclosure
 TRANSFORMER CORE
• Air core – non magnetic material
• Iron core – ferromagnetic material with high permeability
• High permeability
• all flux created by one coil links the other
• reluctance of magnetic path is low

• Silicon steel – non aging properties, low magnetic losses

• Laminated and varnished to keep core loss to a minimum
• Annealing process – high temperatures and controlled environment to
remove damages as a result of lamination process
 TRANSFOMER WINDINGS
• Classified as two (2) types:
• Shell Type
• Core Type
• The nomenclature, shell type and core type, is derived from the fact that in a
shell-type transformer the core encircles the windings, whereas the windings
envelop the core in a core type transformer.
• Windings are sized to carry the current according to the transformer’s rating and
have different sizes for primary and secondary
• For relatively low power applications with moderate voltage ratings, the windings
may be wound directly on the core of the transformer. However, for high-voltage
and/ or high-power transformers, the coils are usually form-wound and then
assembled over the core.
 TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
• SHELL TYPE
• the two windings are usually
wound over the same leg of the
magnetic core
 TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
• CORE TYPE
• each winding may be evenly split
and wound on both legs of the
rectangular core.

CORE TYPE SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

 TRANSFORMER COOLING
• Both the core loss (hysteresis and eddy-current loss) and the copper loss
(electrical loss) in a transformer generate heat, which, in tum, increases the
operating temperature of the transformer.
• The cooling of transformer helps to determine its current rating
• ON – normal oil
• AN – normal air
• AF – forced air
• ONAN
• ONAF – 50/67.5 MVA
 TRANSFORMER ENCLOSURE
• A transformer can have no enclosure (open air), or be enclosed in a metal
tank.
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• Core is highly permeable. Needs
very small mmf (NI) to set up flux
• No hysteresis or eddy current loss
• No leakage flux, all is contained in
core
• Negligible winding losses
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION
• When a voltage is applied to a coil, the magnetic flux in the core induces an
emf 𝑒𝑒 that opposes the applied voltage. Hence, if a voltage is applied to the
primary winding, 𝑣𝑣1 , then it induces an emf 𝑒𝑒1 that will oppose 𝑣𝑣1 .
• The induced emf depends on the number of turns in the winding and the
rate of change of the magnetic flux, hence:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒1 = 𝑁𝑁1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒2 = 𝑁𝑁2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• Since the transformer is ideal, then the
induced emfs have to be equal to the
terminal voltages:
𝑣𝑣1 𝑒𝑒1 𝑁𝑁1
= =
𝑣𝑣2 𝑒𝑒2 𝑁𝑁2
• The ratio of primary to secondary emfs is
equal to the ratio of primary to
secondary turns.
• The ratio of the primary to secondary turns • The ratio of the primary to
is defined as the turns/transformation secondary turns is defined as the
ratio: turns/transformation ratio:
𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁1
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 =
𝑁𝑁2 𝑁𝑁2
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• Let 𝑖𝑖2
be current through
secondary when connected to a
load
• Source 𝑣𝑣1 causes current 𝑖𝑖1
through the primary winding.
• The mmf of the primary current
𝑁𝑁1𝑖𝑖1 must be equal and opposite Hence:
to mmf of secondary 𝑁𝑁2𝑖𝑖2 (no 𝑖𝑖2 𝑁𝑁1
= = 𝑎𝑎
losses). 𝑖𝑖1 𝑁𝑁2
𝑁𝑁1 𝑖𝑖1 = 𝑁𝑁2 𝑖𝑖2
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• Hence, the primary and secondary
currents are transformed in the
inverse ratio of turns:
• Also
𝑣𝑣1 𝑖𝑖1 = 𝑣𝑣2 𝑖𝑖2
• The power delivered to the load
equals the power supplied by the
source!
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• For sinusoidal variations in the applied voltages, the magnetic flux also
varies sinusoidally under ideal conditions
• Flux in the core at any time t is given as
𝜙𝜙 = 𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
• Where Φm is the amplitude of the flux and ω=2πf is the angular frequency.
• The induced emf in the primary is:
𝑒𝑒1 = 𝑁𝑁1 𝜔𝜔𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
1
𝐸𝐸1 = 𝑁𝑁1 𝜔𝜔𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 ∠0° = 4.44𝑓𝑓𝑁𝑁1 𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 ∠0°
2
𝐸𝐸2 = 4.44𝑓𝑓𝑁𝑁2 𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 ∠0°
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• Where 𝐸𝐸1 is the rms value of 𝑒𝑒1 . • It then follows that the Complex
Hence with rms values: power supplied to the primary
𝑉𝑉1 𝐸𝐸1 𝑁𝑁1 winding by the source must be
= = = 𝑎𝑎 equal to complex power
𝑉𝑉2 𝐸𝐸2 𝑁𝑁2
delivered by the load:
• For an idealized transformer the
terminal voltages are in phase.
𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1∗ = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2∗
• Also
𝐼𝐼2 𝑁𝑁1
= = 𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2
𝐼𝐼1 𝑁𝑁2
• Therefore I1 and I2 must be in
phase.
 IMPEDANCES
•From the circuit, it can be seen that:
𝑉𝑉2 1 𝑉𝑉1 1
𝑍𝑍2 = = 2 = 2 𝑍𝑍1
𝐼𝐼2 𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼1 𝑎𝑎
Hence:
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑍𝑍2
• The load impedance as seen by the source
on the primary side is equal to a2 times the
actual load impedance on the secondary • Transformers can be used for
side impedance matching. A known
• Transformers can be used for impedance impedance can be raised or
matching. A known impedance can be lowered to match the rest of the
raised or lowered to match the rest of the
circuit for maximum power transfer circuit for maximum power
transfer.
 TRANSFORMER POLARITY
• The polarity of a transformer defines the relative direction of the induced
emf in the windings and connections are usually made so that the emfs are
additive rather than subtractive.
• On transformer circuit diagrams the polarity is normally shown by a dot,
where dots identify positions of like polarity.
 TRANSFORMER RATINGS
• The nameplate of a transformer provides information on the apparent
power and the voltage-handling capacity of each winding.
• From the nameplate data of a 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down transformer, we
conclude the following:
• The full-load or nominal power rating of the transformer is 5 kVA. In other
words, the transformer can deliver 5 kVA on a continuous basis.
• Since it is a step-down transformer, the (nominal) primary voltage is V1 =
500 V and the (nominal) secondary voltage is V2 = 250 V.
 CURRENT RATINGS
• The nominal magnitudes of the primary and the secondary currents at full
load are

kVA 5000
I1 = = = 10 A
V1 500

kVA 5000
I2 = = = 20 A
V2 250
 TURNS RATIO
• Turns Ratio ‘a’ =

V1 500
= =2
V2 250
 Example 4.2
• An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary. The
primary is connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary winding
supplies a load of 4 A at a lagging power factor (pf ) of 0.8. Determine (a)
the a-ratio, (0.2)
• (b) the current in the primary, (20 A)
• (c) the complex power supplied to the load, (3840 W, 2880 Vars)
• (d) the flux in the core. (7.21 mWb)
 Exercise 4.1
• The magnetic flux density in the core of a 4.4-kVA, 4400/440-V, 50-Hz, step-
down transformer is 0.8 T (rms). If the induced emf per turn is 10 V,
determine (a) the primary and secondary turns (440, 44), (b) the cross-
sectional area of the core (.056m2), and (c) the full-load current in each
winding (1A, 10 A).

• Flux φ =BA
• Where B = flux density (T, tesla) and A = area in m2
 Exercise 4.3
• The number of turns in the primary and the secondary of an ideal
transformer are 200 and 500, respectively. The transformer is rated at 10
kVA, 250 V, and 60 Hz on the primary side. The cross-sectional area of the
core is 40 cm2. If the transformer is operating at full load with a power
factor of 0.8 lagging, determine (a) the effective flux density in the core
(1.173 T), (b) the voltage rating of the secondary (625 V), (c) the primary and
secondary winding currents (40 A, 16 A), and (d) the load impedance on the
secondary side and as viewed from the primary side (6.25 Ω).
 LESSON 1 REVIEW
• What is a transformer?

• What are its uses?

• How does it operate?

• How to derive equations for the ideal transformer