Symmetry

- The part of the body match up with other parts around a midpoint or line.
- A sea urchin has a symmetry.
- A sponge is the simplest kind of animal. It does not have a symmetry.

Invertebrates groups

1. Mollusk (shells)
2. Cnidarians ( animal with arm like parts called tentacles)
3. Sponges ( simplest kind of invertebrate)
4. Echinoderms ( spin skin, it has an internal structure called endoskeleton)
5. Flatworms ( they have flat bodies)
6. Roundworms ( thin bodies with pointed ends)
7. Segmented worms ( earthworms and sandworms)
8. Arthropods (largest invertebrate group, every arthropods has an exoskeleton)

Arthropods Groups

- Weaver ant ( 3body section)

- Arachnids ( they have four pairs of legs and 2 body section)
- Crustaceans ( such as crabs and shrimps, they can chew)
- Centipedes ( one pair of legs on each body section)
- Millipedes ( has two pairs of legs on each body section)

Vertebrate

- It is animal that has a backbone.

Invertebrate

- Animal that has no backbone.

Classification of animals according to:

1. Movement
- Swim
- Fly
- Crawl
- Hop
- Walk
- Slither
2. Habitat ( where an animal finds the food , water and shelter it needs to live)
- Desert
- Rain forest
- Forest
- Tundra
- Freshwater ( pond, lake , stream, river)
- Salt water ( ocean)
 3. Adaptation (physical characteristics or behaviors that help a living thing survive in its
environment.)
- Behaviors ( when an animal aestivates, they look for a shade or hide inside its shells)
To migrate is to change location periodically.
- Camouflage ( some animals blend in their environment )
- Mimicry ( when one kind of living things looks like another kind is called mimicry)

Feeding Relationship
Producers (they are the organism that make their own food using the energy in sunlight)
Consumers (organisms who cannot make their own food)
Herbivores (eat only producers)
Omnivores (eat only meat)
Carnivores (animals that eat herbivores and omnivores)
Decomposers (some organisms break down dead producers, consumers and waste)

Food Chain (how energy travels in the form of food, it shows only one path)

- Pond food chain

- Land food chain

Food web (shows how all the food chain in an ecosystem are connected)

- Predator (carnivore that hunts for its food)

- Prey ( the organism that is hunt)
- Competition ( a food web shows that a single organism can take part in more than one food
chain)
- Energy pyramid (shows the amount of energy in an ecosystem) Producers are always at the
bottom, or base of the pyramid.

Plant Structures

Classify by structure

- Vascular Plants (have true roots, stems and leaves

- Non vascular plants ( no roots, no stem, no leaves )

Classify by seeds

We can classify the plants by whether they have seeds. Horsetail plant grows about one meter tall. They
have roots and leaves but they don’t have seeds or fruits.

Jan Van Helmont (Dutch scientist who wanted to know how plants meet their needs)

Most of the material comes from carbon dioxide (a common gas in the air)

The key ingredients are:

- Water and carbon dioxide

Roots

- Take up water and nutrients from the ground.

- Covered with root hairs.
- Carrots and dandelions have one large root called a taproot

Stems

- Moves food, water and nutrients throughout the plant.

- Two kinds of stem ( trees and shrubs )
- Photosynthesis (plant use the energy in sunlight to make food from water and carbon dioxide)
- Stomata ( carbon dioxide enters through tiny holes
- Transpiration ( if a plant has enough water, its stomata stay open, the water escapes)
- Respiration ( the energy stored inside the sugars is released, it takes place in both animal and
plant cell)
- Spores (seedless plant that can grow into a new plant)
- Ferns and mosses are seedless plant
- We can use plant as food and as medicine

Plant reproduction

Seed

- Is a plant that is not fully formed.

- Each seed in a watermelon can make a new plant

Flowers and cones

- Pine cone comes from conifers

- Conifers (is a seed plant that has no flowers or fruits)
- Male cones produces a yellow powder called pollen
- Reproduction (how living things make offspring)
- Flowering plants (uses flowers to reproduce. Most flowers have male and female part)
- Stamen (male part)
- Anther (makes pollen that has male sex cells)
- Pistil (female part)
- Ovary (stores the egg)
- Pollination (a gas of wind can blow pollen from an anther or pistil)
- Pollinators ( animals that carry pollen from one flower to another)
- Moving pollen onto the pistil is called pollination.
- Fertilization ( occurs when the male sex cell joins with the egg. It is the process that forms a
seed)

How seeds grow

Seed coat (inside each seed are unformed plant and a food source)

Germination (one or two leaves appear on the stem)

Seedling (young plant that grows from a seed)

Life cycle

Germination, maturity and reproduction

Death makes the end of plants life.

Ways plants can reproduce

- Runners (is a stem that grows along the ground and can make new plant)
- Cutting (part of a plant that has been clipped and can reproduce a new plant)
- Bulbs (a stem that grows under the ground)
- Tubers (a storage part of a plant)

Properties of matter

Matter

- Is anything that has mass and takes up spaces.

- Matter has mass
- Matter has volume

Mass (is the amount of matter making up an object, it is measured in units called grams and kilograms)

Volume (is how much space an object takes up)

Buoyancy (upward force of a liquid or gas on an object)

Property

- Is a characteristics that you can observe

States of matter

Solid (has a definite shape and takes up a definite amount of space)

Liquids (it does not have a definite shape)

Gases (does not have a definite shape

Physical and chemical changes

- Physical change (begins and ends with the same type of matter)
- Change of state is a physical change in which one state of matter changes to another

Melting (change of state from solid to liquid)

Boiling (rapid change of state from a liquid to a gas)

Evaporation (is the change of liquid to a gas without boiling)

Cooling (when you take away energy from any substances, its particles move more slowly. The
substance cools and its particles move closer together. This is how a gas changes or condense to a liquid)

If enough energy is taken away, a liquid freezes into a solid.

Chemical change

- Begins with one kind of matter and ends with another. It is also called a chemical reaction.
- All chemical reactions either give off energy or use energy. Chemical reactions may give off heat,
light or electricity.
- A change in scent is another sing of chemical change.
- Fire is a chemical reaction that gives off light and eat.

Mixtures

- Is a physical combination of two or more kinds of matter

- It is a physical change

Solution

- Is a mixture in which two or more substances are blended completely.

Chemical properties

- In a mixture, matter might lose its physical properties. But the matter still keeps its original
chemical properties.
- Only changes during chemical reactions.

Alloy

- Is a mixture of two or more elements.

Settling

- Is when differences in densities cause the parts of a mixture to separate.

Filtration

- Filter separates things by size.

- People often use filters to separate a solid from a liquid.

Magnets

- Often used to separate scrap metal in junkyards.

- A magnet pulls or attracts, the elements iron, nickel and cobalt. This property is called magnetic
attraction.

Distillation

- One way to separate a solution of liquid water and solid salt is distillation.
- A solution is heated until the liquid becomes a gas.
- The gas passes through a condenser.
- It is used to make fuel.

Evaporation

- Another way to separate the parts of a solution is by evaporation.