NMT

Nordic
Mobile
Telephone

Mobile Network
Evolution to 5G

Vaasa goes 5G 17.5.2019

Matti Keskinen
Internal Consultant
Mobile Networks
Mobile Networks Evolution in nutshell (Starting with old” Nokia solutions)

Digital Mobile Networks

Analog Mobile Networks 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(”Old” Nokia solutions)

ARP NMT
Auto
Nordic Mobile
Radio
Telephone
Puhelin

Focus
today
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s ?
…..10 years evolution cycle…..

2
 4th Industrial Revolution Powered by 5G

Artificial intelligence, cloud,

Social & human impact robotics, VR

Economic flexibility & 5G

social mobility PCs, automation
Industrial change IT
Mass
production
Electricity
Mechanization People &
Things
Steam
Driver
Enabler
1770 1870 1970 2020
1st Industrial 2nd Industrial 3rd Industrial 4th “Industrial”
revolution revolution revolution revolution

3
4 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Source: GSMA – The Mobile Economy 2019

Even 6G is knocking while 5G is just starting to ramp up

Let start with short view to future:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6ubRoZCeVw

5 © 2016 Nokia
Some history material
From “old” Nokia
 Automatic Telephone Exchange
• Automatic Telephone exchange was invented by american
mortician Almon B. Strowger in year 1891. According the
story there was two funeral offices in same locality. Wife of
his competitor was telephonist in the city exchange.
Strowgler noticed quite fast, that he is forced to change
occupation or invent automatic telephone exchange.
• Strowglers exchange used electromechanical selector,
which were set one by one in right position using dial on
telephone set. So it was the caller, who steer exchanges
selectors to right position from his own telephone set.
When selectors were in proper position, connection
between A-subscriber and B-subscriber was formed.
• In year 1908 Western Electric employee McBerty invented
solution, where caller itself didn’t control telephone
exchange directly, but number were stored on register.
When A-subscriber dialled number, exchange stored it,
compared number to information in register and formed
connection throug exchange according register
information.
• Exchanges of both Western Electric and LM Ericsson were
build according this principle. Fine mechanical structure of
both those exchanges was still different.
• These exchanges needed already primitive data-
processing for dialled number conversion to physical
movement of selectors.
• “Program code” and telephone numbers were hardcoded
for long time with help of different levers and
electromagnets literally to hardware level.
7
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT900) based Switching System
....1986....
Nokia launched NMT900 based Switching
System called ”MTX” = Mobile Telephone
Exchange
Roaming between Nordic Countries
was very huge milestone in Mobile System
development.
SW8 = Small 8 PCM switch matrix, which was used to connect base stations to DX200
NMT exchange. In NMP there wasn’t HW GSM/WCDMA type adaptation layer (BSC,
RNC) between base stations and exchange. Base stations were directly connected to
DX200 NMT exchange with help of SW8.
DSP8 = (NMT modem). This PIU was first signalling processor made in Nokia Core
Systems. So this is in a way predessor of current DSP processors. Analog NMT radio
channel signalling (Hagelbarker coding) was implemented with this PIU and loadable
DSP software. Analog inband Signalling use 64 bit frame, where it was possible to
correct errors for some bits. There wasn’t separate signalling channel in NMT (common
channel signalling), instead call signalling was implemented using this modem and
analog signalling was nicely using same “tube” as speech. That was the reason, that
coding should be relatively reliable to not produce call signalling from speech
information.

900 MHz
1986
DX200 PSTN
NMT900

8
GSM (2G) – first Digital Mobile system
....1991....
• Radiolinja in Finland made the World First GSM Call with Nokia products
• Three new network elements included in to GSM Network Architecture
- MSC (Mobile Switching Exchange)
- HLR (Home Location Register)
- BSC (Base Station Controller)
- Base Statiosn BTS

DX200
HLR
1991
DX200 DX200
BSC PSTN/
MSC PLMN

9
 Mobile Packet Data started (SGSN and GPRS data connection)
....2000....
New member for DX200 Family was born – SGSN
for Packet Switched Core (GPRS).

DX200
2000 HLR

DX200 DX200
BSC PSTN/
MSC PLMN
DX200 GGSN
SGSN IP

10
WCDMA (3G)
....2002
DX200 based MSC launced for WCDMA network. IPA2800 platform
was the new base for RNC and MGW. DMX OS was used by IPA2800.

DX200
2002 HLR

DX200 PSTN/
MSC
PLMN

IPA2800 IPA2800
RNC MGW

11
2004 MSC Server architecture – Big Business success in CS Voice
segment
Radio R4 Mobile Core PSTN etc.
MAP over IP
HL (SIGTRAN)
R IP
MAP over Or
(SIGTRAN) TDM based MAP GMSC
MSC BICC/ISUP GCS C7 (ISUP)
Server or
MSS TRANSIT
H.248
SIGTRAN H.248 SIGTRAN C7 (ISUP) Switch

GSM A C7 (ISUP) PSTN

BSC ATM, IP
MGW or TDM MGW Switch

Iu-CS ATM
WCDMARNC
ATM
PSTN IP
IP
TDM Switch TDM
12
Network Architectures - high level view

Voice Core Voice

IMS (VoLTE)
4G
(LTE, LTE-A)
Evolved Packet
Core

Packet Core
3G
(WCDMA) Data
RNC

2G Voice Core Voice

(GSM)
BSC

14
2G and 3G still dominating Mobile Voice services
Mobile Subscriptions 8bn
Note:
Non 3GPP Voice Services
(VoIP – like Whatsup…)
not included

5,7bn
subscribers still
using 2G&3G Voice

2,3bn
VoLTE subscriptions
(Note: Many of them using
CS voice as well)

15 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 Source: Ericsson Mobility Report | June 2018
Mobile Broadband – First Motivation for 5G Deployment
(…but not the biggest one in long run)

China and India leading in total mobile Finland #1 globally in terms of mobile data per
data traffic >150.000.000 GB/day person >1 GB/person/day
Mobile data per day [PB]
200 Note:
China India USA EU The picture is SIM based
data usage. The SIM
150
penetration in Finland is
200%. So the Mobile Data
100 usage per person is 2 x is

50

0
2017 2018

16
 5G “in big picture”
&
Standarization status
5G –Three Main Segments

>10 Gbps 100 Mbps

peak data rates whenever needed
<4 ms Enhanced
radio latency
Mobile 10 000
Broadband x more traffic
(eMBB)

1.000.000 <1 ms
devices per km2
radio latency
Range Massive Ultra Reliable
164 dB MCL machine type Low Latency Ultra Reliable
(Maximum
Coupling Loss) communication communication < 10-5 outage
(mMTC) (URLLC)
>15 years
on battery Zero
mobility
mMTC interruption
ultra low cost

18 © 2016 Nokia
 3GPP 5G specification schedule First 5G Several 5G
launches launches

2017 2018 2019

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

5G NR NSA 5G NR SA 5G Rel-16
5G NR NSA
Completion Completion Stage 3 completion
Option 3 family options 4&7
Option 2

Stage 3 completion for Stage 3

NSA Option 3 Rel-15 ASN.1 for Rel-15 ASN.1 for
Non-Standalone 5G- completion for
family ASN.1 SA option 4&7
NR SA

Non Backward 3 3A 3X
EPC EPC EPC
Compatible changes NSA Option 3
family
Note: NSA 3x device is not forward ASN.1_June
NSA Option 3
compatible with SA 2 family
E-UTRA NR E-UTRA NR E-UTRA NR
ASN.1_September
NSA 3x SA 2 2 7X
4
5GC 5GC 5GC
NSA 3x and SA 2 options will be
first deployments in 5G networks

NSA = Non Stand Alone = EPC core (“Options 3”) & LTE Anchor
NR E-UTRA NR E-UTRA NR
SA = Stand Alone = option 2 (NR + 5G Core) and option 5 (LTE + 5G Core)

19 © 2018 Nokia For Internal Use

20

Release 16 timeline

2018 2019 2020

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2

Rel-15 Rel-15 NSA

NSA (option-3)
(option-3) ASN.1 Rel-15 SA Rel-15 SA
freeze (option-2) (option-2)
freeze ASN.1 Rel-15 late Rel-15 late
drop freeze drop ASN.1

Rel-16 SI/WI phase

Rel-16 Rel-16
L1 freeze protocol
freeze

Rel-16
ASN.1
ASN stands for ”Abstract Syntax Notation”
20
Release 16 key themes – 5G Radio

Efficiency Enhancements for MIMO, dual connectivity & positioning

enhancements Fast Cell Access (MR-DC enh.), Dynamic TDD, RACH
Enhancements

5G Unlicensed 5G
Rel-16 Industry 4.0, smart
NR based IoT UE categories
city, Private networks

Industrial IoT, URLLC enhancements

Integrated Access & Backhaul

Deployment &
operability Big Data Collection & utilization

21
3GPP Meeting Attendance has Increased with 5G

Slide by Qualcomm August 2017

22
 The quest for new value
We are reaching the limit of New industrial, infra &
consumer value creation enterprise value

The legacy problem! Some growth, but not all for Telcos New DSP markets offer growth

($B) 1,000 997 ($B) ($B) Low Estimate High Estimate

359 1210
TV 200 207
Cloud
3700
Factories
Advertising 160
322 234 134
234 930
Voice 322 BPaaS Worksites
194
56
SaaS
79 930
61 1660
Cloud Infra-aaS
39 Cities
556 68
Data 479 31 25 VOD/streaming 850
19 41 560
Logistics
& Transport
2015 2019 170
2015 2019 Health 1590

* Western Europe, Canada, USA, Japan, South Korea, Source: Gartner

Estimated 2025 value creation potential of the IoT
Singapore, Australia, and NZ. Source: Gartner BPaaS = Business Processes as a Service
- McKinsey Global Institute
SaaS = Software as a Service

Most consumer focused operators facing long term stagnation – enterprise becomes a key focus

23 © 2018 Nokia Confidential

5G market will start with extreme mobile broadband
Nokia market view

Extreme mobile broadband market starts E2E solutions for all three markets
High capacity and coverage
High capacity and coverage
Ultra high capacity
0,4-6 GHz
• Megacity capacity densification
5G Fixed Wireless Access
• 3 to 6GHz ~100MHz BW /
Extreme <1GHz ~20MHz BW
>6GHz Mobile
Broadband • Dense urban grid
2018 2019 2020 2021 Ultra high capacity
• Ultra dense use cases
M2M/MTC 5G markets to start to • cm/mmWave
develop 2022+ • Short range
• Early competition: NB-IoT/LTE-M Massive Critical
machine machine 5G Fixed Wireless Access
• MTC IoT needs coverage layer, and communication communication
large volumes of low cost devices • Extension of fiber access
• Verticals not expected to be early • cm/mmWave
adopters for 5G (low expertise) • Line of Sight (LOS)
• Earlier trials to test technology and define business models

24 © 2018 Nokia
5G Frequencies
 5G Spectrum & Bands
High data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to
1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands.
5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operate
on any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz.

3,5GHz auction results in

Finland (130 MHz/MNO): World Radio
Conference
Stretching eg 10 Gb/s at railway stations, 2019
Telia: 3,410-3,540 GHz Hot Spot 26 GHz airports, sporting events,
Elisa: 3,540-3,670 GHz data speeds Factories etc “hot spots”
DNA: 3,670-3,800 GHz
Capacity

eg 1-3 Gb/s over all

Stretching urban towns and cities
mobile data speeds 3.6
(mobile Gb/s society)
GHz
Coverage
700 eg 100%
Stretching reliable coverage (rural) coverage
RSPG “PIONEER” BANDS MHz
RSPG = Radio Spectrum Policy Group of roads
26 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
3,5 GHz Auction Results in Finland

3410 MHz 3540 MHz 3670 MHz 3800 MHz

Telia 130 MHz Elisa 130 MHz DNA 130 MHz

30.3 M€ 26.3 M€ 21.0 M€
(starting price 23 M€) (starting price 21 M€) (starting price 21 M€)

• All existing operators acquired 130 MHz of spectrum

• Total price was lowest in EUR/MHz/pop out of all 3.5 GHz auctions so far
• Telia paid most to avoid Russian interference issues and test frequencies (TTO). All
operators wanted to get the lowest block.
• Licenses will be available 1.1.2019 and last for 15 years until 31.12.2033

27
Frequencies of Test Network (”TTO” allocations) for 3,5 GHz No decision yet!
(Russian radar
3410 problem)

3490

3510

3540

3570

3590

3620

3640

3670

3700

3720

3800
[MHz]
Primary use
A Band 130 MHz B Band 130 MHz C Band 130 MHz

Area A1 100MHz Area A1 = Karaportti

Area A 60MHz Area A = Espoo Area
Area B 60MHz Area B = Hervanta (TTY)
Area C 60MHz Area C = Nokia Campus Tampere (Indoor!!)
Area D1 100MHz Area D1 = Rusko
Area D 60MHz Area D = Rusko + Linnanmaa

Secondary use
3410

3480

3540

3600
3610

3630

3660

3680
3690
3700
3710
3730

3760

3780

3800
[MHz]

Hired band from DNA (year 2019)

A1 Band 70 MHz B1 Band 60 MHz C1 Band 60 MHz A2 Band 60 MHz B2 Band 70 MHz C2 Band 70 MHz
Area A1 100MHz Area A1 = Karaportti
Area A 60MHz Area A = Espoo Area
Area B 60MHz Area B = Hervanta (TTY)
Area C 60MHz Area C = Nokia Campus Tampere (Indoor!!)

Area D1 100MHz Area D1 = Rusko

Area D 60MHz Area D = Rusko + Linnanmaa

Area A 60MHz Area A = Aalto University - Otaniemi

Area A 60MHz Area A = VTT - Otaniemi
28 Area D 60MHz Area D = VTT - Oulu
5G Spectrum in USA – All 5G Flavors on the Table

Fixed wireless Hot spot mobile Macro capacity Nationwide

access capacity with mMIMO coverage

28 GHz 39 GHz 2.5 GHz 600 MHz

29 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

 5G Key components
and
more about Architecture
5G Key Technology Components - Radio

#1 New spectrum #2 Massive MIMO #4 Multi-connectivity

114 GHz 5G
100 GHz
3 mm LTE
Millimeter
waves Wi-Fi
30 GHz
1 cm
10 GHz
3 cm Centimeter #3 Flexible frame design in #5 Distributed architecture
waves physical layer
3 GHz time
Dt • Lean carrier
10 cm User #3
Df
• Flexible size, control,
frequency

User #2
User #4 User #5
TDD, bandwidth etc
300 MHz User #2
User #1
User #1

User #3 User #5
1m Note: Growing complexity
One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation in BB (Note: L1, Soc) Gateway
31
Cloud-Native 5G Core + radio

Service Based Architecture Stateless VNFs using SDL Programmable open ecosystem
Vendor
Analytics applications
Operator
API exposure applications Service
A B States & data providers
Shared Data Layer
VNF business Control plane Multivendor database API
C D logic User plane
Cloud infrastructure agnostic

Micro-service architecture Distributed cloud deployment Network Slicing

Monolitic VM Micro-service Micro-service mapped to

Architecture architecture build Service Logic Orchestrator
App 1 App 2
Applications
Regional Central
Vendor Middleware data center data center Platforms

Cloud infrastructure agnostic Radio Infrastructure

Core

32 © Nokia 2018 Confidential


5G Architecture Options in Release 15
Why Dual Connectivity with NSA?
Option 3x | LTE+5G under EPC
EPC
LTE 5G
• Available 6 months earlier than SA
• Existing EPC core used
• Existing LTE idle mode used
• Data rate aggregation LTE + 5G
• VoLTE in LTE
33
NSA = Non-Standalone
SA = Standalone
Why Standalone SA?
Option 2 | SA 5G under 5GC
5G core
5G
• 5G end-to-end for new services
• Lower latency without LTE leg
• Lower setup time in 5G
• No need for LTE network upgrades
 Option 3x Overview
Dual Connectivity with EPC
User Plane Overview
VoLTE
eMBB
Functional Overview Bearer VoLTE
eMBB Bearer VoLTE eMBB
Control
Plane HS PG EPC S-GW
• Used in scenario where LTE coverage S W
reach is superior to that of NR and EPC
leverages EPC S6 S
5

MCG bearer
a S1 UP

split bearer
MME S11 SGW

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4
• LTE eNB acts as Master and controls

SCG
Bearer
which S1-U bearers are handled by CP+UP
Splitting
S1-MME Path
each radio( LTE/NR) LTE
Xx
NR gNB S1-U Switching LTE eNB gNB
2 4
eNB
Xx PDCP Xx NR PDCP PDCP =
• Based on LTE eNB instructions MME Option 3x Packet Data
NR RLC RLC NR RLC
informs S-GW where to establish S1-U Convergence
bearers towards i.e. LTE or NR LTE Protocol
MAC MAC NR MAC
RB1 RB2 RB3
• If NR radio quality becomes sub-
optimal S1-U bearer towards NR may
be either split at NR and sent entirely
over Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATH
SWITCH may be triggered where all
S1-U’s go to LTE eNB UE

34 20/05/2019 4G LTE 5G
Nokia Confidential
Some details and comparison
between 4G - 5G
5G Boosts Cell Capacity by 25x
5x More Spectrum and 5x More Efficiency

4G LTE 5G

1800 MHz 3500 MHz

20 MHz 100 MHz

Up to
2 bps / Hz 25 x Up to 10 bps/Hz

4G LTE with 40 Mbps Up to 1 Gbps 5G with

two transmitter cell throughput cell throughput beamforming
antenna antenna

36 © Nokia 2017
 Innovations at Base Station Site with New Antennas and RF

1. Separate RF 2. Active antenna 3. Multi-band RF 4. Massive MIMO

and antenna = RF + antenna for high integration with many RF

1 2 3 4
User specific
beamforming

3 bands in
20 liter

37
Less site space, lower power consumption, better radio performance
© Nokia 2017
 Massive MIMO technology – Active Adaptive Antennas

• Number of transmitters +45o polarity 3,5GHz

define the number of Antenna
simultaneous beams that
can be created.

8 vertical dipoles
• More transmitters gives TRX1
more capacity • Number of antenna
• But more transmitters also TRX2 elements defines the
increases weight, power antenna gain which
consumption & cost controls coverage.
• More antenna elements
gives more coverage
TRX63
• But more antenna
elements increases the
3,5GHz TRX64 size of the antenna
Antenna especially at low
Filters
frequencies
38 © Nokia 2017
Innovations for Low Latency Radio Transmission – 1 millisecond in 5G

Minimum
transmission time Round trip time
2 ms 20-30 ms
HSPA
1 ms
LTE 10-15 ms

5G 0.125 ms 1 ms

39 © Nokia 2017
 Latency in Mobile Networks

End-to-end latency
25 ∆ represents the total latency
Transport + core
20 BTS processing EPC/
UE ∆
UE processing NGC
ℎ
15
Scheduling
ms
Buffering • Strong evolution in latency
10 with new radios
Uplink transmission • 3G HSPA latency 20-30 ms
Endpoint
• LTE latency 10-15 ms
5 Downlink transmission • 5G latency 1 ms
• Low 5G latency requires Internet

0 new radio and also new

architecture with local content
3 HSPA LTE 5G
40 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
5G Device Penetration based on LTE History

LTE penetration hits 50%

iPhone5 with LTE Korea AUS Dec USA March UK Dec France
September 2012 Sep 2013 2014 2015 2015 2016
LTE
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

iPhone with 5G 5G penetration hits 50%

5G
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

5G device penetration will hit 50% in most markets during 2023-

2024 if we simply follow LTE history
42
Supplemental Uplink for Enhanced Coverage

5G3500 downlink

5G3500 uplink
UE BTS

LTE1800 downlink
• Uplink coverage is shorter than
downlink coverage. Therefore,
5G1800 uplink uplink in weak signal should use
LTE1800 uplink low band.
• Solution: 5G FDD for uplink and
5G and LTE uplink shared in frequency 5G 3.5 GHz TDD for downlink
domain at 1800 MHz to match 3.5 GHz • 5G and LTE multiplexed in FDD
downlink in frequency domain

45
Speed of Light is the Limit – Content Must be Close to the Radio

Round trip time in fiber • 5G target is 1 ms round trip time

10 • 100 km two-way propagation delay in
optical fiber is to 1 ms
1
• 10 km propagation delay to 0.1 ms
ms
UE gNB Edge Cloud
0,1
L1/
L2Low L2/High
L3….
0,01 MEC
1000 km 100 km 10 km

Content must be close to the radio (within a few 10 km) to get full benefit from the
1-ms round trip time in the radio Þ Multi access Edge Computing (MEC/vMEC)
and Local break out will be needed
46
IAB – Integrated Access and Backhaul (Rel. 16)

47
5G chipsets and devices, launching commercially from 2019
First wave Second wave

Chipset vendors targeting Chipset vendors targeting

“early adoption” the volume market

Commercial
X
Commercial chipsets
chipsets
NSA + SA
NSA NSA Commercial
Chip NSA+SA Commercial Chip

Commercial UE
Commercial UE
NSA NSA + SA
NSA Mobile Hotspot

NSA Smartphone NSA+ SA Smartphone

NSA CPE (sub6) NSA+SA CPE (sub6/mmwave)

2018 2019 2020

© Nokia 2019
5G Device Chip Sets

Qualcomm Samsung Intel Qualcomm Mediatek

X50 5100 XMM8160 X55 M70

5 Gbps 6 Gbps 6 Gbps 7 Gbps 4.7 Gbps

TDD TDD TDD + FDD TDD + FDD TDD + FDD

2H/2018 2H/2018 2H/2019 2H/2019 2H/2019

49
Support 100 + 100 MHz
Radio going to Cloud
Current status of Telco Cloudification in rough level
Subs.
Regs

B
“Internet”
B B
B Core Cloud
Radio
(Voice & Data)
Controllers
B (2G & 3G)
B
Radio Netw. “PSTN/MN”
Evolution Trend

Cloud RAN will

Cloud RAN be devided to 1-3
Cloud hierarcy
level

51
From classical to cloud – supporting all deployment strategies
Common cloud-native SW across Open Interfaces allowing multi- Zero touch and full automation through open API into
all different product types vendor capabilities analytics, AI and xRAN controller

1 5 Towards 4G
Classical Stand alone solution X2
BTS for small scale 5G
Adaptive antenna Non cloud or virtualized AI & Analytics
Management &
Orchestration
1 2
Cloud BTS
Radios connected via F1
Core Cloud –
RT/NRT L2 split AirScale to radio cloud Adaptive Airscale Data Center
Towards 4G
antenna RealTime BB
X2
3
Cloud Radios connect directly 4
to radio cloud – RT E1 xRAN
optimized F1 Controller
BTS function embedded in the Open
Adaptive antenna +
AAS L2RT BB Data Center or
Ecosystem
Edge Cloud
Network
1
All-in-Cloud Edge Cloud – Collaborat Co-create

BTS Radios connected directly RT enabled

e
Innovate Customize

to radio cloud
RT functions in
Adaptive antenna
Open API
cloud
1 Adaptive Antenna 2 Airscale System module w. real-time baseband 3 Airframe with 5G VNF (non-realtime baseband)
Ethernet CPRI or Ethernet
4 Cloud optimized 5G RF + 5 Airscale System module w. real-time and non-real-time baseband
antenna (w. L1, L2 RT )

52 © 2019 Nokia
 Cloud RAN addresses growing need of 5G market opportunities at Edge
Removes HW limitation Optimized and harmonized Competitive Advantage
Enabler for new enterprise
with Cloud enabled transport network with 5G and Time to
market at Edge Cloud
solution Architecture market
Far Edge data centers Edge / Central data centers

Fronthaul NRT F1

Lowest latency / high throughput

Signaling driven

Open Edge, 3RU, 1/3- Compact OpenRack or Full size/compact

Open Edge 19” Rack-mount or
2RU, 2 Server 5Racks OpenRack or 19”
Open Edge Rack-mount
Sites/Cells/Site 10000’s / 24 cells 100-1000’s / 96-1536 cells 10-100’s / 1000-10000 cells <10
Footprint Smallest Smaller Small Large
Power Very Low Low Medium Medium - High
Distance 0 km (<50us RTT) 20-40 km (240us RTT) 200-350 km (4-10 ms RTT) >10ms
Far edge D-RAN Far Edge C-RAN Aggregated Edge Regional

vRAN RT Function RTT Round Trip-Time

53 vRAN NRT Function RT Real Time
NRT Non Real Time
AEQA AirScale MAA 64T64R 192AE B42 200W
5GC000562
5G Adaptive Antenna System for optimized capacity and coverage

• 5G RF Unit with an integrated antenna

• 192 antenna elements
• Digital beamforming for multi-user MIMO
• Operating bandwidth (Band 42): 3.4 GHz ... 3.6 GHz
• Instantaneous bandwidth: 60, 80 and 100 MHz
• Occupied bandwidth: 100 MHz
• Max carrier bandwidth: 100 MHz
• DL/UL modulation schemes up to 256 QAM /64 QAM
• Number of TX / RX layer/ports per carrier: 64
• Number of MIMO streams / beams: 16
• Max output power: 35 dBm per TX (200 W in total) • IP65 -40 … 55 °C
• Max EIRP: 77.5 dBm • 47 kg
• 79 liters
• Natural convection cooling
• -48 VDC nominal power

54 © 2019 Nokia Confidential

AEQD AirScale MAA 64T64R 128AE B43 200W
5GC000664
5G Adaptive Antenna System for optimized capacity and coverage

• 5G RF Unit with an integrated antenna

• 128 element antenna
• Digital beamforming for multi-user MIMO
• Operating bandwidth (Band 43): 3.6 GHz ... 3.8 GHz
• Instantaneous bandwidth: 60, 80 and 100 MHz
• Occupied bandwidth: 100 MHz
• Max carrier bandwidth: 100 MHz
• DL/UL modulation schemes up to 256 QAM /64 QAM
• Number of TX / RX layer/ports per carrier: 64
• Number of MIMO streams / beams: 16
• Max output power: 35 dBm per TX (200 W in total) • IP65 -40 … 55 °C
• Max EIRP: 76 dBm • 40 kg
• 59 liters
• Natural convection cooling
• -48 VDC nominal power

55 © 2019 Nokia Confidential

AirScale System Module Indoor
5GC000275 ASIK, 5GC000276 ABIL, 5GC000623 AMIA
ASIK & ABIL high capacity and connectivity
• AirScale SM Indoor consist of
• 1 AirScale Subrack AMIA
• Common with 2G/3G/4G
• 8 Slots ABIL
• 1…6 AirScale Capacity ABIL
• Capacity Unit
• 16x8 100MHz MIMO layers depending on configurations
• 2xQSFP28: 8x9.8 Gbps for CPRI fronthaul or 25GE for AMIA
eCPRI
• 2x SFP28: 2x25 GE for eCPRI or 2x9.8 Gbps for CPRI
• 1…2 AirScale Common ASIK
• Common Unit
• 2x SFP28: for 1/10/25 GE backhaul interface
• Sync IN and OUT, External Alarms and Controls, LMP
• -48 VDC nominal power
• Installation options: 19 inch, pole and wall, outdoor cabinet
• Dimensions 19” 3 U : H 128 x W 447 x D 400 [mm]
• Weight: 10.1 kg minimum 23.5 kg maximum ASIK
• Ingress protection IP20
• Operational temperature range -5 °C to 55 °C

56 © 2019 Nokia Confidential

 Thank You

57
Some Extra
material

Matti Keskinen – Internal Consultant

TDD and FDD in nutshell
TDD = Time Division Duplex
FDD = Frequency Division Duplex

FDD TDD
Downlink

Uplink UL DL UL DL

Time Time

BTS
DL
UE
UL

59 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Spectral efficiency and Throughput efficiency – some factors

Spectral efficiency is most important area to improve due to increasing wireless data and
limitation of spectrum. Here some factors related to spectral efficiency:

• Use of Orthogonal Frequencies

• QAM modulation (QAM16, -64, -128, -256)
• MIMO, mMIMO
• Lean Carrier (an LTE carrier with minimized control channel overhead and cell-specific
reference signals
• Interference Cancellation

Throughput efficiency (=Channel efficiency, not spectral efficiency related) factors:

• Carrier Aggregation
• Dual-/Multi Connectivity
• Wider bandwidth

60 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Network throughput [bit/s/km²]
Coverage principles in Cellular Networks:
• Radio Coverage area divided into cells
• Users served by a base stations

Formula of Network Throughput:

Throughput [bit/s/km²] = Cell density [Cells/km²] x Spectrum [Hz] x Spectral efficiency [(bit/s)/Hz/Cell]

f f
1 N 1km
2
X Hz Bit/s/Hz
1km

For example factors like:

• Use of Orthogonal Frequencies
• QAM modulation (QAM16, -64, -128, -256…)
• MIMO, mMIMO
• Lean Carrier
• Interference Cancellation
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