THE PROCCES HOW TO MAKE ASPHALT

Presented by :

Name : M.Gerry Alfareza

NIM : 061640111482

Class : I PJJ A

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA PALEMBANG
2016-2017
 PREFACE

Thanks to Allah SWT who has given his bless to the writer for finishing the
english paper assignment entitled “How Is the Process to Make Asphalt “.

This paper has been compiled by us with the maximum and get help from the
variety of sources so as to facilitate the manufacture of this paper. For that we express
many thanks to all parties and sources that has contributed in making this paper.

Apart from all that, we are fully aware that there are still shortcomings in terms
of sentence structure and grammar. Therefore, with open arms we receive all
comments and suggestions from readers so that we can improve this scientific paper.

Finally, we hope that the papers provide benefits and information to the reader.

Palembang, january 2017

Writer
 Table of contents

Preface ...................................................................................................................................... i
Table of contents ............................................................................................................ ii

Chapter I : Introduce............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 background ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 formulation of the problem .................................................................................... 2
1.3 purpose ................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter II : Discussion .......................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Asphalt ................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 the function of asphalt ............................................................................................ 3
2.3the process how to make asphalt ............................................................................. 4
2.4 the sustitute for asphalt........................................................................................... 5
2.5 the time we run out the asphalt .............................................................................. 6
2.6 types of asphalt ....................................................................................................... 6
2.7 the differences of hot asphalt and cold asphalt ...................................................... 7
Chapter III : Closing ............................................................................................................. 8
3.1 conclusion .............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 references ............................................................................................................... 9
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
You walk on the road every day, but you do not think how is the
process to make the road, especially asphalt. Asphalt also known
as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form
of petroleum.

It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product; it is a

substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was
also used. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek
ἄσφαλτοςásphaltos (itself perhaps an Eastern word, though see
"Etymology" below).
The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction,
where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to
create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous
waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing
flat roofs.
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean
both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English,
asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from
the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the
product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen.
Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar",
such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is
"pitch".
Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term
"crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the
material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at
525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen".
1.2 Formulation of the Problem

The formulation of the problem of this papers are :

1. What is asphalt?
2. What is the function of asphalt?
3. How is the process to make asphalt?
4. What is a good substitute for asphalt for road construction?
5. When will we run out of asphalt?
6. What are the different types of asphalt?
7. What are the differences of hot asphalt and cold asphalt?

1.3 Purpose

The purpose of this papers are :

1. To know what is asphalt
2. To know the function of asphalt
3. To know how is the right process to make asphalt.
4. To know what is a good subsitute for asphalt for road.
5. To know when will we run out of asphalt.
6. To know what are the different types of asphalt
7. To know what are the differences of hot asphalt and cold asphalt.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Asphalt

Asphalt is hydro carbon material that is attached (adhesive), brownish-black,

resistant to water, and visoelastis. Asphalt is often called bitumen is a binder in the
asphalt mixture used as a surface course layers of flexible pavements. Asphalt is
derived from natural bitumen (asphalt Buton} or asphalt (asphalt derived from
petroleum). Based on consistency, asphalt can be classified into solid asphalt and
liquid asphalt.
Asphalt or bitumen is a viscous liquid which is hydrocarbons, contains little
sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine. Asphalt as a binder in flexible pavement has viscoelastic
properties. Asphalt will be solid at room temperature and is liquid when heated.
Asphalt is a material that is chemically very complex and not yet well characterized.
The main content of asphalt is carbon compounds saturated and unsaturated aliphatic
and aromatic having up to 150 carbon atoms per molecule.
Atoms other than hydrogen and carbon that also make up the asphalt is
nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and a few other atoms. Quantitatively, typically 80% asphalt
mass is carbon, 10% hydrogen, 6% sulfur, and the remaining oxygen and nitrogen, as
well as a number of trace iron, nickel, and vanadium. These compounds are often
graded on asphalt (the small molecular mass) and Malten (the big molecular mass).
Usually asphalt contains 5 to 25% asphalt. Most compounds in asphalt are polar
compounds.

2.2 The Function of Asphalt

The funcion of asphalt are:

Although asphalt is mainly used for paving roads, it can also be used for
various other purposes. The versatility of asphalt makes it such a widely used material.
Among others, it can be found in the following sectors:

a. Transportation ( roads, railway beds or airport runways, taxiways, etc.),

b. Recreation (playgrounds, bicycle paths, running tracks, tennis courts...)
c. Agriculture (barn floors, greenhouse floors...)
d. Industrial (ports, landfill caps, work sites...)
e. Building construction (floorings...)
 2.3 The Process How to Make Asphalt

Asphalt is technically not the hard cement surface we may walk or drive on,
but is actually a sticky substance derived from crude oil (petroleum). This sticky
asphalt is mixed with other substances and may or may not be heated for use in
paving roads, lining reservoirs or other purposes. Here are 3 ways to make
asphalt

Method 1 of 3: Initial heating

1. Heat asphalt cement or dried crushed rock in a heater at an asphalt plant. The
heating temperature may be as high as 300 degrees F (149 C).
2. Mix the asphalt cement or crushed rock with aggregates in a drum mixer. The
aggregates may be fine and/or coarse. Petroleum compounds or mineral fillers
may also be added to the asphalt mixture.
3. Send the asphalt mix through a dryer burner.
 Method 2 of 3: Admixing

1. Add additives to reduce the thickness of binders used to make asphalt

pavement. These additives could be water-based, chemical, organic, or a
hybrid mixture of these types.
2. Mix the binders and additives with asphalt aggregates. A drum mixer could be
used to mix these ingredients together.
3. Heat the asphalt mixture 30 to 120 degrees lower than normally required to
make heated asphalt.

Method 3 of 3: Cold Mix Preparation

1. Shear asphalt cement into fine particles.

2. Mix the particles of asphalt with water and soap-like chemicals.

2.4 The Substitute for Asphalt

Asphalt roads put on more than concrete roads, but many countries are
replacing concrete roads with asphalt because it is cheaper, Asphalt
paving is still less costly compared to concrete. Moreover, it takes less
time to build a asphalt road than a concrete road. Asphalt roads provide
better traction and skid resistance for vehicles. Asphalt tends to help keep
roads free from ice and snow.
2.5 The Time We Run Out the Asphalt

Bitumen which glues the sand and gravel together is an oil based
material so the answer is when the oil runs out

2.6 Types of Asphalt

Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) is produced at 320°F

(160°C). This high temperature serves to decrease viscosity and moisture
during the manufacturing process, resulting in a very durable material.
HMAC is most commonly used for high-traffic areas, such as busy
highways and airports.

Warm mix asphalt concrete (WAM or WMA) reduces the

temperature required for manufacture by adding emulsions, waxes, or zeolites.
This process benefits both the environment and the workers, as it results in less
fossil fuel consumption and reduced emission of fumes. In cold mix asphalt
concrete, the asphalt is emulsified in soapy water before mixing it with the
aggregate, eliminating the need for high temperatures altogether. However, the
resulting material is not nearly as durable as HMAC or WAM, and it is
typically used for low traffic areas or to patch damaged HMAC.

Cut-back asphalt concrete has been illegal in the United states since
the 1970s, but many other countries around the world still use it. This type of
concrete is the least environmentally friendly option, resulting in significantly
more air pollution than the other forms. It is made by dissolving the binder in
kerosene before mixing it with the aggregate, reducing viscosity while the
concrete is layered and compacted. The lighter kerosene later evaporates,
leaving a hardened surface.

Mastic asphalt, also called sheet asphalt has a lower bitumen content than
the rolled forms. It is used for some roads and footpaths, but also in roofing
and flooring. Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), another variety, is becoming
increasingly popular as an alternative. Its benefits include an anti-skid property
and the absence of air pockets, but if laid improperly, it may cause slippery
road conditions.
2.7 The Differences of Hot Asphalt and Cold Asphalt

Hot mix asphalt is heated for application, which thins the

material.
Cold asphalt is liquefied with something else besides heat. There are two
kinds:
1. Emulsified asphalt is mixed with water and an emulsifying agent.
2. Cutback asphalt and is mixed with a petroleum solvent such as
Naptha, gasoline and Kerosene. They both are liquids at ambient
temperature when applied; then the solvent or water evaporates, leaving
the asphalt behind
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Asphalt is hydro carbon material that is attached (adhesive), brownish-

black, resistant to water, and visoelastis. Asphalt is often called bitumen is a
binder in the asphalt mixture used as a surface course layers of flexible
pavements.Asphalt is derived from natural bitumen (asphalt Buton} or
asphalt (asphalt derived from petroleum). The primary use (70%) of
asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or
binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other
main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production
of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
.
 REFERENCES

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-hot-asphalt-
and-cold-asphalt (accesed on 12 january 2017)

http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Asphalt (accesed on 12 January 2017)

https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&c
d=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiz9Lij8MvRAhWKqY8KHXnnBL
0QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Frajaaspal.com%2Faspal%2Fbahan-
dasar-aspal-minyak-
bumi%2F&psig=AFQjCNFLJ3t7O6JDXNipvGoog8Ebk_1rhg&ust=1484
834414064916

view-source:http://www.eapa.org/asphalt.php?c=78