CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Without coding theory and error-correcting codes there would be no

deep-space travel and pictures, no satellite TV, no mobile communications
no e-business, no e-commerce, no control systems, etc [1]. Error-
correcting codes are used to correct messages when they are transmitted
through noisy channels. Error control for data integrity may be exercised
by means of either forward error correction (FEC) or automatic request
for re-transmission (ARQ). For FEC, redundant data is added to the code
for the purposes of error detection and correction whereas ARQ utilizes
redundancy for the sole purpose or error detection. Upon detection the
receiver requests a repeat transmission [2].

The fundamental channel coding theorem is undoubtedly the most

important result of information theory, and is definitely so for this project.
Channel coding plays a very important role in OFDM systems
performance. The structure of OFDM systems makes channel coding
more effective. The role of channel coding in conjunction with frequency
and time interleaving is to provide a link between bits transmitted on
separated carriers of the signal spectrum, in such a way that the
information conveyed can be reconstructed in the receiver. Using Channel
State Information (CSI), channel coding can yield some additional gain.
Channel state information is frequency response of the channel or signal
to noise ratio in each carrier [14].

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1.2 Problem Statement

Since Communication channels are always considered unreliable, the

sender wishes to communicate over noisy channel to receiver. Data may
be corrupted during transmission from one node to the next. Instead of
sending raw message bit, a sender sends a sequence with error correction
capabilities so that receiver can counter the noisy behavior of channel to
recover the intended message with high probability. Many factors can alter
one or more bits of a message. To design a suitable algorithm for error
detection and correction that guarantee the data received is identical to the
data transmitted is the best solution; Reed-Solomon and Hamming
Distance.

1.3 Objectives

The detailed objectives include:

1. To provide the main concept and benefits of error detection and

correction schemes in data transmission.
2. To use some algorithms; error detection and correction codes for the
goal of removing errors and all noisy effects out of our data.
3. Performance comparison between the two algorithms: Reed Solomon
and Hamming distance algorithms. To find out the most suitable
algorithm, this can be achieved by comparing them in terms of signal
to interference noise ratio (SINR), data rate (DR), bite error rate
(BER), throughput (TH), spectral efficiency (SE) and delay
transmission (DT).

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1.4 Methodology

This project is divided into three main parts; first phase includes
historical inventions and brief study of coding theory, types of coding,
benefits of error detection and correction in channel coding. In this phase
also will focus on the historical inventions of Claude Shannon and Irving
S. Reed an, Gustave Solomon and Andrew Viterbi and their concepts;
Hamming Distance, Hamming code, Reed-Solomon codes, and
Convolutional codes respectively.

The second phase involves some parameters that can be used to

measure the system performance, it provides mathematical model to
calculate the SINR, BER, data rate, throughput, spectral efficiency and
transition delay.

The third phase includes the simulation over a Matlab platform for
software simulation to simulate the system performance for error detection
and correction Reed and Hamming. The result output of Matlab will be in
form of figure represents SINR, BER, data rate, throughput, spectral
efficiency and transition delay in the two approaches, to prove that with
error detection and correction in Reed Solomon is better than hamming
distance.

1.5 Thesis Organization

The thesis layout of this project is structured as chapter one gives

introduction which presents problem statement and the objectives of this
project. Chapter two includes a literature review which talks a
comprehensive study for the components used in the design. Algorithm
for error detection and correction, in addition to mathematical equations

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are explained in chapter three. Simulation and results obtained are detailed
in chapter four. Finally conclusion and recommendations for future works
are discussed in chapter five.