Management Science

Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering

SET-1 Key SET-1 Key

PART A
1.a).Define motivation and explain theories of motivation?
Definition: Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It gives the reasons for people's actions,
desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to behavior or what causes a person to want to
repeat a behavior and vice versa. A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an
inclination for specific behavior. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular
culture as few other psychological concepts are. Theories are
 George Elton Mayo
 Abraham Maslow
 Douglas Mc gregor
 Frederick Herzberg
 Victor H Vroom
 Chester Barnard

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1. b).Explain the concept of TQM(Total Quality Management)?

Definition: Total Quality Management: It is term first coined by the U.S Naval air systems command to describer,
its Japanese-style management approach to quality improvement. It is a management approach to long-term success
through customer satisfaction.
In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services and the
culture in which they work.
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1.c).What are the different functional areas of management, enlist different functions of management that
are used in each of the scope area?
Functions of Management:
Planning: Involves selecting the objectives and actions to achieves them planning stage involves decision making
and choosing future courses of action from the various alternatives
Organizing: Role of each person in any organization is fixed. The concept of role is who will be doing what should
be known, to achieve organizational targets efficiently.
Staffing: Staffing function includes keeping the various organizational position fixed.
Directing: Directing means influencing people, so that they will contribute to the organization targets directing
involves motivation, leadership styles and proper communication.
Controlling: It is the process of comparing the plans with the results. If there is deviation attain taken to be bridge
the gap between plan and actual results.
Coordinating: The essence of management is the achievement of coordination among people coordination is a
complex process following the principles by which organization activity can be accomplished.

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1.d).List the different steps involved in corporate planning process for ITES sector ?
Definition: Corporate Planning: Corporate planning refers to the process of planning undertaken by top
management to achieve their organization goals.
Two significant phases incorporate planning:
 Environmental Scanning
 Strategy formulation and implementation
Mission is the guiding force for all the activities here. The first step in the process of achievement of the mission is
to break the mission in to objectives, strategies and programme have to be formulated and implemented to achieve
the given objectives which would eventually lead to the fulfillment of mission.
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1.e).What are the ethics and list types of Ethics that are necessary for an engineer?
Definition: Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. The term ethics derives from the Ancient Greek word ethics,
which is derived from the word ethos . The branch of philosophy axiology comprises the sub-branches of ethics
and aesthetics, each concerned with values.
Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics and system of moral principles that apply to the practice
of engineering. The field examines and sets the obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and to the
profession. As a scholarly discipline, it is closely related to subjects such as the philosophy of science,
the philosophy of engineering, and the ethics of technology.
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1.f). Steps in Business Process Reengineering? List few examples for BPRs?
Definition: The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic
improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality service and speed.

BPR is a management approach aiming at improvements by means of elevating efficiency and effectiveness of the
processes that exist within and across organizations. They key to BPR is for organizations to look at their business
processes form a ―clean slate‖ perspective and determine how they can best construct these processes to improve
how they conduct business.
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PART –B
a).List and explain various functions of management in general?
Definition:
“Management is knowing exactly what you want men to do and then seeing that they do it the best and cheapest
ways”. …. F.W.Taylor
“Management is defined as the creation and maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where
individuals working together in groups, can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of groups
. …..Koontz and O‟Donell
Functions of Management:
Planning: Involves selecting the objectives and actions to achieves them planning stage involves decision making
and choosing future courses of action from the various alternatives
Organizing: Role of each person in any organization is fixed. The concept of role is who will be doing what should
be known, to achieve organizational targets efficiently. It is intended that all the tasks necessary to achieve targets
are assigned to people who can do the best.
Staffing: Staffing function includes keeping the various organizational position fixed. This activity is done by
identifying work force requirements, keeping the records of the performance of people working with the
organization. So that suitable people can be prompted and at the same time people performing not up to the mark
could be send for training. If all the above activities are taking place in nice way in any organization, it will give rise
minimum work force turnover.
Directing: Directing means influencing people, so that they will contribute to the organization targets directing
involves motivation, leadership styles and proper communication.
Controlling: It is the process of comparing the plans with the results. If there is deviation attain taken to be bridge
the gap between plan and actual results.
Coordinating: The essence of management is the achievement of coordination among people coordination is a
complex process following the principles by which organization activity can be accomplished. Coordinative is
possible only if all the personnel working in the organization accept the target of the organization. This target must
be clearly defined and sold‟ to everyone concerned
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b) Define the work study? Explain work study methods?

Work Study: Work study is one of the most important management techniques which is employed to improve the
activities in the production. The main objective of work study is to assist the management in the optimum use of the
human and material resources.
Definition: Work study refers to the method study and work measurement, which are used to examine human work
in all its contexts by systematically investigating into all factors affecting its efficiency and economy to bring forth
the desired improvement.

Work study

Method Study To Work

improve method Measurement To
of production assess human
effectiveness
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3. a)List the different functions of finance and also explain how managerial functions helpful for efficient &
effective use of financial resources?
Different functions: All the major functions or decisions – Investment function, Finance function,
Liquidity function and Dividend function, are inter-related and inter-connected. They are inter-related because the
goal of all the functions is one and the same.
The following explanation will help in understanding each finance function in detail
Investment Decision: One of the most important finance functions is to intelligently allocate capital to long term
assets. This activity is also known as capital budgeting. It is important to allocate capital in those long term assets so
as to get maximum yield in future. Following are the two aspects of investment decision
Financial Decision: Financial decision is yet another important function which a financial manger must perform. It
is important to make wise decisions about when, where and how should a business acquire funds. Funds can be
acquired through many ways and channels. Broadly speaking a correct ratio of an equity and debt has to be
maintained. This mix of equity capital and debt is known as a firm’s capital structure.
Dividend Decision: Earning profit or a positive return is a common aim of all the businesses. But the key function a
financial manger performs in case of profitability is to decide whether to distribute all the profits to the shareholder
or retain all the profits or distribute part of the profits to the shareholder and retain the other half in the business.
Liquidity Decision: It is very important to maintain a liquidity position of a firm to avoid insolvency. Firm’s
profitability, liquidity and risk all are associated with the investment in current assets. In order to maintain a tradeoff
between profitability and liquidity it is important to invest sufficient funds in current assets. But since current assets
do not earn anything for business therefore a proper calculation must be done before investing in current assets.
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3. b). Compare vision, mission, strategies & goals in its importance, also write model statements suitable for
a manufacturer of electronics components?
Vision: A vision statement is a declaration of an organization's objectives, ideally based on economic foresight,
intended to guide its internal decision-making. A vision statement is not limited to business organizations and may
also be used by non-profit or governmental entities.
Mission is the guiding force for all the activities here. The first step in the process of achievement of the mission is
to break the mission in to objectives, strategies and programme have to be formulated and implemented to achieve
the given objectives which would eventually lead to the fulfillment of mission.
Mission: This is also called overall objective or overall goal.
Mission or purpose: The mission or purpose identifies the basic function or task of an enterprises or agency or of
any part of its. Every kind of organized operation has, or at least should have if it is to be meaningful, purpose or
mission.
Some writes distinguish between purpose and mission. While a business for example may have a social purpose of
producing and distributing goods and services. It can accomplish this by fulfilling a mission of producing certain
line of products.
Objectives: Objective are the ends towards which activities is aimed-they are results to be achieved. They represent
not only the end point of planning but the end toward which point of planning but the end toward which organizing,
staffing, leading and controlling are aimed. While enterprises objectives are basic plan of firm a department may
also have its own objectives.
Goal: It goals naturally contribute to the attainment of enterprises objectives but the two sets of goals may entirely
different.
For example: The objective of a business might be to make a certain profit by producing a given line of home
entertainment equipment, while the goal of the manufacture department might be to produce the required number of
television sets given in design and quality

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4. a) Why ethics required for a manager, what is unethical in your opinion and list few examples of unethical
practices of managers. What kind of ethical behavior do you suggest for a public utility organization like
railways?
Ethics of Managers: Managers make decisions on a daily basis that affect their entire organizations. Not only do
their decisions impact their own jobs and livelihoods, they also have consequences (positive or negative) for the
business as a whole, including personnel, customers and the community in general. Management ethics are a crucial
component of safeguarding individuals and groups from the potential negative consequences of poor managerial
decision-making. As MBA students prepare to take on leadership roles in their organizations, they can learn through
coursework and case studies how to make ethical decisions that are in the best interest of their businesses, their
employees and the community beyond.
Ethics in business relate to how an organization or corporation handles situations that require moral decisions.
Doing business requires making countless decisions on a daily basis — decisions about everything from which
vendor to use for various services, to which customers to contact, to where to target advertising to how to focus on
long-term goals. Many of those decisions do not require “right” or “wrong” considerations; they are morally neutral
and require strategic thinking, not ethical deliberation.
Management ethics involves leaders protecting their employees, customers and society as a whole from any
negative consequences that could arise from the actions of their businesses. Management ethics can factor into
issues including coworker interaction, conflicts of interest, customer safety, honest advertising, customer
information security and the responsible use of corporate resources.
Within living memory it was considered basic common sense that essentials like food, water, energy, access to
health services, housing, sanitation and sewage, social care and core manufacturing industries were too important to
expose to the volatilities of the free market. Aside from this practical view, there were also two core value
statements:
1) A person or entity should not seek to profit from a person’s need to eat, heat their homes, drink water, be
treated when sick or have a roof over their head.
2) A person’s access to such necessities should not be based on their ability to pay.
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b).what is JIT approach. How can you see JIT concepts in manufacture of TV picture tubes?
Definition of JIT: When components arrive as and when required in a manufacturing operating by workers. It is
called just-in-time. Some we would at a stroke eliminate any inventory of parts, they would simply arrive
Just-in-time. Similarly we could produce finished goods just-in-time to be handed to a customer who wants them.
So at conceptual extremes. JIT has no need for inventory or stocks, either of raw materials are work in progress
JIT concepts in manufacture of TV : Television is an amazing window on the world. At the flick of a button, you
can travel from the North Pole to the Serengeti, watch men walking on the Moon, see athletes breaking records, or
listen to world leaders making historic speeches. Television has transformed entertainment and education; in the
United States, it's been estimated that children spend more time watching TV (on average 1023 hours a year) than
they do sitting in school (900 hours a year). Many people feel this is a bad thing. One of TV's inventors, Philo T
Farnsworth (1906–1971), came to the conclusion that television was hopelessly dumbed down and refused to let his
children watch it.
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5.a).What are different quantitative models of decision making?
Definition of decision making: decision-making is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a
belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Every decision-making process produces a final
choice; it may or may not prompt action. Decision-making is the process of identifying and choosing alternatives
based on the values and preferences of the decision-Maker. Decision making – all decisions must be made by the
sole trader. There is no room for help by others. So the success or failure of the business rests on one person.
Decision-making can be regarded as a problem-solving activity terminated by a solution deemed to be satisfactory.
It is therefore a process which can be more or less rational or irrational and can be based on explicit or tacit
knowledge.
Human performance with regard to decisions has been the subject of active research from several perspectives:
Psychological: examining individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences and values the individual
has or seeks.
Cognitive: the decision-making process regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the
environment.
Normative: the analysis of individual decisions concerned with the logic of decision-making, or communicative
rationality, and the invariant choice it leads to.[

Steps of Decision Making Process

Step 1: Identification of the purpose of the decision. ...
Step 2: Information gathering. ...
Step 3: Principles for judging the alternatives. ...
Step 4: Brainstorm and analyse the different choices. ...
Step 5: Evaluation of alternatives. ...
Step 6: Select the best alternative. ...
Step 7: Execute the decision.
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b).Explain importance of ABC analysis and try to list at least two items of each class in case of mobile
electronics service dealer with Sony/Nokia/Samsung?
Meaning ofABC Analysis: The ABC analysis is a business term used to define an inventory categorization
technique often used in material management. It is also known as "Selective Inventory Control.” Policies based
on ABC analysis: A ITEMS: very tight control and accurate records. B ITEMS: less tightly controlled and good
records.
In materials management, the ABC analysis (or Selective Inventory Control) is an inventory categorization
technique. ABC analysis divides an inventory into three categories- "A items" with very tight control and accurate
records, "B items" with less tightly controlled and good records, and "C items" with the simplest controls possible
and minimal records.
The ABC analysis provides a mechanism for identifying items that will have a significant impact on overall
inventory cost,while also providing a mechanism for identifying different categories of stock that will require
different management and controls.
The ABC analysis suggests that inventories of an organization are not of equal value. Thus, the inventory is
grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance. 'A' items are very important for
an organization. Because of the high value of these 'A' items, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that,
an organization needs to choose an appropriate order pattern (e.g. ‘Just- in- time’) to avoid excess capacity. 'B' items
are important, but of course less important than 'A' items and more important than 'C' items. Therefore, 'B' items are
intergroup items. 'C' items are marginally important.
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6.a). List and Explain different stages in Product Life Cycle, What is the stage of CRT
Monitors of Computers in comparison to LED monitors.
Product Life Cycle:
 Products have limited life.
 Products sales pass through distinct stages, each passing different challenges, opportunities and problems to
seller.
 Profits rise and fall at different stages of product life cycle.

Sales

Early Rapid Satura- Maturity

Introduction Growth Growth tion Decline

Time
Early growth: when the results of usage of product start flowing into the market and the results are encouraging,
more and more buyers come forward to try. The sales revenue remains very low till this point of time. This is also a
very critical stage, as the manufacturer cannot avail scale economies.
Rapid growth: A new product enters the stage of rapid growth when it satisfies the needs of the customers. The sales
start picking up with repeat purchases and by word of mouth publicity, coupled with continued promotion outlay
from the manufacturer‘s side. As new customers get attracted to the product for the first time, sales soar, sales
revenues increase faster than costs, and profits start accruing. This trend attracts the attention of the competitors
who release a similar product copying the best features of the new product.
Maturity: when the product‘s sales growth slows down, it is called maturity. Due to this slow down, the industry as
a whole suffers from overcapacity. At this stage, firms tend to attract the customers away from their competitors
through cheaper prices and larger promotional efforts and outlay. Those who cannot afford such large promotional
outlay and woo customers of the competitors.
Saturation: When the sales growth slows down to zero, such a stage is called saturation. This size of the market does
not increase beyond this stage. In other words, old customers who have stopped buying the product replace any new
customer entering the market. All sales are simply replacement sales or repeat purchases by the same customers.
Decline: When sales of a product tend to fall, such a stage is called decline. When a product ceases to satisfy the
customer‘s needs in relation to those available in the market, it is no more preferred. As a result, its competing
products offering superior benefits take over the market. This leads to weakened profitability.

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b) List and explain various Opportunities & Threats in Mobile Communication Industry for companies like
Airtel, Reliance & Tata with recent spectrum scams and reaction of regulatory bodies?
Opportunities and Threats
External opportunities provide an organization with a means to improve its performance and competitive advantage
in a market environment. Some opportunities can be foreseen, such as being able to expand a franchise into a new
city, while some may fall into your lap, such as another country opening up its market to foreign business.
If you can think far enough ahead, you may even be able to create some opportunities, like a chess master being
able to calculate the checkmate of his opponent in five moves just by looking at the board. For example, you may be
able to see the potential of new products that can be developed from emerging technology. Prime examples of this
type of foresight are the social media giants Face book and Twitter.
External threats are anything from your organization's outside environment that can adversely affect its performance
or achievement of its goals. Ironically, stronger organizations can be exposed to a greater level of threats than
weaker organizations, because success breeds envy and competition to take what your organization has achieved.
Examples of external threats include new and existing regulations, new and existing competitors, new technologies
that may make your products or services obsolete, unstable political and legal systems in foreign markets and
economic downturns. Sometimes you can turn a threat into an opportunity, such as a new technology that may
displace one of your key products but also provides an opportunity for new product development.

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7. a) Enlist ethical qualities that required for Marketing Manager shooting advertising
film for person care & health care products?
Marketing: Marketing as a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through
creating, offering exchanging products and services of value with others.
Selling versus Marketing:
Selling refers to the act of transferring the ownership of the goods and services from the seller to the buyer.
Marketing refers to the whole process encompassing the entire range of activities starting from identifying the
customers requirements to satisfying these in a mutually beneficial manner.
Marketing Function:
Buying: Buying involves both the marketing and the customers. The marketing manager must know about the type
of customers, their consuming habits demands and buying pattern.
Selling: It creates a demand for a product selling function involves.
Finding out or locating buyers
Demand creation through salesmanship,
Advertising and sales promotion
Negotiation of terms of sales such as price, quantity and quality etc.
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b) What is BPO, how this is an efficient & effective method of service which will
Minimize cost & time resources for both manufacturer & consumer.
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO): BPO refers to a decision to sub-contract some or all non-core processes. The
main motive for business process outsourcing is allow the company to invest more time, money and human
resources into core activities and building strategies, which fuel company growth.
The global market to day is highly competitive and ever-changing. A company
must focus on improving productivity and yet, cut down costs. There, a lot of tasks that use up precious time,
resources and energy, are being outsourced. BPOs or the units to which work is being outsourced, are flexible,
quicker, cheaper and very efficient.

BPO is the contracting of specific business task, such as payroll to a tird-party service provider.

BPO is often divided into two categories.

Back Office Outsourcing: This includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing.

Front Office Outsourcing: This includes customer-related services such as marketing or technical support.
 Management Science
Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering
SET-2 Key SET-2 Key

PART A
1.a). List functions of management and explain role of Organization function along with its sub functions.
Introduction to Management: When human being started group activities for the attainment of same common
objectives whenever a group is formed and a group activity is organized to achieve certain common objectives
management is needed to direct, co- ordinate and integrate the individual activities of a group and secure teams
work to accomplish organizational objectives.
Definitions: ―Organization are collectivities of people that have been established for the pursuit of relatively
specific objectives on a more or less continuous basis‖.
Organization is used in the following ways with or without prefix or suffix
 as entity
 as group of people
 as structure

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b) Explain the concept of project management.
Definition: Project Management is the art of managing all the aspects of a project from inception to closure using a
scientific and structured methodology. The term project may be used to define any endeavor that is temporary in
nature and with a beginning or an end. The project must create something unique whether it is a product, service or
result and must be progressively elaborated. As the definition implies, not every task can be considered a project. It
would be worthwhile to keep this definition in mind when categorizing projects and studying their role in the
success of the organization. With the above definition of the project, one gets a clear idea on what a project is.
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c) Explain different functions Human Resources Management? How do you evaluate performance of a front
line employee of BPO?
Human Resource Management: Human resource management is the process of managing the human resources of
an organization in tune with the vision of the top management.
Personnel Management: Defines personnel management as the planning, organizing, and controlling of the
procurement, development, compensation, integration and maintenance of people for the purpose of contributing to
the organizational goals.

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d) What are the steps involved in Environmental Scanning Process and list internal factors influencing
SWOT Analysis?
Steps involved in Environmental Scanning Process : Environmental scanning is a vital part of the corporate
planning process. Effective planners try to anticipate what is likely to happen or attempt to influence the
environment in favorable directions. This requires long-term strategic vision and commitments to corporate
planning.
 Corporate planning
 Environmental scanning
 Environmental analysis
 Environmental diagnosis
 SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is defined as the rational and overall evaluation of a company‘s strength,
weakness, opportunities, and threats which are likely to affect the strategic choice significantly.
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e) Discuss the Ethics of manager.
Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that
examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all
aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. Business ethics
refers to contemporary standards or sets of values that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the
business organization. Business ethics has normative and descriptive dimensions. As a corporate practice and a
career specialization, the field is primarily normative. Academics attempting to understand business behavior
employ descriptive methods. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-
maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns. Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the
1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia.
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f) Components in Balance Score Card?
Balance scorecard: It is a management system that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and
translate them into action. It provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes
in order to continuously improve strategic performance and result. When full deployed, the balance scorecard
transforms strategic planning from an academic exercise into the nerve center of an enterprise The
balance scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives‘ and to develop metrics.

 The learning and growth perspective

 The business process perspective
 The customer perspective
 The financial perspective.
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PART –B
2. a) What is control? Explain the concepts of Quality Control Charts.
Introduction: Quality is the determining factor the success of any product or service large resource are committed
in every organization to ensure quality
Definition: It is defined as customer satisfaction in general and fitness for use in particular. Both the external
consumer who buy the product and services and the internal consumers that is, all divisions or departments of the
business organization are equally interested in the quality.
Statistical quality control: The process of applying statistical principles to solve the problem of controlling the
quality control of a product or service is called statistical quality control.
Quality elements: a) Quality design b) Quality conformance
Quality design: Quality of design refers to product feature such as performance, reliability durability, ease of use,
serviceability
Quality conformance: Quality conformance means whether the product meets the given quality specification or not
Control charts for variables: A variable is one whose quality measurement changes from unit to unit. The quality
of these variables is measured in terms of hardness, thickness, length, and so on. The control charts for variables are
drawn using the principles of normal distribution. There are two types of control charts for variables X and R chart.
X and R Chart: The X chart is used to show the process variations based on the average measurement of samples
collected. It shows more light on diagnosing quality problem when read along with R chart. It shows the erratic or
cyclic shifts in the manufacturing process. It can also focus on when to take a remedial measure to set right the
quality problems. However, collecting data about all the variables involves a large amount of time and resources.
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3. a) What are the different functions of Marketing?
Marketing Functions:
Buying: Buying involves both the marketing and the customers. The marketing manager must know about the type
of customers, their consuming habits demands and buying pattern.
Selling: It creates a demand for a product selling function involves.
 Product planning and development
 Finding out or locating buyers
 Demand creation through salesmanship,
 advertising and sales promotion
 Negotiation of terms of sales such as price, quantity and quality etc.
Transporting: It involves the creation of place utility. In order to have value goods must first be transported from
the place they are produced to the place where they are needed.
Storage: It concerned with storing finished products properly without any damage, until they are dispatched to the
customers it is also concerned to the customers it is also concerned with maintaining stock of raw materials with
maintaining stock of raw materials, components etc. to meet production schedules.
Standardization and grouping: These two functions are supplementary and complementary to each other. A
standard is a measure of fixed value. The standard could be based on colour, weight, quality, and number of items,
price, or any other parameter.
Finance: Finance is the life blood of business value of goods is expressed is money and it donated by price to be
paid by buyer to seller credit is necessary in marketing it plays all important role in retail trade particularly in the
sales of costly consumer goods.
Marketing research: The marketing personnel must study the trends in market demand, supply prices and related
market information. The knowledge about the latest market information may help the firm to reduce risk loss in
purchasing, in pricing, in forecasting market demand and in facing competition in the market.
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b) What is a strategy, what are the different types of strategies? What strategies do you suggest for consumer
electronics manufacturer, manufacturing Vacuum Cleaners?
Strategies: ―Plan of Action
General programs of action and development of resources to attain comprehensive objectives
The program of objectives of an organization and their changes, resources used to attain these objectives.
The determination of basic long-term objectives of an enterprise and adoption of courses of action and allocation of
resources necessary to achieve the goals.
Identifying Corporate Mission: Identify what the organization wants to achieve to start with for the purpose of it is
necessary that all concerned parties understand the overall purpose of the organization and the methods of attaining
them
Formulate strategic objectives: By preparing statements of mission, policy, strategy, and goals, the top
management established the frame work within which its divisions or departments prepare their plans.
Appraise internal and external environment: To evolve alternative strategies to achieve these evolve alternative
strategies to achieve these goals, a detailed appraisal of both the internal and external environment is carried out.
Develop and evaluate alternative strategies: There could be some alternative strategies to pursue a given goals. If
the goal is to expand the business, the following could be the three alternatives.
 Sold new products to the existing product line
 Finding new markets, a part from the present market territories.
 Manufacturing within the organization, the components, which were earlier procured from outside.
Similarly, if the goal is to attain stability, the alternative strategies could be to maintain the following.
The existing range of products The existing markets The functions presently being carried out.
Select the best strategy: For the firm to be more successful, it is necessary to focus its strategies around its
strengths and opportunities. It is a prerequisite that the numbers of the organization agree on the strategic plan. Such
a plan, which has been generally agreed upon, is normally considered as the best strategy.
Establish strategic business units (SBUs): It is more strategic to define a business unit in terms of customer
groups, needs and/or technology and set up the business unit accordingly. Most of companies define their businesses
in term of products.
Fix target allot resources to each SBU: The development of SBUs based on appropriate finding the top level
management knows that its portfolio has certain old, established relatively new, and brand new products.
Resources should be allocated based on market growth rate and relative market share of SBUs. Here resources mean
executive talent money and time.
Developing operating plans: The operating plan explain how the long-term goals of the organization can be met,
the corporate plans reveal how much the projected sales and revenue are where the top management finds a
significance gap between the targeted sales and actual sales, it can either develop the existing business or acquire a
new one to fill the gap.
Monitor performance: The results of the operating plans should be will monitored from time to time
Revise the operating plans, where necessary: It is necessary to rise the operational plans particularly when the firm
does not perform as well as expected. The planes can be revised in terms of focus, resource or time frame

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4. a) What are the Ethical practices for a medical profession? List few ethical practices for service sector
organizations like hospitals and manufacturer of life saving drugs?
Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. As a
scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its
history, philosophy, and sociology. The Code of Ethics is composed of guidelines designed for optimum patient
benefit. Physicians are expected to exercise conduct that honors the professional's responsibility to patients, society,
colleagues and self. The guidelines are not enforceable in court, but instead are a collection of professional
expectations of an honorable medical practitioner. Set forth by the AMA as the Principles of Medical Ethics, these
guidelines are as follows:
 A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human
dignity and rights.
 A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and
strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to
appropriate entities.
 A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements
which are contrary to the best interests of the patient.
 A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall
safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law.
  A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to
medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain
consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated.
 A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose
whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care.
 A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the
community and the betterment of public health.
 A physician shall, while caring for a patient, regard responsibility to the patient as paramount.
 A physician shall support access to medical care for all people.
________________________________________________________________________________
b) What is MRP Approach, how can you use MRP concepts for an Automobile Manufacturer(s) like Tata,
Maruti & Nissan?
Definition: Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning, scheduling, and inventory control
system used to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are software-based, but it is possible to
conduct MRP by hand as well. ... Plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities.
Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning, scheduling, and inventory control system used
to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are software-based, but it is possible to conduct MRP by
hand as well.
An MRP system is intended to simultaneously meet three objectives:
 Ensure materials are available for production and products are available for delivery to customers.
 Maintain the lowest possible material and product levels in store
 Plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. a) List & explain different methods of deterministic & probabilistic decision making models?
Definition of decision making: decision-making is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a
belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Every decision-making process produces a final
choice; it may or may not prompt action. Decision-making is the process of identifying and choosing alternatives
based on the values and preferences of the decision-Maker. Decision making – all decisions must be made by the
sole trader. There is no room for help by others. So the success or failure of the business rests on one person.
Decision-making can be regarded as a problem-solving activity terminated by a solution deemed to be satisfactory.
It is therefore a process which can be more or less rational or irrational and can be based on explicit or tacit
knowledge.
Human performance with regard to decisions has been the subject of active research from several perspectives:
Psychological: examining individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences and values the individual
has or seeks.
Cognitive: the decision-making process regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the
environment.
Normative: the analysis of individual decisions concerned with the logic of decision-making, or communicative
rationality, and the invariant choice it leads to.[

Steps of Decision Making Process

Step 1: Identification of the purpose of the decision. ...
Step 2: Information gathering. ...
Step 3: Principles for judging the alternatives. ...
Step 4: Brainstorm and analyse the different choices. ...
Step 5: Evaluation of alternatives. ...
Step 6: Select the best alternative. ...
Step 7: Execute the decision.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
b) What are the objectives & Importance of EOQ Approach? How do you decide EOQ in food processing
industry?
Economic order quantity: Economic order quantity (EOQ) is an equation for inventory that determines the ideal
order quantity a company should purchase for its inventory given a set cost of production, demand rate and other
variables. This is done to minimize variable inventory costs, and the formula takes into account storage, or holding,
costs, ordering costs and shortage costs. EOQ applies only when demand for a product is constant over the year and
each new order is delivered in full when inventory reaches zero. There is a fixed cost for each order placed,
regardless of the number of units ordered. There is also a cost for each unit held in storage, commonly known
as holding cost, sometimes expressed as a percentage of the purchase cost of the item.
We want to determine the optimal number of units to order so that we minimize the total cost associated with the
purchase, delivery and storage of the product.
The required parameters to the solution are the total demand for the year, the purchase cost for each item, the fixed
cost to place the order and the storage cost for each item per year. Note that the number of times an order is placed
will also affect the total cost, though this number can be determined from the other parameters.
Variables
 purchase unit price, unit production cost
 order quantity
 optimal order quantity
 annual demand quantity
 fixed cost per order, setup cost (not per unit, typically cost of ordering and shipping and handling. This is
not the cost of goods)
 annual holding cost per unit, also known as carrying cost or storage cost (capital cost, warehouse space,
refrigeration, insurance, etc. usually not related to the unit production cost)
The full equation is as follows:

EOQ= 2SD/PI
where :
S = Setup costs
D = Demand rate
P = Production cost
I = Interest rate (considered an opportunity cost, so the risk-free rate can be used)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. a) List and Explain different types of marketing channels? What channel do you prefer in case Voltage
Regulators & Capacitors used in Electronics Industry?
Type of Channels of Distribution: Channels of distribution refer to the ways and means of reaching the customer
through the intermediaries such as wholesalers, retailers, and other agencies, if any.
Manufacturer – consumer: This is a direct marketing channel where the manufacturer contacts the customer
directly without involving middlemen or intermediaries. The manufacturers of industrial goods such as aeroplanes,
turbo-engines, ships, and other high-value capital goods mostly follow this route.
However, consumer product manufacturers also through Internet, mail order operations, and door-to-door selling are
following this method. It is common sight to find the representatives of the manufacturers going from house to
house to sell their products, which are normally used in the households.
Manufacturer – wholesaler – consumer: This channel is primarily used in the case of industrial goods and high-
value consumer durable products. The wholesaler, who may also be called as distributor in this channel, carries out
the functions of retailing to large customers who may in themselves be the manufacturers also. The wholesalers in
this channel buy goods from many manufacturers, stock, and subsequently, sell them through internet or directly to
the customers in a wider geographical area. An example of the use of this method can be observed in the computer
hardware industry.
Manufacturer – retailer – consumer: Here, the large retailing chains, including supermarkets, use this channel to
buy products in large quantities from manufacturers at a very competitive price and sell the same to the ultimate
consumers. As the retailers enjoy large discounts in this process, they share this benefit with their customers by
keeping their products competitively priced. The consumers patronage this channel because they can buy in small
quantities from a wide variety at lower prices.
Manufacturer – wholesaler – retailer – consumer: This is a chain widely followed for fast moving consumer
goods, which are likely to have mass markets. When the consumers are large in number, widely dispersed
geographically, and products are of low value, this channel is favored. Manufacturers would find it prohibitively
expensive to set up their own outlets in such circumstances. For manufacturers of consumer goods such as hosiery,
food items, confectionery, clothes, and readymade garments, cosmetics, and so on, intermediaries are indispensable
in the distribution chain.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Find Strengths & Weaknesses of BSNL in light of global private players in mobile communication?
SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is defined as the rational and overall evaluation of a company‘s strength,
weakness, opportunities, and threats which are likely to affect the strategic choice significantly.
External environment analysis (Opportunities and Threats): The external environment has a profound impact
on the business operations irrespective of the nature and size of the business. The business has to monitor its key
macro-environment forces and micro economic parties.
Opportunities: It necessary should identify what opportunities are available to it to focus upon. The latest
technology, deregulated or free markets, liberalized rules and regulations and other may make a lot of difference for
a business organization provided it can envision how to avail these visionary identify opportunities from treats.
Threats: Some development in the external environment represents threats. A threat is a challenge posed by an
unfavorable trend or a development that results in the loss of sales or profit till a defensive marketing action is
initiated. A few example of threat could be outlined as change in government policy such as liberalization
privatization and globalization, changing technology changing value systems environmental constraints law and
order.
Internal environment analysis (Strength and Weakness): It is necessary to analyze one‘s own strength and
weakness periodically to sustain the degree of its competitive strength. Generally top management or an outside
consultant reviews competencies pertaining to marketing, financial, manufacturing and organizational system and
rates each factor as a major strength, minor strength, mental, factor, minor weakness, or major weakness.
Strength: It is not necessary that a business organization has to correct all its weakness nor that its propagate its
strength. The big question is whether the business should limit itself to those opportunities, where its possesses the
required strength or should it consider better opportunities where it might have to develop certain strength.
Weakness: Some times the company may not do well not because its departments lack the required motivation but
because they do not work together as a team for example consider the case of an electronics company which
employs engineers, sales and service staff for its operations. It is not adequate if they keep on doing their work. The
organization becomes more effective only when they work as a team. It is therefore, critically important to build
effective teams and assess the effectiveness of these teams. This is a part of the internal environmental audit.
Progressive companies adopt this strategy.

____________________________________________________________________________________________
7. a) Ethics required for a Producer, Director, Story Writer and Certification Body Members; for releasing a
message oriented movie, as movies are the message carriers in any country?
Writers, directors, actors, and producers all have to decide what part ethics will play in their work. The creative
team may chose to ignore, embrace, or co-opt ethical issues, but they can’t readily deny their existence; sometimes
the ethical quandaries lurk below the surface before imploding and creating a crisis situation. Sometimes the
quandaries are readily apparent at the start. In this chapter, we will examine some of the ethical issues that creative
individuals face on a daily basis. "Screenwriting With a Conscience: Ethics for Screenwriters, is for screenwriters
who care deeply about what they write; screenwriters who are aware that movie images matter and can influence
audiences; screenwriters who want to create meaningful screenplays that make powerful statements while
entertaining and winning over audiences.A user-frinedly guide to ethical screenwriting, this book makes the case
that social responsibility is endemic to public art while it emphatically champions First Amendment rights and
condemns censorship. In this dynamic and practical volume, author Marilyn Beker provides methods for self-
assessment of values, ideas, and ethical stances, and demonstrates the application of these values to the development
of plot, character, and dialogue. Screenwriters are introduced to ethical decision-making models and shown through
specific film examples how they can be utilized in plot and character development. In addition, specific techniques
and exercises are supplied to help screenwriters determine the difference between good and evil, to write realistic
and compelling characters based on this determination, and to present messages and write dialogue powerfully
without preaching. This book also puts forth a livable work philosophy for dealing with the ethics of the
screenwriting business, and presents a viable personal philosophy for surviving in the screenwriting world."

__________________________________________________________________________________________
b) What is Six-Sigma is it really possible and practicable with complex-electronic assembly-suppliers to
automobile sector. Explain Six-Sigma concept in light of recent VOLVO Bus Crashes in India.
Definition: Six Sigma at any organizations simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six
sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process from
manufacturing to transactional and from product to service.

Six Sigma: Six sigma is a set of practices developed by Motorola to systematically improve processes by
eliminating defects. A defect is defined as non-conformity of a product or service to its specifications.

Six Sigma refers to the ability of highly capable processes to produce output within specification. In particular
processes that operate with Six Sigma quality produce at defect level below 3.4 defects per million opportunities.

The statistical representation of six sigma quantitatively how a process is performing. To achieve six sigma, a
process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities. A six sigma defect is defined as anything
outside of customer specification. A six sigma opportunity is then the total quantity of chances for a defect.
 Management Science
Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering
SET-3 Key SET-3 Key

PART A
1. a) What is the importance of Direction Function in Management, what are its sub functions?
Introduction to Management: When human being started group activities for the attainment of same common
objectives whenever a group is formed and a group activity is organized to achieve certain common objectives
management is needed to direct, co- ordinate and integrate the individual activities of a group and secure teams
work to accomplish organizational objectives. The objectives of all business are attained by utilizing the scare
resources like men, materials, machines, money etc.
In process of management, a manage uses human skills, material resources and scientific methods to perform all the
activities leading to the achievement of goods.
Directing: Directing means influencing people, so that they will contribute to the organization targets directing
involves motivation, leadership styles and proper communication.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Explain the concept of project management?

A project is an undertaking with specific start and end parameters designed to produce a defined outcome, such as a
new computer system. A project is different from ongoing processes, such as a governance program or an
asset management program. Project Management is the art of managing all the aspects of a project from inception to
closure using a scientific and structured methodology. The term project may be used to define any endeavor that is
temporary in nature and with a beginning or an end. The project must create something unique whether it is a
product, service or result and must be progressively elaborated. As the definition implies, not every task can be
considered a project. It would be worthwhile to keep this definition in mind when categorizing projects and studying
their role in the success of the organization. With the above definition of the project, one gets a clear idea on what a
project is.

c) Compare Job Evaluation & Merit Rating in their objectives.

Job Evaluation: An attempt to determine and compare the demands which the normal performance of particular job
makes on normal workers without taking account of the individual abilities or performance of workers concerned. It
rates the job not the rank.
Objectives:
 To establish correct wage correct wage differentials for all jobs with in the factory
 To bring new jobs into their proper relatively with jobs previously established
Merit Rating: Merit rating is the process of evaluating the relative merit of the person on a given job. It is an
essential task of the personnel manager to distinguish the meritorious employees from the other. The data collected
from this task is used for strategic decisions such as releasing an increment in pay, promotion, transfer, and transfer
on promotion to a critical assignment or even discharge.
Objectives of Merit Rating:
 To determine salary increments
 To decide who has to be transferred, promoted, or demoted
 To discover the workers needs for retaining and advanced training

_________________________________________________________________________________
 d) Differentiate Internal & External Factors influencing Environmental Scanning?
Steps involved in Environmental Scanning Process : Environmental scanning is a vital part of the corporate
planning process. Effective planners try to anticipate what is likely to happen or attempt to influence the
environment in favorable directions. This requires long-term strategic vision and commitments to corporate
planning.
 Corporate planning
 Environmental scanning
 Environmental analysis
 Environmental diagnosis
External environment includes General Environment, Industry Environment , International Environment.
Internal environment includes Functional area profit, Evaluation, strategic advantage profile, strengths and
weakness

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

e) Identify ethics to be followed by a credit-manager in extending loan to client

An ethical bank, also known as a social, alternative, civic, or sustainable bank, is a bank concerned with the
social and environmental impacts of its investments and loans. The ethical banking movement includes: ethical
investment, impact investment, socially responsible investment, corporate social responsibility, and is also
related to such movements as the fair trade movement, ethical consumerism, and social enterprise. Other areas,
such as fair trade, have comprehensive codes and regulations to which all industries that wish to be certified as fair
trade must adhere. Ethical banking has not developed to this point; because of this it is difficult to create a concrete
definition distinguishing exactly what it is that sets an ethical bank apart from conventional banks. Ethical banks are
regulated by the same authorities as traditional banks and have to abide by the same rules. While there are
differences between ethical banks, they do share a common set of principles, the most prominent
being transparency and social and/or environmental aims of the projects they finance. Ethical banks sometimes
work with narrower profit margins than traditional ones, and therefore they may have few offices and operate
mostly by phone, Internet, or mail. Ethical banking is considered one of several forms of alternative banking.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f) What is Bench Marking, how do you decide bench mark for BPO?
Bench Marking: A process of searching for, identifying, and using ides, techniques and improvement of other
companies/situations in its own activities.
Definition: A systematic and ongoing process of improving performance by measuring a product, service or process
against a partner that has mastered it.
In short – comparing methods against the best to identify changes.
 A quality management tool that includes a set of practices aimed at improving product and service quality
 Bench marking involves measuring the performance of the organization, team or individuals against the best
practice for the industry, function or particular activity.
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO): BPO refers to a decision to sub-contract some or all non-core processes.
The main motive for business process outsourcing is allow the company to invest more time, money and human
resources into core activities and building strategies, which fuel company growth.
 Back Office Outsourcing: This includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing.

 Front Office Outsourcing: This includes customer-related services such as marketing or technical support.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 PART –B

2. a) What is Principles of H. Fayol’s Modern Management? Explain any six principles of your choice? Are
these principles relevant for today’s industry?
Administrative Management Theory (Henri Fayol and Others): Henri Fayol is called as father of Modern
Management He established the pattern of management and the pyramidal form of organization. He pointed out
that technical ability is more dominating on the lower level of management managerial ability is more important on
the higher level of management. Henri Fayol analyzed the process of management and divided the activities of an
industrial undertaking into six groups
 Technical activities
 Commercial activities
 Financial activities
 Security activities
 Accounting activities
 Managerial activities
Division of Labour: division of work in smaller tasks and separation of thinking element of job from doing element
of the job, this is the principle of specialization. It is essential for efficiency in all sphere of activities as well as in
supervision work
Standardization of methods, procedures, tools and equipment: Standardization helps in reducing time, labour
and cost of production. The success of scientific management largely depends upon standardization of system,
depends upon standardization of system, tools, equipments and techniques of production
Use of time and motion study: Taylor‟s introduced time and motion study to determine standard work. Taylor‟s
undertook studies on fatigue, incurred by the workers and the time necessary to complete task.
Differential wage system: Taylor‟s differential piece rate scheme provides an incentive for a worker to achieve
high level of optimum output. It distinguishes the more productive workers from less productive workers and
motivates them to produce more.
Cooperation between labour and management: Mutual respect and cooperation between the workers and
management helps in providing proper and effective leadership. The labour starts thinking that it is their work and
they must put their heart in the work assigned to him.
Principle of Management by Exception: Taylor suggested that only major or significant deviations between the
actual performance and standard performance should be brought to the notice of top management. Top management
should pay more attention to those areas of work where standards and procedures could not be established and
where there is a significant variation between standard performance and actual performance.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 3. a) What are the different methods of production? What is suitable for Iron & Steel Manufacturing Unit like
SAIL?
Method of Production:
Job production: In this system, goods are produced according to the orders with this method, individual
requirements of the consumers can be met. Each job order stands alone and is not likely to be repeated. This type of
production has a lot of flexibility of operation and hence general purpose machines are required. Factories adopting
this type of production, are generally small in size.
Advantages:
 It is the only method, which can meet the individual requirement.
 There is no managerial problem, because of very less number of workers, and small size of concern.
 Such type of production requires less money and is easy to start. Disadvantages:
 There is no scope for continuous production and demand
 As the purchase of raw materials is less, hence cost of raw materials per unit will be slightly more.
 For handling different type of jobs, only skilled and intelligent workers are needed, thus labour cost
increases.
Batch production: This type of production is generally adopted in medium size enterprise. Batch production is in
between job production and mass production. Batch production is bigger in scale than the job production. While it is
smaller than that of mass production, batch production requires more machines than job production and fewer
machines that the of mass production.
Advantages:
 While comparing with mass production it requires less capital
 Comparing with job production, it is more advantageous commercially.
 If demand for one product decrease then production, for another product may be increased, thus the risk of
loss is very less.
 Disadvantages:
 Comparing with mass production cost of scales and advertisement per unit is more

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Explain different types of strategies related to products, markets & functions?

How can it be related to Ice-cream Manufacturer?
Strategy may operate at different levels of an organization -corporate level, business level, and functional level. The
strategy changes based on the levels of strategy.
Corporate Level Strategy
Corporate level strategy occupies the highest level of strategic decision-making and covers actions dealing with the
objective of the firm, acquisition and allocation of resources and coordination of strategies of various SBUs for
optimal performance. Top management of the organization makes such decisions. The nature of strategic decisions
tends to be value-oriented, conceptual and less concrete than decisions at the business or functional level.
Business-Level Strategy.
Business-level strategy is – applicable in those organizations, which have different businesses-and each business is
treated as strategic business unit (SBU). The fundamental concept in SBU is to identify the discrete independent
product/market segments served by an organization. Since each product/market segment has a distinct environment,
a SBU is created for each such segment. For example, Reliance Industries Limited operates in textile fabrics, yarns,
fibers, and a variety of petrochemical products. For each product group, the nature of market in terms of customers,
competition, and marketing channel differs.
Functional-Level Strategy.
Functional strategy, as is suggested by the title, relates to a single functional operation and the activities involved
therein. Decisions at this level within the organization are often described as tactical. Such decisions are guided and
constrained by some overall strategic considerations. Functional strategy deals with relatively restricted plan
 providing objectives for specific function, allocation of resources among different operations within that functional
area and coordi-nation between them for optimal contribution to the achievement of the SBU and corporate-level
objectives

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. a) What are the Ethical practices of Mobile-Network provider towards customer, if he involve in
manufacture of cell phone and also in communication?
This is a product guide from Ethical Consumer, the UK's leading alternative consumer organisation. Since 1989
we've been researching and recording the social and environmental records of companies, and making the results
available to you in a simple format.
Have the network operators got ethics covered
This guide includes:
 Ethical and environmental ratings for 11 mobile phone networks
 Best Buy recommendations
 Price Comparison
last issue, we looked at mobile phones but any mobile phone user needs to choose a network operator too. This
guide covers the top nine mobile phone networks, which account for 98% of the UK market, as well as two
alternatives: The Phone Co-op and The People’s Operator. The biggest four providers, with about 70% of market
share, are:EE (now owned by BT), with about 25% of customers; O2 with 20%; Vodafone with 15%; Three with
10%.These four also provide the network infrastructure, which other providers ‘piggyback’ on. In the table on the
right we have taken an average of the combined scores of the brands and the network they operate on. This average
score doesn’t change the relative position of any of them in the main table. Tesco Mobile is half owned by O2 and
uses the O2 network.Since our last report on mobile networks in 2013, several companies have been gobbled up or
given up. Green Mobile has been taken over by Excell Group and did not respond to our emails so are no longer
included as an alternative provider. WWF Wildlife mobile is no more, Sainsbury’s no longer offers mobile
contracts, and Orange and T-Mobile were retired by EE, which was then bought by BT in January 2016.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) What is the scope, objectives & concept of Total Quality Management? Can it be employed in Automobile
Industry having very large number of Spares & Components & Assemblies?
Total Quality Management: It is term first coined by the U.S Naval air systems command to describer, its
Japanese-style management approach to quality improvement. It is a management approach to long-term success
through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes,
products, services and the culture in which they work. A core definition of total quality management (TQM)
describes a management approach to long–term success through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all
members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they
work. Total quality management (TQM) consists of organization-wide efforts to install and make permanent a
climate in which an organization continuously improves its ability to deliver high-quality products and services to
customers. While there is no widely agreed-upon approach, TQM efforts typically draw heavily on the previously
developed tools and techniques of quality control. TQM enjoyed widespread attention during the late 1980s and
early 1990s before being overshadowed by ISO 9000, Lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. a) List & explain different styles & methods of leadership? What leadership style do you expect in
Government Sector?
Leadership Styles: Leader has to ensure that people under his guidance are comfortable and their good work is
recognized. A good leader has to adopt such a style of working that takes care of people around him. There are also
some leader who do not care for people and who care more for the task completion.
 Types:
Autocratic leadership: Here, leader command the followers and expects compliance from them for all the
instructions given, leaders are more dogmatic and positive. They lead by his ability to withhold or give rewards or
punishments. Here, no suggestions from the followers are entertained and almost to-down approach is seen. They
direct others. They do not allow any participation.
Democratic leadership: Here leaders consult subordinates and involve them in decision making. They encourage
discussion with the group leaders believes in two-way communication. They listen to followers; try to facilitate the
decision making.
Free – Rein leadership: Free – Rein leaders exercises little authority and give maximum freedom to subordinates
while making decisions. It is a bottom-up approach. Suggestions from the followers are encourage and rewarded.
They give high degree of independence subordinates in their operations.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Determine EOQ if Annual Requirement is 100000 Units, Ordering Cost is Rs.5000/-, Carrying Cost is 25%
and Unit Price is Rs.750/-. Also determine Total
Cost?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. a) What is a Marketing Channel, What factors influencing selection of a marketing channel also explain
types of channels? What channel would you prefer for Text Book Publisher and News Paper Publisher?
Type of Channels of Distribution: Channels of distribution refer to the ways and means of reaching the customer
through the intermediaries such as wholesalers, retailers, and other agencies, if any.
Manufacturer – consumer: This is a direct marketing channel where the manufacturer contacts the customer
directly without involving middlemen or intermediaries. The manufacturers of industrial goods such as aeroplanes,
turbo-engines, ships, and other high-value capital goods mostly follow this route.
However, consumer product manufacturers also through Internet, mail order operations, and door-to-door selling are
following this method. It is common sight to find the representatives of the manufacturers going from house to
house to sell their products, which are normally used in the households.
Manufacturer – wholesaler – consumer: This channel is primarily used in the case of industrial goods and high-
value consumer durable products. The wholesaler, who may also be called as distributor in this channel, carries out
the functions of retailing to large customers who may in themselves be the manufacturers also. The wholesalers in
this channel buy goods from many manufacturers, stock, and subsequently, sell them through internet or directly to
the customers in a wider geographical area. An example of the use of this method can be observed in the computer
hardware industry.
Manufacturer – retailer – consumer: Here, the large retailing chains, including supermarkets, use this channel to
buy products in large quantities from manufacturers at a very competitive price and sell the same to the ultimate
consumers. As the retailers enjoy large discounts in this process, they share this benefit with their customers by
keeping their products competitively priced. The consumers patronage this channel because they can buy in small
quantities from a wide variety at lower prices.
Manufacturer – wholesaler – retailer – consumer: This is a chain widely followed for fast moving consumer
goods, which are likely to have mass markets. When the consumers are large in number, widely dispersed
geographically, and products are of low value, this channel is favoured. Manufacturers would find it prohibitively
expensive to set up their own outlets in such circumstances. For manufacturers of consumer goods such as hosiery,
food items, confectionery, clothes, and readymade garments, cosmetics, and so on, intermediaries are indispensable
in the distribution chain
 b) List and Explain different components of SWOT Analysis? How SWOT analysis can be conducted in
Tourism Sector?
SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is defined as the rational and overall evaluation of a company‘s strength,
weakness, opportunities, and threats which are likely to affect the strategic choice significantly.
External environment analysis (Opportunities and Threats): The external environment has a profound impact
on the business operations irrespective of the nature and size of the business. The business has to monitor its key
macro-environment forces and micro economic parties.
Opportunities: It necessary should identify what opportunities are available to it to focus upon. The latest
technology, deregulated or free markets, liberalized rules and regulations and other may make a lot of difference for
a business organization provided it can envision how to avail these visionary identify opportunities from treats.
Threats: Some development in the external environment represents threats. A threat is a challenge posed by an
unfavorable trend or a development that results in the loss of sales or profit till a defensive marketing action is
initiated. A few example of threat could be outlined as change in government policy such as liberalization
privatization and globalization, changing technology changing value systems environmental constraints law and
order.
Internal environment analysis (Strength and Weakness): It is necessary to analyze one‘s own strength and
weakness periodically to sustain the degree of its competitive strength. Generally top management or an outside
consultant reviews competencies pertaining to marketing, financial, manufacturing and organizational system and
rates each factor as a major strength, minor strength, mental, factor, minor weakness, or major weakness.
Strength: It is not necessary that a business organization has to correct all its weakness nor that its propagate its
strength. The big question is whether the business should limit itself to those opportunities, where its possesses the
required strength or should it consider better opportunities where it might have to develop certain strength.
Weakness: Some times the company may not do well not because its departments lack the required motivation but
because they do not work together as a team for example consider the case of an electronics company which
employs engineers, sales and service staff for its operations. It is not adequate if they keep on doing their work. The
organization becomes more effective only when they work as a team. It is therefore, critically important to build
effective teams and assess the effectiveness of these teams. This is a part of the internal environmental audit.
Progressive companies adopt this strategy.

7. a) What are the principles & objectives of ethics for business and management? How to inculcate &
promulgate ethics among business houses? Comment on recent trends in food processing industry?
Ethics are the moral principles and values that underpin human behaviour. Morals are concerned with what is 'right'
or 'wrong'. Business ethics are, therefore, the moral principles that underpin business behaviour. Whether actions
carried out by organisations and their employees are morally acceptable must, however, be judged in the context of
the society and the times in which they operate. An ethical business is one which applies a set of moral principles to
all interactions with stakeholders, such as its treatment of employees, customers, suppliers and shareholders. Being
ethical means a business goes beyond merely complying with laws and regulations, but makes choices about what it
is prepared to do, and what it will not. Therefore, an ethical business strategy may exclude behaviour, which is
legal, but conflicts with the businesses ethical policy.
Setting ethical objectives is the process by which organisations apply ethical values to their targets and the actions
by which they will achieve them. These ethical values should cover all the actions of the organisation from tactical
to strategic.
Businesses may be faced with some of the following issues, which have ethical dimensions:
 Should we produce in a low-cost developing economy?
 Should we promote products that might damage health?
 Should we seek to undermine our competitors?
 Should we pay minimum wage rates to our employees?
  Should we employ migrant labour to cut costs?
 Should we transfer our production units to countries with less strict health and safety laws?

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b) What is ERP? What is its objective, scope, functions? What is the state of employing ERP packages in
India? Does these packages suitable to SME Sector?
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): It integrate all data can processes of an organization into a unified system.
A typical ERP system will use multiple components of computer software and hardware to achieve the integration 4
key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store date.
ERP systems cover all basic functions of an organization, regardless of the organizations business, non-profit
organization, non-governmental organization or government. ERP is short
for enterprise resource planning. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software that
allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back
office functions related to technology, services and human resources. ERP software integrates all facets of an
operation including product planning, development, manufacturing, sales and marketing in a single database,
application and user interface. ERP software is considered an enterprise application as it is designed to be used by
larger businesses and often requires dedicated teams to customize and analyze the data and to handle upgrades and
deployment. In contrast, Small business ERP applications are lightweight business management software solutions,
often customized for the business industry you work in.ERP software typically consists of multiple enterprise
software modules that are individually purchased, based on what best meets the specific needs and technical
capabilities of the organization. Each ERP module is focused on one area of business processes, such as product
development or marketing.
 Management Science
Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering
SET-4 Key SET-4 Key

PART A
1. a) Differentiate Planning & Controlling functions of Management?
Planning: Involves selecting the objectives and actions to achieves them planning stage involves decision making
and choosing future courses of action from the various alternatives
Controlling: It is the process of comparing the plans with the results. If there is deviation attain taken to be bridge
the gap between plan and actual results.

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b) What is standard formula used to find out probability of completion of a project if Time Scheduled is
Given and Time Estimated is Calculated. Also Compute Time Estimated for an activity if To=10 Days,
Tm=12 Days and Tp=20 Days.
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c) List various methods of Job Evaluation and explain any one method in detail. How to evaluate a
Government Job where performance least considered and seniority considered as parameter?
Method of Job Evaluation: It is broadly be classified as
 Qualitative Method
 Quantitative Method
Qualitative Method: It can broadly be classified as ranking or classifying the job from lowest to highest.
Quantitative Method: Where point values are assigned to the various demands of a job and relative value is
obtained by summing all such point values.

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d) List different strategic alternatives available for tourism sector.

A marketing strategy can cover many different functional issues so, determining the best marketing strategy for
your small tourism and hospitality business could require your consideration of some alternatives. Here are fifteen
marketing strategy options you can consider.
1. Local, Regional or National Marketing Strategies
2. Seasonality Strategies
3. Product Strategies
4. Target Market Strategies
5. Competitive Strategies
6. Branding Strategies
7. Pricing Strategies
8. Packaging Strategies
9. Promotion or Event Strategies
10. Public Relations Strategies
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e) Are ethics limited to entrepreneurs/enterprises only? Do Managers & employees also have to follow ethics?
Social entrepreneurship is the use of the techniques by start up companies and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund
and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. This concept may be applied to a variety of
organizations with different sizes, aims, and beliefs. For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using
business metrics like profit, revenues and increases in stock prices, but social entrepreneurs are either non-profits or
blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to society" and therefore must use different metrics.
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f) What is the importance of Supply Chain Management? What supply chain do you consider for poultry
products?
Supply Chain Management: It is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the operations of the
supply chain as efficiently as possible supply chain management spans all movement and storage of raw materials,
work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of consumption.

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PART –B
2. a) List the Principles of organization? Explain any six principles of your choice?

Principles of Organization:
Principle of unity of objectives: An organization structure is effective if is enables individuals to contribute to entire
objectives.
Principle of co-ordination: The aim of the objective can be achieved it proper co- ordination exists for efferent
activities
Principles of organizational efficiency: An organization is efficient it is structured to aid the accomplishment of
enterprise objective with a minimum of unsought consequences or costs.
Span of management principle: In each managerial position, there is a limit to the number of persons an individual
can effectively manage but the exact number will depend on the impact of underlying variables.
Scalar principle: The clearer the line of authority from the ultimate management position in an enterprise to every
subordinate position, the clearer will be the responsibility for decision making the more effective will be
organization communication.
Principle of delegation by results expected: Authority delegated to all individual managers should be adequate
enough to ensure their ability to accomplish the results expected.
Principle of responsibility: The responsibility of subordinates to their superiors for performance is absolute, and
superiors can not escape responsibility for the organization activity of their subordinates.
Principle of parity of authority and responsibility: The responsibility for actions can not be greater than that implied
by the authority delegated, not should it be less.
Principle of unity command: The more complete an individual‘s reporting relationships to a single superior, the
smaller the problem of conflicting instructions and the greater the feeling of personal responsibility for results.
Authority level principle: Maintenance of intended delegation requires that decisions with in the authority of
individual managers should be made by them and not be referred upward in the organization structure.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. a) Compare features, merits & demerits of Product & Process Type of Layouts? What layout do you
suggest for TV Assembly?
Product Layout: Possible Advantages:
(1) Low total flow time of the product from the input stage to the output stage (i.e. higher rates of output) due to:
(a) Continuous flow without intermediate stoppages and storages;
(b) Repetitive, small, fragmented jobs learnt to perfection by the concerned workers; and
(c) Minimum set-up times of machines.
(2) Production planning and control is simple; less paper work
(3) Inspection required is less
(4) Lower degrees of skills in the manpower may suffice
(5) Raw materials and other inputs can be planned better, even to the extent of ‘Just in Time’, resulting in lower
inventories.
Product Layout: Possible Disadvantages:
(1) None or very little variety possible.
(2) Less flexibility to changes, particularly to other than minor changes.
(3) Entire line or significant portions of the line may come to a grinding halt if any equipment in the line breaks
down, resulting in high stoppage costs.
(4) Larger maintenance crew needed.
(5) Very low job variety and therefore lower job satisfaction and higher boredom for the workers.
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b) Different Strategies involved under different stages of Product Life Cycle? What is the stage of Micro
Ovens in India?
Product Life Cycle:
Products have limited life.
Products sales pass through distinct stages, each passing different challenges, opportunities and problems to seller.
Profits rise and fall at different stages of product life cycle.

Sales

Early Rapid Satura- Maturity

Introduction Growth Growth tion Decline
 Time
Early growth: when the results of usage of product start flowing into the market and the results are encouraging,
more and more buyers come forward to try. The sales revenue remains very low till this point of time. This is also a
very critical stage, as the manufacturer cannot avail scale economies.
Rapid growth: A new product enters the stage of rapid growth when it satisfies the needs of the customers. The
sales start picking up with repeat purchases and by word of mouth publicity, coupled with continued promotion
outlay from the manufacturer‘s side. As new customers get attracted to the product for the first time, sales soar,
sales revenues increase faster than costs, and profits start accruing. This trend attracts the attention of the
competitors who release a similar product copying the best features of the new product.
Maturity: when the product‘s sales growth slows down, it is called maturity. Due to this slow down, the industry as
a whole suffers from overcapacity. At this stage, firms tend to attract the customers away from their competitors
through cheaper prices and larger promotional efforts and outlay. Those who cannot afford such large promotional
outlay and woo customers of the competitors.
Saturation: When the sales growth slows down to zero, such a stage is called saturation. This size of the market
does not increase beyond this stage. In other words, old customers who have stopped buying the product replace any
new customer entering the market. All sales are simply replacement sales or repeat purchases by the same
customers.
Decline: When sales of a product tend to fall, such a stage is called decline. When a product ceases to satisfy the
customer‘s needs in relation to those available in the market, it is no more preferred. As a result, its competing
products offering superior benefits take over the market. This leads to weakened profitability.
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4. a) Role of Government, regulatory bodies, professional societies and educational institutions to inculcate
ethics among enterprises & promoters of business houses?
The prime concern of education is to evolve the good, the true and the divine in man so as to establish a moral life
in the world. It should essentially make a man pious, perfect and truthful. The welfare of humanity lies neither in
scientific or technological advancements nor in acquisition of material comforts. The main function of education is
to enrich the character. What we need today more than anything else is moral leadership founded on courage,
intellectual integrity and a sense of values.
Since education is a powerful instrument of social change and human progress, it is also a powerful tool to cultivate
values in an individual. Therefore all the educational institutes have greater responsibility to impart learning and
cultivation of values through education. For inculcating values many educationists have suggested different ideas
such as Provision of value based curriculum Designing special orientation program for teachers Value based
foundation courses Publication of literature based on values Necessity to develop code of conduct for teachers and
students Inculcation of philosophical view towards life among teachers and students. Further to cultivate values
among the new generations we are to design a curriculum from out of our accumulated cultural heritage
Importance of Value Education Value Education awakens curiosity, development of proper interests, attitudes,
values and capacity to think and judge about oneself. It helps in Promoting Social and Natural Integration.
Objectives of Value Education Value education should aim at the development of values of the following type.
 Scientific temper of mind.
 Large heartedness.
 Co-operation.
 Tolerance
  Respect for the culture of other groups.

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b) Explain the concept of Business Law and Ethics of management?

Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professionalethics that
examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in abusiness environment. It applies to all
aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.
Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business
conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. Business ethics refers to
contemporary standards or sets of values that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business
organization.Business ethics has normative and descriptive dimensions. As a corporate practice and a career
specialization, the field is primarily normative. Academics attempting to understand business behavior employ
descriptive methods. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing
behavior with non-economic concerns. Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and
1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, most major corporations today promote
their commitment to non-economic values under headings such as ethics codes and social responsibility charters.
Adam Smith said, "People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the
conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. Governments use laws
and regulations to point business behavior in what they perceive to be beneficial directions. Ethics implicitly
regulates areas and details of behavior that lie beyond governmental control. The emergence of large corporations
with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in which they operate accelerated the development of
formal ethics regimes
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5. a) List & explain any two theories of motivation? Do theories work in BPO?
Elton Mayo: Elton Mayo generally recognized as father of human relations approach Mayo led the team which
conducted the study psychological reaction of workers in on- the job situations Mayo concluded that work
arrangements in addition to meeting the objective requirements of production must at the same time satisfy the
employees subjective requirement of social satisfaction at his work place.
Maslow’s Theory:
Maslow‟s level of hierarchy about human relations and behavioral science approach, his assumptions are based
mainly on theory of „Human Needs‟, he has defined five level of hierarchy of needs starting from the biological
need and then coming to more intangible ones .
Physical needs like food, clothes and shelter
Safety needs freedom from fear of insecurity
Social needs include a sense of being accepted in the society or environment one finds himself in.
Ego needs include feeling of important and recognition
Self actualization needs include need or desire for personal fulfillment of individual potential and activity.
 Physical needs
 Safety needs
 Belonging needs
 Self esteem
 Self actualization
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO): BPO refers to a decision to sub-contract some or all non-core processes.
The main motive for business process outsourcing is allow the company to invest more time, money and human
resources into core activities and building strategies, which fuel company growth.
The global market today is highly competitive and ever-changing. A company
 must focus on improving productivity and yet, cut down costs. There, a lot of tasks that use up precious time,
resources and energy, are being outsourced. BPOs or the units to which work is being outsourced, are flexible,
quicker, cheaper and very efficient.
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b) What are the determinant of EOQ and compute EOQ if Annual Requirement is 10000 Units, Ordering
Cost is Rs.25000/-, Carrying Cost is 20% and Unit Price is Rs.500/-.
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6. a) What are the different scope & functional areas of management? Explain in detail functions of
financial management? Does Management Functions vary from sector to sector and industry to industry?
Scope: Management of any organization consists of people holding power and authorities. An organization of any
size and scale is run by its management. Management consists of not only managing employees, but also finances,
competitions, operations etc. To put in a nut shell, without management, there's no organization.
Functions: To function, management has been divided into several parts. All these functions have their own
Hierarchical structure, starting from “Chief Something (say Finance) Officer” and then the hierarchy follows. The
various functions are:
Marketing: this team looks at “selling” of products of services that an organization makes. It is mostly headed by a
Chief Marketing Office. This keep has also the responsibility to study what the competitors are doing and then
market their products and services accordingly.
Finance: this team looks at the financing of an organization. It is the team that decided the budgets, calculates the
loans, profits, makes the balance sheets etc. This team is usually headed by a Chief Financial Officer.
Human Resources: This is perhaps the most important team. Though people might look at HR as some backend
job doers, in reality, without HR, it is difficult for any organization to exist. HR looks into your compensation,
benefits, recruitment, training etc., everything that is related to you. This team is usually headed by a Chief Human
Resource Officer.
Operations: This team takes care of the operations part. It is headed by a Chief Operating Officer.
Although it varies upon organisations as so how many departments it wants to have, the aforementioned are the key
that the management and their teams look after.
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b) Draw the flow diagram for Corporate Planning Process and explain various steps involved? Will it be
same for both Manufacturing & IT sector or is there any change in the flow diagram? Post your comments?
Corporate Planning: Corporate planning refers to the process of planning undertaken by top management
to achieve their organization goals.
Two significant phases incorporate planning:
 Environmental Scanning
 Strategy formulation and implementation
Environmental Scanning: Environmental scanning is a vital part of the corporate planning process. Effective
planners try to anticipate what is likely to happen or attempt to influence the environment in favourable directions.
This requires long-term strategic vision and commitments to corporate planning.

Why environmental scanning:

 The banks and business enterprises in the public sector are being disinvested by the government.
 The government policies keeping changing the current focus of the government of India has been an globalization,
privatization, deregulation.
 As results foreign goods are being dumped into the markets.

 Computers have wiped out the market for typewriters and electronic type writers.

 Info-tech industry, which was very strong for over decades, suddenly revealed downtrend.
 The advent of television channels has almost zeroed down the market for VCR and significantly affected the flow of
film viewer traffic.
Strategy Formulation: This is often referred as strategic planning or long-range planning. This process is primarily
analytical, not action-oriented. The strategy formulation process is concerned with developing a corporate mission,
objectives, strategy and policy. This process involves scanning external and internal environmental factors, analysis
of the strategic factors and generation, evaluation, selection of the best alternative strategy appropriate to the
analysis.

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7. a) What are the different problems & limitations in following ethical principles by business houses, how
to overcome them? Give some examples of coaches/managers from Sports?
Different problems: When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between
right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of
professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten
Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the most
common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable
behavior. Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most
people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and
human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one
might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than
commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?
One plausible explanation of these disagreements is that all people recognize some common ethical norms but
interpret, apply, and balance them in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences. For example,
two people could agree that murder is wrong but disagree about the morality of abortion because they have different
understandings of what it means to be a human being. Most societies also have legal rules that govern behavior, but
ethical norms tend to be broader and more informal than laws. Although most societies use laws to enforce widely
accepted moral standards and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, ethics and law are not the same. An action
may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. We can also use ethical concepts and principles to criticize,
evaluate, propose, or interpret laws. Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers have urged citizens to
disobey laws they regarded as immoral or unjust laws. Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of protesting
laws or expressing political viewpoints. Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the disciplines that
study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. For example, a "medical
ethicist" is someone who studies ethical standards in medicine. One may also define ethics as a method, procedure,
or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues. For instance, in considering
a complex issue like global warming, one may take an economic, ecological, political, or ethical perspective on the
problem. While an economist might examine the cost and benefits of various policies related to global warming, an
environmental ethicist could examine the ethical values and principles at stake.
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b) What is MIS? How MIS is useful for decision making Government R&D Organization
Management information system: A Management information system (MIS) focuses on the manager of
information technology to provide efficiency and effectiveness or strategy decision making.
A Management information system (MIS) focuses on the manager of information technology to provide
efficiency and effectiveness or strategy decision making. The concept may include systems termed transaction
processing system, decision support system, expert system, or executive information system. The term is often used
in the academic study of businesses and has connections with other areas, such as information systems, information
technology, informatics, e-commerce and computer science; as a result, the term is used interchangeably with some
of these areas. Management information systems as an academic discipline studies people, technology,
organizations, and the relationships among them.[1] This definition relates specifically to "MIS" as a course of study
in business schools. Many business schools (or colleges of business administration within universities) have an MIS
department, alongside departments of accounting, finance, management, marketing, and may award degrees (at
undergraduate, master, and doctoral levels) in Management Information Systems.
MIS professionals help organizations to maximize the benefit from investments in personnel, equipment, and
business processes.