BIOLOGY

COMPILATION

BIOLOGY- The study of life.

BIOS- Life
LOGOS- Study Of

BIOLOGICAL PIONEERS
 Aristotle- Father of Biology and Zoology.
 Hippocrates- Father of Medicine.
 Leeuwenhoek- He did NOT invent the microscope,
He perfected microscope lenses.
 Lister- Father of Aseptic Surgery.
 Fleming- Accidentally discovered first antibiotic.
 Salk- Discovered 1st polio vaccine injection.
 Sabin- Developed oral polio vaccine.

THEMES AND CONCEPT IN BIOLOGY

 Order- Organisms are highly organized.
 Sensitivity Or Response To Stimuli- Organisms
respond to diverse stimuli.
 Reproduction- When reproduction occurs, genes
containing DNA.
 Growth and Development- Organisms develop and
grow following specific instructions.
  Regulation- Organism requires multiple regulatory
mechanisms to coordinate internal functions.
 Homeostasis- The ability of an organisms to maintain
constant internal conditions.
 Energy Processing- All organism use a source of
energy for metabolic activities.

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES- Large molecules

necessary for life.

Four Classes:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid

MONOMERS- The single units or building blocks of

macromolecules.
POLYMERS- Repeating units of a monomer.
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS- Which means to put together
while losing water.
HYDROLYSIS- To split water.

CARBOHYDRATES- To provide energy to the body.

 MONOSACCHARIDES- Simple sugar, the most
common of which is glucose.
LIPIDS- Includes a diverse group of compounds that are
non polar in nature.
 FATS AND OILS- Fat molecule contain two main
components, Glycerol and Fatty Acids.
 WAXES- Are made up of long fatty acid chain
esterfied to long chain alcohols.
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS- Two fatty acids and a phosphate
group are attacked to glycerol.
 STEROIDS- are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton.

PROTEIN- Functions include structural support, enzymes,

transport, hormones, defense, contractile and storage.
 AMINO ACIDS- are linked together by peptide to
form its polymer.
 PROTEIN STRUCTURE- A functional protein consists
of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted,
folded and coiled into a unique shape.

4 STRUCTURES
 Primary Structure- Unique sequence of amino acids.
 Secondary Structure- The local folding of the
polypeptide.
 Tertiary Structure- Interactions between R- groups.
 Quarter nary Structure- 2 or more polypeptides are
form.
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS-
 Enzymes- Biochemical reactions
 Transports- For transport of substances.
 Structural- Functions for support.
 Hormones- Are chemicals signaling molecules.
 Defense- Protects proteins from diseases.
 Contractile- Functions for movements.

NUCLEIC ACIDS-
Molecules are made up of nucleotides that direct cellular
activities.

2 TYPES:
 DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
 RNA- Ribonucleic Acid

MICROSCOPY AND THE DISCOVERY OF CELL

 Robert Hooke- observed cells in the cork.
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- Father of microscopy and
Father of microbiology.
 Matthias Schleiden- German Botanist.
 Theodore Schwann- German Zoologist.
 Rudolf Virchow- German Physician.
CELL THEORY:
 CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
 ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS.
 CELLS CAME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS.

CELLS- Cells are the basic unit of life.

Quantity:
 UNICELLULAR- Made up of one cell.
 MULTICELLULAR- Made of many cells.
Complexity:
 Prokaryotic- Simple
 Eukaryotic- Complex

Cell Size:
 Ratio between the surface area and volume.
 The nucleus can only control a certain amout of
loving active cytoplasm.

Cell shape:
CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
 CELL MEMBRANE- Separates cell from the external
environment.
 Cytoplasm- The liquid part of the cell.
 Cytoskeleton- Framework of the cell.
 DNA- Hereditary material.
 Nucleus- Command center of the cell.
 Nuclear Envelope- a double membrane structure
that constitutes the outermost portion of the
nucleus.
 Ribosomes- Small non membrane bond organelles.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum- Network of
intercommunicating.
2 TYPES:
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- Consists
Ribosomes.
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Does not
have Ribosomes.
 Golgi Apparatus- A series a flattened that modifies,
packages, stores and transports materials out of the
cell.
 Mitochondrion- Powerhouse of the cell.
 Lysosomes- Contains digestive enzymes.
 Peroxisomes- A organelle that is present.
 Centriole-
  Centriole- Plays on a role in The division where it
participates in the formation of the mitotic spindle/
spindle fibre.
 Vacuoles- Membrane bond storage sacs.
 Cell Wall- The outermost, rigid covering of plant
cells.
 Chloroplast- work to convert light energy of the sun
into sugars that can be used by cells.
 Nucleolus- Produces ribosomes.

Endosymbiotic Theory:
Derived from symbiotic bacteria
Ancient associations
Evolution of modern cells from and symbiotic cells.

FUNCTION AND PARTS OF THE COMPOUND

MICROSCOPE

Compound Microscope- Achieves higher levels of

magnification than a stereo or lower microscope.

THREE BASIC UNITS:

 Head/Body- Houses the optical parts in upper parts
of the microscope.
 Base- Supports the microscope and houses the
illuminator.
 Arm- Connects to the base and supports the
microscope head.

Optical Components:
 Eyepiece or Ocular- is what you look at the top of
the microscope.
 Eyepiece Tube- hold the eyepieces in place above
the objective lens.
 Objective Lenses- are primary optical lenses on a
microscope.
 Nosepiece- are exposed and are mounted on a
rotating turret.
 Coarse and Fine Knob- are used to focus the
microscope.
 Stage- where the specimen to be viewed is
placed.
 Stage Clips- used when there is no mechanical
stage.
 Aperture- the hole in the stage through which the
base light reaches the stage.
 Condenser- used to collect light and focus the
light from the illuminator on the specimen.
 Iris Diaphragms- controls the amount of light
reaching the specimen.
 Condenser Fucks Knob- moves the condenser up
and down to control the lighting focus of the
specimen.