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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2017-2018)

E.P.S.-7
International Relations

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Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance

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of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100%
accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment.

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As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample
Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date
and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the
university.

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Answer all questions in each category. Try to write the answers in your own words.
(A) DCQ: Asnwer in about 600 words each.
Q. 1. Examine the meaning and changing nature of International Relations.
Ans. International relations developed as a discipline during nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The term was
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first used by Jeremy Bentham. After the Second World War the interdependence among world sovereign nations
grown rapidly both in terms of economic and political relations. As a result the importance of international relations
have gained immense importance in contemporary times – both as a ‘condition’ and as a ‘discipline’. for example, as
a ‘condition’ it refers to the fact of international life which means the actual conduct of relations among nations
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through diplomacy based on foreign policy apart from cooperation, conflict and war. As a ‘discipline’ international
relations should treat them in a systematic and scientific manner.
Meaning of International Relations: International relations is that branch of political science which is concerned
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with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies. According to Quincy Wright, the official relations
between the sovereign countries are described as international relations. In other words, international relations should
focus on the study of all relations – political, economic, diplomatic and academic among sovereign nations. Palmer
and Perkins are of the opinion that although international relations have emerged from its earlier status as a poor
relation of political science and history, it is still far from being a well organiased discipline. Alferd Zimmern opined
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that the international relations is not a single subject but rather a bundle of subjects of law, economics, political
science, geography, and so on. E.H Carr had described international relations as “markedly and frankly utopian”.
Hartman defined international relations as a field of study which focuses upon the “processes by which states adjust
their national interest to those of other states”.
After the Second World War the nature and context of international relations has changed in varied ways:
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(a) Earlier the world politics was centred mainly on Europe and there was the presence of an element of
secrecy among nation-states, while conducting treaties and establishing foreign offices. But in contemporary
times the situation has changed, the foreign policies of all the nation-states are open and public opinion plays
an important and decisive role in the formulation of the policies of a particular country.
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(b) Decolonisation has led to the emergence of new sovereign nations, the process of decolonisation has led to
the liberation of many countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, who voice their concerns at international
platforms.
(c) Disintegration of Soviet Union has led to the increasing number of membership in the United Nations. Some
of the very small countries like Nauru may have no power but they have an equal voice in the General
Assembly.

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(d) Revolution in the area of communication and travelling has made the world one small village as the head of
the state and government along with their foreign ministers can meet at one place within few hours to discuss
in detail their foreign relations.
(e) Lastly in the light of a rapidly shifting international landscape, new forms of cooperation involving more actors
(non-state actors) have become increasingly important like MNCs, confederations, alliances, international
organisations etc.
Q. 2. Discuss the nature of Bolshevik revolution and its impact on International Relations.

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Ans. Bolsheviks and a new system of International Relations: The October revolution was a message of
liberation from all forms of exploitation – national, social, economic, and political. This was reflected in a series of
declarations, legal pronouncements, and diplomatic initiatives of the new Bolshevik government. The new soviet took

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the idea of a just and democratic peace and the establishment of a system of international relations based on general
democratic principles was advocated.
Peace initiatives of the Bolshevik Government: One of the major acts of the new soviet state – the decree

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of peace, proclaimed the abolition of the secret diplomacy and in accordance with this law, the Soviet foreign ministry
published the previous secret treaties signed by the Tsarist state, including the Anglo-Russian secret treaty and
convention of 1907 on “demarcation” of spheres of interest of both the power of the England and Russia in the Middle
East. The refusal of the entente powers to negotiate to general peace settlement, forced Soviet Russia to enter into
peace talks with Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria. The Soviet proposal included six points, no forcible

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annexation of territories occupied during the war, restoration of political independence to nations vanquished during
the war, freedom of choice to the national minorities to either remain within a state or become independent through
referendum, safeguarding of the rights of the national minorities in a state by special legislation protecting their
national culture and whenever possible, administrative autonomy; renunciation of war indemnities; and solution of
colonial problems in accordance with the first four principles. Though imperialist Germany rejected the Soviet proposals,
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Lenin still agreed to sign the Peace treaty of Breast- Litovsk on Germany’s terms despite strong opposition within the
Bolshevik party and the government.
Bolshevik Renunciation of special privileges in the neighbouring countries: In the process of evolving a
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new system of international relations, the Soviet attached special significance to relations with the eastern countries
based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and friendship. The new socialist state not only rendered political
and moral support to countries like Turkey, Afghanistan, Iran and others but also provided them material support to
them. In 1919, the Soviet government abolished all special privileges for Russian nationals in Iran, renounced all
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concessions and control over Iran’s state revenue and handed over to Iran without demanding any compensation, the
banks, the railways and other property which belonged to the Tsarist Russia. Similarly, a treaty of friendship was
signed in February 1921 guaranteeing Iran’s independence and security of her borders with the Soviet state.
The October revolution contributed to the quickening of the pace of national liberation movements by inspiring
broader sections of the population in the colonies. In India, the closing months of 1981 and early 1919 witnessed a
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strike movement on a scale never before known in India. It was in this situation that Gandhiji and the Congress
decided to launch the “non-violent non-cooperation” movement, which marked a big step forward in mass mobilisation.
Some other countries also witnessed intensified struggles against imperialism. Irish militants under the leadership of
Michael Collins continued to fight the British while the Sinn Fein Party proclaimed the creation of the Irish Republic.
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In Egypt, the-Nationalist Party of Zaghlul Pasha was seriously challenging British rule and the deportation of Zaghlul
in 1919. Independence of Egypt was declared in 1920. In Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Pasha declared war against the
allied occupation and set up a provisional government. China, not only refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, but also
witnessed a new phase in its struggle against imperialism. The May Fourth movement of 1919, which signalled this
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transition, resulted in mass participation of intellectuals and students, frontal assault on Confucianism and boycott of
Japanese goods. The nationalist leaders of the East responded positively to the message of the October revolution.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Kesari, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Sun Yat Sen, Li Dazhao Lu Xin, and many others
praised for the success of revolution in Russia and its policy towards East.
(B) MCQ: Answer in about 300 words each.
Q. 3. Examine the emergence and functianing of the Non-aligned movemnet.
Ans. The Concept of Non-alignment: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organisation
of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in April
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1955; as of 2007, it has 118 members. The purpose of the organisation as stated in the Havana Declaration of 1979
is to ensure “the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries” in their
“struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, zionism, and all forms of foreign aggression,
occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics.” They represent
nearly two-thirds of the United Nation’s members and comprise 55 per cent of the world population, particularly
countries considered to be developing or part of the third world’.
Members have, at various times, included: Yugoslavia, India, Ghana, Pakistan, Algeria, Libya, Sri Lanka, Egypt,

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Indonesia, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, post-1994 South Africa, Iran, Malaysia, and, for a time, the People’s Republic
of China. Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but shares many of the aims of NAM and
frequently sends observers to the Non-Aligned Movement’s summits. While the organisation was intended to be as

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close an alliance as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, it has little cohesion and many of its members were actually quite
closely aligned with one or another of the great powers. For example, Cuba was closely aligned with the former
Soviet Union during the Cold War era. Additionally, some members were involved in serious conflicts with other

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members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when
the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members (particularly
Islamic nations) of the movement did not.
The Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War and has struggled to find relevance
after the Cold War ended. After the break up of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its successor states of Yugoslavia

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have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to
be members and joined the European Union.
Evolution of The Non-aligned Movement
Independent countries, who chose not to join any of the Cold War blocs, were also known as non-aligned nations.
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Some nations, such as India and Indonesia, were able to maintain their neutrality. But others took sides with the super
powers or played competing sides against each other.
The term “Non-Alignment” itself was coined by Indian Prime Minister Nehru during his speech in 1954 in
Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations,
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which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would
later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:
The founding leaders of the Non-Aligned states meet in New York in October 1960. They were: Jawaharlal
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Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia and Josip Broz Tito
of Yugoslavia.
The following principle where unainmonly accepte.
1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
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2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
4. Equality and mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.
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A significant milestone in the development of the Non-aligned movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference,
a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno. The attending nations declared
their desire not to become involved in the Cold War and adopted a “declaration on promotion of world peace and
cooperation”, which included Nehru’s five principles. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslaiav president
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Tito led to the first official Non-aligned Movement Summit, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970 the member nations added peaceful resolution of disputes and
abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts as the aim of the movement. Opposition to stationing of
military bases in foreign countries was also added as the movement’s aim.
The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement, apart from Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia and Tito of
Yugoslavia, were Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as ‘The

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Initiative of Five’.
Goals and Achievements of The Nam
• A major goal of the NAM was to end the colonialism. It continuously supported the national liberation movements
and the organisations that led those movements.
• It also condemned racial discrimination and injustice and lent full support to the anti apartheid movements in
South Africa and Namibia.
• Another area in which NAM made a significant contribution was towards preservation of peace and

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disarmament.
• The non-aligned states succeeded in altering the composition of the U.N and consequently in changing the
tenor of the inter-state relation conducted through its organs.

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• Another important contribution was with regard to the economic equality. It was the NAM that called upon for
the establishment of NIEO (New International Economic Order).

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• NAM struggle for Economic Justice has demonstrated how realistic it is to divide the world between the North
and the South rather than between the East and the West.
Q. 4. Describe the distinct features of the state in the Third World.
Ans. Characteristics of the State: As we all are aware that the state is the product of historical process. In the
third world, decolonisation shaped the state, giving it specific characteristics.

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It has three distinct features:
1. It is an over-developed state
2. It enjoys autonomy from the dominant classes
3. It protects the interests of the metropolitan bourgeoisie also.
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An ‘Over-developed State’: In the western capitalist countries the modern state has emerged due to the
internal dynamics of the society, but in the third world the motive for change in the political institutions came from
outside, that is from the western capitalist countries who dominated the third world in the from of their colonies. So
even after they gained their independence from the colonial imperialist’s powers their elaborate structure remained in
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existence. As a result in the third world the bureaucracy and the army have acquired a central place, and bureaucracy
plays an important role in these countries.
An over developed state weakens the democratic institutions and if these democratic institutions exists and the
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elected representatives control the state agencies, bureaucracy retains its domination over the state.
Autonomy: The third world is marked by the existence of the multiple dominant classes. They are the landlords,
i.e., the local bourgeoisie of the metropolis control the third world. These classes form an alliance which is called as
historic bloc. This historic bloc arises because of the social formation in the third world consists of the elements from
both the capitalists and the pre-capitalists social relations. Since, there is no single dominant class. The state acquires
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the autonomy to regulate the relationship between the different classes of the historic bloc.
Control of the Metropolis: The third world is subjected to control by extraneous forces. The under-developed
nature of the economy and the nature of the ruling elite render the state dependent on foreign aid and capital. As such
the gap between the ruled and the rulers and between the rich and the poor widens. It is far-fetched to argue that the
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third world state is completely under the control of the imperialist rulers. The overdeveloped third world state by
dissolving the national boundaries creates favourable conditions for the world market to penetrate into the third world.
The state by facilitating the induction of technology and investment brings about the integration of the third world into
the global market.
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Q. 5. Explain the nuclear arms race in the post-war period and its impact on International Relations.
Ans. Different Phases of the Nuclear arms Race in the Post-war Period Fear of the Soviets and
Communism: The Trinity Test of July 16, 1945 truly sparked of the nuclear race between the US and the Soviet
Union. The second fact that fuelled the nuclear arms race was the Soviet communist enemy. The idiological, political,
and military threat to capitalism by rising communist had to deal with. The discovery of the nuclear bomb was truly the
biggest boost to the arms race.

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1945 to 1953: Period of US Monopoly: In this phase the US territory was regarded as the sanctuary because
the Soviets do not have any reciprocal delivery capability to reach the American targets from the USSR.
1957-1968: Period of ‘Missile Crisis’ and the ICBM Race: The monopoly enjoyed by the US during the
first phase was broken when the Soviets successfully tested the ICBM in 1957 creating what has been called as the
‘Missile Crisis’ in America. This shifted the focus of the nuclear arms race to the strategic weapons which provided
the strategic tripod.
1968 to late 1970s: Period of MIRV and ICBM Race: The third phase began when the American delivery

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technology took a gigantic leap by introducing what is called the Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle
(MIRV) capability in their ICBMs in 1968.
1981: Reagan’s Strategic Modernisation Plan: The next major tussle took place between the two super
powers over the MX-Missile. President Regan announced a strategic modernization plan on October 2, 1981. The

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weapon system planned included among others the following:
Missile Experimental or MX – missile, B-IB Bombers, STEALTH Bombers, TRIDENT –II D-5 missiles.
1983: Militarisation of Space–Reagan’s Star Wars Programmes: The militarisation of space began in 1958

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and since then several satellites–military and civilian have been launched by the super powers and other nations. On
March 23, 1983, President Reagan announced the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) popularly called ‘Star Wars’
programme in order to raise the militarization of space to a qualitatively new high.
1984-1991: Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev Era and the Last days of Collapsing Soviet Union:
The US in 1984 had a massive programme for rearmament of many types of weapon systems. The rearmament

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programme of USA consisted of more Sea Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs); MX missile testing; Midgetsman
Missiles. In 1985-86, the picture as regards arms race was the same. In November 1985 summit meeting at Geneva
was held between President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev where both in a joint statement stated that,
“The sides agreed that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought.” They also agreed to hold summit
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level meetings in 1987 and 1988. In 1986-87, the situation was still more or less the same except that there was a little
movement towards arms control. However, certain positive developments took place which definitely halted the arms
race in the long run.
First, the 27th CPSU Congress in February 1986 decided on Perestroika (Restructuring of Economy), Glasnost
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(Openness and Democratisation) and reversal of military confrontation in Europe and opening up of Eastern Europe.
Second, the Raykiajavik summit on 11 and 12 October 1986 declared that a nuclear war could never be won and
should never be fought.
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Third, within the USA a tattered Reagan’s economy and the Senate’s opposition to SDI hit US arms race plans.
Fourth, there were differences between USA and its NATO Allies who were never consulted on SDI. Thus,
though the arms race went on in 1986-87 it was definitely going to end soon.
As regards 1987-88, on December 8, 1987 the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was signed for
the elimination of all intermediate and short range missiles. 1988-89 was another significant year as it too had something
to show in terms of peace. It can be characterised as the year of settlement of disputes in Afghanistan, Namibia, Iran-
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Iraq War, Israel-PLO and South Africa. 1989-90 can be characterised as the Year of Europe. By the end of 1989,
almost all Soviet Allies in Eastern Europe and Central Europe except Rumania and Albania were free.
1990 was a year full of events. While Europe and the two super powers were moving towards peace the Gulf
was in flames with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990. Apart from this, in 1990, the WARSAW Pact
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was dissolved on 3rd March. On June 1, 1990, USA and USSR signed a treaty on the destruction of and non-
production of chemical weapons and on multilateral measures to ban chemical weapons. The membership of the
Missiles Technology Control Regime (MTCR) expanded. On November 20, 1990 there was the Treaty and a Joint
Declaration of Conventional Armed Forces (CFF) forever reducing the nuclear threat in Europe.
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1991-1997: Nuclear Arms Race after the Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1991-92 is considered to be a
historic year due to the collapse of USSR, the enemy that fueled the arms race for US militarists broke up into 14 new
states. As a matter of fact the whole political ideological basis of the nuclear arms race changed. In 1992-93 USA, the
Russian Federation, France, and Britain all agreed to halt the nuclear arms race totally except vis-à-vis R & D. The
period between 1993 and 1997 saw two other significant events taking place in the nuclear arms race. First, in 1995
the NPT review Conference took place for an indefinite extension of the treaty and on 24th September 1996, the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was up for signature. USA and the other nuclear weapons states and 60
other non-nuclear states signed the CTBT. India did not sign either the NPT or CTBT. The government argued that

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it did so to keep the nuclear weapons option open. This position taken by India brings us to the question of nuclear
arms race in the Third World.
Q. 6. Write a note on the principle of self-determination.
Ans. The Principle of Self-Determination: The contradictions of ethnonational identity, which make it a prime
force in both the promotion and the destruction of human dignity and social justice, have become more pronounced
with the ending of the Cold War. It is necessary to reconceptualise national identity and develop new norms for
accepting a group’s right to national self-determination through establishment of an independent state expressing its

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national identity, and even for accepting its claim to national identity itself.
Peaceful Ethnic Self-determination: International law recognises a universal human right to self-determination.
However, this is not a right of minorities to secede, and the right has evolved over time. Originally, the right to self-

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determination was conceived of only in a European context. After World War I, the concept of self-determination
was used to draw boundaries that corresponded to ethnically and linguistically similar groups. However, this principle,
found in Wilson’s Fourteen Points Declaration, did not extend to self-determination for colonized peoples in Africa and
Asia. After World War II, states enshrined the right to self-determination in the UN Charter. This right had some

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success in the colonial context, though in many twentieth century cases the shifting of boundaries was bloody and
even peaceful de-colonization did not necessarily follow the boundaries of ethnic and linguistic group settlement,
leading to conflict and civil wars.
Despite its use in the colonial context, the right to self-determination as articulated in the UN Charter was not
intended to encompass a right to statehood. Instead, the states that agreed on this right conceived it as a right to

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regional autonomy for groups within a sovereign state. In all the treaties that acknowledge a right to self-determination,
a right to state sovereignty is also articulated. The first rush of post-Cold War secessions may be over, but conflicts
within states-often triggered by ethnic or cultural differences-will continue to proliferate. Ethnic conflict has replaced
the Cold War as the primary interest of political and military theorists, and even conflicts that may be primarily political
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or economic in nature are frequently given an ethnic cast. Such conflicts pose substantial threats to international
peace and human life, and the United States, other governments, and international organizations are increasingly
being called upon to influence, intervene in, or broker solutions to them.
(C) SCQ: Write short note on the following in about 100 words each.
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Q. 7. Ethno Nationalism.
Ans. According to this view, states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes through which the particular needs
of ethnic groups can be accommodated within the boundaries of the nation-state.
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The 19th century saw the development of the political idiologyg of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race
was tied to nationalism, first the German theorists including Johann Gott fired Von harder. Instanes of societies
focusing on ethnic ties, arguably to the exclusion of history or historical context, have resulted in the justification of
nationalist goals.
Nationalism refers to an idiology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation.
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Ethnicity normally refers to a belief in putative descent: that is, a belief in something which may or may not be
real. It is a perception of commonality and belonging supported by a myth of common ancestry.
Meaning of Ethno-nationalism: Ethno-nationalism is a form of nationalism wherein the “nation” is defined in
terms of ethnicity. Whatever specific ethnicity is involved, ethnic nationalism always includes some element of descent
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from previous generations. Furthermore, the central theme of ethnic nationalists is that “...nations are defined by a
shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry.” It also
includes ideas of a culture shared between members of the group, and with their ancestors, and usually a shared
language; however, it is different from purely cultural definitions of “the nation” (which allow people to become
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members of a nation by cultural assimilation) and a purely linguistic definitions (which see “the nation” as all speakers
of a specific language).
The central political tenet of ethno-nationalism is that each ethnic group on earth is entitled to self-determination.
The outcome of this right to self-determination may vary, from calls for self-regulated administrative bodies within an
already-established society, to an autonomous entity separate from that society, to a sovereign state removed from
that society. In international relations, it also leads to policies and movements for irredentism—to claim a common
nation based upon ethnicity.

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Q. 8. Right to Developmnet.
Ans. Right to Development: Human Rights are rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals as a
consequence of being human. They refer to a wide continuum of values or capabilities thought to enhance human
agency and declared to be universal in character, in some sense equally claimed for all human beings. Human rights
are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin,
colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination.
These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

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Diverse Conceptualisations of the Individual: Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed
by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law.
International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain
acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Human rights

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call upon States to protect vulnerable individuals and groups against oppression. Oppression involves the extreme
misuse of State power and includes the commingling of the State machinery with oppressive interest groups. Oppression
today also entails the exclusive use of natural and other common resources by these interest groups without respect

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for the dignity of the poor and the needs of future generations. Human rights have developed in history as a safeguard
against these kinds of oppression. Human rights empower vulnerable individuals and groups and impose certain
fundamental standards for State activities. Individuals and movements in different parts of the world who resist
oppression increasingly refer to their struggles as struggles for human rights. The indivisibility and interdependence of
the different economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights has been a daily reality in their work. Due to these

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struggles the full range of indivisible human rights has been recognized by a large and increasing number of States.
This has led to a number of human rights instruments in international law — most importantly the International
Covenants — and to the UN principles of indivisibility and interdependence.
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