1.

- ESTRUCTURA

2.- PROPIEDADES

3.- PROCESAMIENTO

4.- PERFOMANCE
O USO
Relación entre propiedades, estructura y
procesamiento
 Estructura de los materiales
 Propiedades de los materiales
 Procesamiento de los materiales
 Estructura de los materiales
Estructura atómica Unión atómica y
Ordenamiento atómico

Estructura de granos Estructura multifásica

 Estructura atómica y enlaces interatómicos

Enlaces Primarios Enlaces secundarios

Metálico Iónico Van der Waals

Puente de hidrógeno

Covalente
© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

ENLACE METÁLICO

The metallic bond forms

when atoms give up their
valence electrons, which
then form an electron sea.
The positively charged atom
cores are bonded by mutual
attraction to the negatively
charged electrons
 © 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
When voltage is applied to a metal, the
electrons in the electron sea can easily
move and carry a current ENLACE METÁLICO
 © 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Covalent bonding requires that electrons be shared
between atoms in such a way that each atom has its outer sp
orbital filled. In silicon, with a valence of four, four
covalent bonds must be formed
ENLACE COVALENTE
 © 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Covalent bonds are directional. In silicon, a
tetrahedral structure is formed, with angles of
109.5° required between each covalent bond
ENLACE COVALENTE
 © 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

An ionic bond is created between two unlike atoms with different

electronegativities. When sodium donates its valence electron to
chlorine, each becomes an ion; attraction occurs, and the ionic bond
is formed

ENLACE IÓNICO
 © 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

When voltage is applied to an ionic material, entire ions must

move to cause a current to flow. Ion movement is slow and the
electrical conductivity is poor

ENLACE IÓNICO
 Enlaces secundarios

(a) Polymer chains have strong covalent ‘backbones’, but bond to each other only with
weak hydrogen bonds unless they become cross-linked. (b) Cross-links bond the
chains tightly together. The strong carbon–carbon bonds are shown as solid red lines.
SEMICONDUCTORES

Schematic diagram of donor and acceptor levels located in the

forbidden energy gap
 SEMICONDUCTORES

In a typical insulating solid, a full valence band

is separated by a substantial energy gap from
the empty conduction band. Note the break in
the vertical scale
Superconductors have the ability to levitate vehicles with embedded magnets.
This picture shows an experimental zero-friction train in Japan, built to use
helium-coo led metal Superconductors.
Fibras de refuerzo en una matriz polimérica
COMPUESTO
 PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades Propiedades
Físicas Mecánicas
Densidad Resistencia a la tensión
Color Resistencia a la compresión
Punto de fusión Resistencia al impacto
Conductividad térmica Resistencia a la fatiga
Conductividad eléctrica Resistencia a altas temperaturas
(termofluencia)
Magnetismo Rigidez
Comportamiento óptico Ductilidad
Elasticidad Desgaste (abrasión)

Resistencia a la corrosión
PROPIEDAD
TÉRMICA
PROPIEDAD
ELÉCTRICA
PROPIEDAD
MECÁNICA
 PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades Propiedades Propiedades
Físicas Tecnológicas Químicas
(importante por el uso) (importante para la (importante para el
fabricación) uso y la fabricación )
Densidad Forjabilidad Resistencia a la
corrosión
Punto de fusión Maquinabilidad Aleabilidad
Conductividad térmica Aptitud para Propiedades
soldar venenosas
Conductividad eléctrica
Elasticidad
Dureza
Resistencia mecánica
Resistencia a la tensión

a) Aluminio b) Magnesio
Rigidez
Resistencia a la fatiga
Resistencia a la compresión
 Resistencia al impacto

(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The impact test: (a) The Charpy and Izod tests, and (b) dimensions of
typical specimens
Procesamiento de los materiales
METALES
Colada o vaciado
Introducir material líquido en moldes en el
que tiene lugar la solidificación
VACEADO
 Vertical continuous casting, used in
producing many steel products. Liquid
metal contained in the tundish partially
solidifies in a mold
Elaboración mecánica

En muchos casos son elaborados en caliente (1000°C en el caso de

aceros) o en frío (temperatura ambiente).

Forjado
El material se calienta hasta una temperatura a la cual se le puede
deformar fácilmente: mediante un martillo de mano o usando
presión.
 FORJADO

Anillos / Camisas Forjadas Anillos Rolados (sin costura) Discos Forjados Flechas Forjadas
máx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons máx. 160" diam. ext. y 30" máx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons máx. 70" diam. ext. -
altura de cara - 6.8 tons 8.2 tons
 FORGING ROLLING

EXTRUSION DRAWING
TREFILADO
EXTRUSION
Metalurgia de polvos
 Perforado y estirado

Estirado Doblado
Maquinado Aptitud para soldar
A schematic diagram of the
fusion zone and solidification
of the weld during fusion
welding: (a) initial prepared
joint, (b) weld at the
maximum temperature, with
joint filled with filler metal,
and (c) weld after
solidification.
 Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS
Laminado

Flotado
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Techniques for manufacturing sheet and plate glass:

(a) rolling and (b) floating the lass on molten tin.
 Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS
Compresión

Trefilado

Presionado y soplado

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Techniques for forming lass products: (a) pressing, (b) press

and blow process, and (c) drawing of fibers.
 Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS

Compresión

Extrusión Moldeo por

escurrimiento
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Processes for shaping crystalline ceramics: (a) pressing, (b) isostatic

pressing, (c) extrusion, (d) jiggering, and (e) slip casting.
 Steps in slip casting of
ceramics. (Source:
From Modern Ceramic
Engineering, by D.W.
Richerson, Copyright
© 1992 Marcel Dekker.
Reprinted by
permission.)
 Procesamiento de los materiales
POLIMEROS
Según el polímero:
TERMOPLASTICOS y TERMORIGIDOS (termoestables)
TERMOPLASTICOS (Acrìlicos, ABS, Nylon, polietileno, PVC)

Inyección

Schematic diagram of an injection molding apparatus. (Adapted from F.W. Billmeyer,

Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 2nd edition. Copyright 1971 by John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
 Extrusión

Schematic diagram of an extruder. (Reprinted with permission from

Encyclopædia Britannica, © 1997 by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
Soplado
 (c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

This figure shows a schematic of the blow-stretch process used for fabrication of a
standard two-liter PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle from a preform. The stress
induced crystallization leads to formation of small crystals that help reinforce the
remaining amorphous matrix.
Schematic diagram of an apparatus that is used to form thin polymer
films. (Reprinted with permission from Encyclopædia Britannica,
1997 by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
TERMORIGIDOS : (epóxicos, fenólicos, poliamidas, etc)
Typical forming processes for thermosetting polymers: (a) compression
molding and (b) transfer molding.
Moldeo por compresión

Moldeo por transferencia

 ©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 15.29 Typical forming processes for thermoplastic: (a) extrusion, (b) blow
molding, (c) injection molding, (d) thermoforming, (e) calendaring, and (f) spinning.
RESISTENCIA
QUÍMICA
 Resistencia a la corrosión

Electrolito

Ánodo
Fe Fe++ + 2e-
Flujo dee
electrones
e O2 + 2H2O+4e-
-
4OH

Cátodo
Metal
 Resistencia a la corrosión

Electrolito

Ánodo

Fe Fe++ + 2e
Flujo dee
electrones
e 2H+ + 2e H2
Cátodo
Metal
Microstructural features
in metals, showing their
length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
 Microstructural features in
ceramics and glasses, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they determine.
Each interval on the length scale is
a factor of 1000.
 Microstructural features
in polymers and
elastomers, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
Evolution of molecular architecture in polymer molding.
(a) Alignment of molecules during viscous flow in
shaping. (b) Partial crystallization during cooling.
 ©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under
license.

During hot working, the elongated anisotropic grains immediately

recrystallize. If the hot-working temperature is properly
controlled, the final hot-worked grain size can be very fine
Schematic
trends in
structure and
strength,
hardness,
and ductility
properties of
cold worked
metals that
are annealed
at different
temperatures
for a fixed
time.