Sei sulla pagina 1di 44

1.

Absolute Pressure - total or true pressure of a fluid

2. Absolute Temperature - a temperature measured from absolute


zero in Kelvins.

3. Absolute Viscosity - a viscosity whisch is determined by means


of a direct measurement resistance shear

4. Absolute Zero – it is the lower limit of the thermodynamic


temperature scale.

5. Absorption Refrigeration - is a system which uses heat energy


to make a change in the condition required in the
refrigeration cycle

6. Absorptivity – the fraction of radiant energy incident on a


surface that is absorbed by the surface.

7. Accelerance - frequency response function of acceleration /


force. Known as inertial components.

8. Accumulator - prevents liquid refrigerant from flowing into


the suction line and into the compressor

9. Acoustic Leak Detector - used to determine if and in some


cases where a leak has occurred in systems which contain
liquids and gases

10. Adhesion - a fluid property which refers to the


attraction force between the molecules and any solid substance
with which they are in contact

11. Adiabatic Drying- when all the heat for vaporizing the
water is supplied by direct contact with hot gases and heat
transfer by conduction with hot boundaries or from radiation
from solid walls is negligible

12. Adiabatic Efficiency - a measure of the deviation of actual


process from corresponding idealized zone
13. Adiabatic Process - is one that occurs without transfer of
heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its
surroundings.

14. Advection - the transfer of heat or matter by the flow of a


fluid, especially horizontally in the atmosphere or the sea.

15. Air Bound – air trapped in piping which prevent maximum


heat transferred.

16. Air Chamber - a cavity containing air to act by its


elasticity as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in
a pump or other hydraulic machine

17. Air Conditioning - is the process of removing heat and


moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve
the comfort of occupants.

18. Air Door –It is a device used to prevent air or


contaminants from moving from one open space to another.

19. Air Preheater - heat exchanger which utilizes the heat of


the flue gases to preheat the air needed for combustion

20. Air Register – It is a grille with moving parts, capable of


being opened and closed and the air flow directed, which is
part of a building's heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) system.

21. Air Vent - allows air to be released from the boiler prior
to cutting in the boiler on the line, and to break the vacuum
when the boiler is being emptied

22. Air-Fuel Ratio - he mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid,


or gaseous fuel present in a combustion process.

23. Ambient Temperature – It is the air temperature of an


environment or object.
24. Apparent Thermal Conductivity - This value differs from
bulk thermal conductivity as apparent thermal conductivity
also includes contact resistance when measured

25. Aquifers - an underground layer of water-bearing permeable


rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials.

26. Asbestos Insulator – It is an insulator composed of set of


six naturally occurring silicate minerals.

27. Athermal - any process that does not involve either heat or
a change in temperature.

28. Atmospheric Pressure – it is the pressure exerted by the


weight of the atmosphere, which at sea level has a mean value
of 101,325 Pascals (roughly 14.6959 pounds per square inch).

29. Atomizer - a device for emitting water, perfume, or other


liquids as a fine spray.

30. Autoignition – the premature ignition of the fuel.

31. Auxiliary Equipment - refers to any electronic device that


is capable of functioning independently without any direct
communication with the main processing module.

32. Back Work Ratio – the ratio of compressor work input to the
turbine work

33. Baffle Cut - either 20%, 35%, or 45% of free area or


percent of area cut off of the whole diameter baffle plate.

34. Baffle Plate – It is a plate or mechanical device designed


to restrain or regulate the flow of a fluid.

35. Baffle Spacing - The space in-between the baffle plates on


a tube bundle. Baffle spacing is adjusted to achieve maximum
heat exchanger performance.

36. Baffles – direct flow of the hot gases to effect efficient


37. Barometer - instruments used to measure the pressure of the
atmosphere.

38. Binary Cycle - composed of two separate cycles, one at high


temperature and the other at relative low temperature

39. Biochar – It is a charcoal produced from plant matter and


stored in the soil as a means of removing carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere.

40. Biot Number – It is the ratio of the conductive heat


resistance within the object to the convective heat transfer
resistance across the object's boundary.

41. Black Body – the idealized surface that emits radiation at


this maximum rate.

42. Blowdown Valve - valve through which impurities that settle


in the mud drum are removed

43. Blowers - typically a mechanical device for creating a


current of air used to dry or heat something.

44. Boiler - is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally


water) is heated.

45. Boiling Point - is the temperature at which the vapor


pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the
liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.

46. Bondline Thickness - Average thickness between heat


spreading device and components.

47. Bottom Blow Valve - allows sediment to be blown off from


the bottom so that the density of the water may be measured

48. Bottom Dead Center – the position of the piston when it


forms the largest volume in the cylinder.
49. Boundary Layer – It is an important concept and refers to
the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding
surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.

50. Bourdon Tube- commonly used mechanical pressure measurement


device

51. Bouyancy - refers to a net upward force on an object that


happens when pressure on the bottom of the object is greater
than pressure on the top of the object. Thermal buoyancy is a
result of changes in density of the fluid itself as the
temperature changes.

52. Brake Horsepower - the available power of an engine,


assessed by measuring the force needed to brake it.

53. Brayton Cycle - means flow with variation of density due to


pressure changes is negligible or infinitesimal.

54. Breeching - the duct that connects the boiler and chimney.

55. Brickwork – It is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using


bricks and mortar.

56. Bridge Gauge - an instrument used to find the radial


position of crankshaft motor shaft

57. Brine - is a high-concentration solution of salt (usually


sodium chloride) in water.

58. Bulk Temperature – It is a convenient reference point for


evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer,
particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and
ducts.

59. Buoyancy - is an upward force exerted by a fluid that


opposes the weight of an immersed object.

60. Burner – combustion equipment for firing liquid and gaseous


fuels.
61. Calorie - a unit of energy equal to the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one
degree Celcius.

62. Calorimeter – It is an object used for calorimetry, or the


process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or
physical changes as well as heat capacity.

63. Carbonization - the conversion of an organic substance into


carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or
destructive distillation.

64. Carnot Cycle - an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic


cycle in which the working substance goes through the four
successive operations of isothermal expansion to a desired
point, adiabatic expansion to a desired point, isothermal
compression, and adiabatic compression back to its initial
state.

65. Carnot Engines - is a theoretical engine that operates on


the reversible Carnot cycle.

66. Carry Over - consist of particles of water leaving the


boiler with the steam

67. Catalyst – it is a material which promotes some chemical


action without itself entering into the reaction.

68. Cavitation – it is the formation of vapor cavities in a


liquid, small liquid-free zones that are the consequence of
forces acting upon the liquid.

69. Celsius - is a temperature scale used by the International


System of Units.

70. Centrifugal compressor – They are a sub-class of dynamic


axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery and achieve a
pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a
continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller.
71. Centrifugal Dryer - consist of centrifugal revolving at
high speeds causing the separation, by centrifugal force, of
the water from the material

72. Centrifuge - the purification of oil for separation of


water

73. Charcoal - a porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous


form of carbon, obtained as a residue when wood, bone, or
other organic matter is heated in the absence of air.

74. Charles' Law Of Cooling - When the pressure on a sample of


a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the
volume will be directly related.

75. Chiller - a neat exchanger in which low pressure


refrigerant boils or vaporized thus absorbing the heat that
was removed from the refrigerated cooling medium

76. Chimney - a vertical channel or pipe that conducts smoke


and combustion gases up from a fire or furnace and typically
through the roof of a building.

77. Clearance Volume – minimum volume formed in the cylinder


when piston is at top dead center.

78. Climate Models – It study the radiant heat transfer by


using quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the
atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice.

79. Coefficient of Heat Transfer – It is the proportionality


constant between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving
force for the flow of heat.

80. Coefficient of Performance - the ratio of rerigerating


effect to work of compression

81. Cogeneration – is the production of more than one useful


form of energy from the same energy source.
82. Cohesion - a fluid property which refers to the
intermolecular attraction by which the separate particles of
the fluid are held together

83. Combustion - the process of burning something.

84. Composite Pipe – a pipe that is made of multiple substances


that may have a fluctuating or changing rate of heat transfer.

85. Composite Wall - a wall built of a combination of two or


more masonry units of different types of materials that are
bonded together, one forming the facing of the wall and the
other the backup.

86. Compressed Air – it is air kept under a pressure that is


greater than atmospheric pressure.

87. Compressed Liquid - which has a pressure higher than the


saturation pressure corresponding to the existing temperature

88. Compression Ratio - the ratio of the maximum to minimum


volume in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine.

89. Compressor - is a mechanical device that increases the


pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is
a specific type of gas compressor.

90. Condensation – occurs when a gas turns to a liquid.

91. Condenser - is a device or unit used to condense a


substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it.

92. Conductive Resistance – it is a heat property and a


measurement of a temperature difference by which an object or
material resists a heat flow.

93. Conservation of Energy – it is a law of science that states


that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed
from one form into another or transferred from one object to
another.
94. Convection - is the transfer of thermal energy between a
solid and a moving fluid(sometimes magnetism).

95. Convection Boundary – it is the part of the atmosphere most


directly affected by solar heating of the earth's surface.

96. Convention Storage Tank – It is the most common type of


water heater used.

97. Convergent Nozzle - is a spout that begins large and gets


smaller, an abatement in cross-sectional region. As a liquid
enters the smaller cross-area, it needs to accelerate because
of the production of mass.

98. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle – it is used to accelerate a


hot, pressurized gas passing through it to a higher supersonic
speed in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the heat
energy of the flow into kinetic energy.

99. Cool Plasma – it is a non-thermal plasma that has only a


small fraction of its atoms ionized.

100. Cool Roof – they are reflective surfaces that can deliver
high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance.

101. Coolant Fluid – it is the fluid that absorbs heat from the
engine and then dissipates it through the radiator.

102. Cooling Medium – it is used to reduce or regulate the


temperature of a system.

103. Cooling Tower – it is a heat rejection device that rejects


waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water
stream to a lower temperature.

104. Cooling Water – it is the water removing heat from a


machine or system.

105. Corrosion – it is a natural process, which converts a


refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its
oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.
106. Corrosion Inhibitor – it is a chemical compound that, when
added to a liquid or gas, decreases the corrosion rate of a
material, typically a metal or an alloy.

107. Counter Flow – it is one in which the direction of the flow


of one of the working fluids is opposite to the direction to
the flow of the other fluid.

108. Crankcase Heater - increases crankcase temperature during


shutdown to minimize oil dilution, and separated oil from the
refrigerant

109. Critical Point – is the point that represents the highest


temperature at which liquid and vapour can coexist in
equilibrium.

110. Critical Temperature – it is the temperature at and above


which vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter
how much pressure is applied.

111. Cross Flow – it a type of engine cylinder head where the


intake ports are on the opposite side of the engine from the
exhaust ports.

112. Cut-Off Ratio - is the ratio of the volume after combustion


to the volume before combustion.

113. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure - states that in any


mechanical mixture of gases and vapors, each gas or vapor in
the mixture exerts and individual partial pressure that is
equal to the partial pressure that the gas would exert if it
occupied the space alone

114. Deaerator - is a device that is widely used for the removal


of oxygen and other dissolved gases from the feedwater to
steam-generating boilers.

115. Defoaming Agents – it is a chemical additive that reduces


and hinders the formation of foam in industrial process
liquids.
116. Degrees Subcooled - the difference between the saturation
temperature for the given pressure and the actual subcooled
liquid temperature

117. Degrees Superheat - the difference between the actual


temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation
temperature for the existing pressure

118. Dehumidifying Process - the removal of vapor from a gas-


vapor mixture

119. Dehumidity - to reduce the quantity of water vapor within


the space

120. Dehydrator - uses a heat source and air flow to reduce the
water content of foods.

121. Density – defined as the mass divided by the volume.

122. Desuperheat - a device for removing the superheat from the


steam. It is usually consist of coil of piping located in the
steam drum below the normal steaming water level

123. Dew Point - the temperature at which the water vapor in the
air condenses when the air is cooled at constant pressure

124. Dewars – it is a double-walled flask of metal or silvered


glass with a vacuum between the walls, used to hold liquids at
well below ambient temperature.

125. Diesel Cycle - is a combustion process of a reciprocating


internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is ignited by heat
generated during the compression of air in the combustion
chamber, into which fuel is then injected.

126. Diesel Engine - is an internal combustion engine in which


ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion
chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in
the cylinder due to mechanical compression.
127. Diffuser - is "a device for reducing the velocity and
increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a
system”.

128. Diffusion - is the net movement of molecules or atoms from


a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to
a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a
result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.

129. Direct-reduced Iron – it is produced from the direct


reduction of iron ore to iron by a reducing gas or elemental
carbon produced from natural gas or coal.

130. Discharge Nozzle - it the cross-section (circular cross-


section) to be defined at the pump casing's outlet side as a
boundary between the discharge-side section of the pump system
and the pump.

131. Displacement Volume –the volume displaced by the piston as


it moves.

132. Divergent Nozzle - a tube that is pinched in the middle,


making a carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape

133. Doppler Cooling – it is a mechanism that can be used to


trap and slow the motion of atoms to cool a substance.

134. Downcomer - a large tube or pipe connecting the water space


of the drum to the water drum

135. Draft Fans - supply air needed for combustion and create
the draft required for the flow of gases in the boiler

136. Dropping Point - the temperature at which grease start to


melts

137. Dropwise Condensation – it occurs when the condensate


liquid collects in the form of countless droplets of varying
diameters on the condensing surface, instead of forming a
continuous film, and does not wet the solid cooling surface.
138. Dry Etching – it refers to the removal of material,
typically a masked pattern of semiconductor material, by
exposing the material to a bombardment of ions.

139. Dryer - the removal of relatively small amounts of water or


other liquid from the solid material.

140. Duralumin – it is a hard, light alloy of aluminum with


copper and other elements.

141. Dynamic Viscosity - is the measurement of the fluid’s


internal resistance to flow while kinematic viscosity refers
to the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.

142. Dynamics - the branch of mechanics concerned with the


motion of bodies under the action of forces.

143. Dynamometer - an instrument that measures the power output


of an engine.

144. Economizer – feedwater pre-heating device which utilizes


the heat of the flue gases.

145. Electric Fields – it is a vector field surrounding an


electric charge that exerts force on other charges, attracting
or repelling them.

146. Electrical Energy - the energy newly derived from electric


potential energy or kinetic energy.

147. Electrochemical Energy Conversion – it is a field of energy


technology concerned with electrochemical methods of energy
conversion including fuel cells and photo electrochemical.

148. Electromagnetic Waves – they are waves that are created as


a result of vibrations between an electric field and a
magnetic field.

149. Emissivity - is the ratio of radiation from an actual body


to the radiation from a black body.
150. Endothermic - the process or reaction in which the system
absorbs heat from its surroundings, usually in the form of
heat

151. Energy - The capacity or power to do work.

152. Energy Audit – it is an inspection survey an analysis of


energy flows, for energy conservation in a building, process
or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system
without negatively affecting the output.

153. Engine Knock – audible sound produced by autoignition.

154. Engine Suction Meter – it measures the difference in air


pressure between the engine's intake manifold and Earth's
atmosphere.

155. Enthalpy - is equal to the system's internal energy plus


the product of its pressure and volume.

156. Enthalpy Deviation - the difference between the actual or


true specific enthalpy of the air at any given condition and
the specific enthalpy of saturated air at given WB temperature

157. Enthalpy of Vaporization - represent the amount of energy


needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a given
temperature and pressure

158. Entropy - a thermodynamic quantity representing the


unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion
into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of
disorder or randomness in the system.

159. Ericsson Cycle - is named after inventor John Ericsson who


designed and built many unique heat engines based on various
thermodynamic cycles.

160. Evaporation - is a type of vaporization that occurs on the


surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase before
reaching its boiling point.
161. Evaporator - is a device in a process used to turn the
liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its
gaseous-form/vapor. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized,
into a gas form of the targeted substance in that process.

162. Exhaust Gas Regenerator – it is a heat exchanger that uses


the hot exhaust gases from the turbine to preheat the air
delivered to the combustion chamber.

163. Exothermic - a process or reaction that releases energy


from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of
heat, but also in a form of light, electricity, or sound.

164. Expansion Ratio - is the volume of a given amount of that


substance in liquid form compared to the volume of the same
amount of substance in gaseous form, at room temperature and
normal atmospheric pressure.

165. Expansion Valve - is a component in refrigeration and air


conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant
released into the evaporator thereby controlling superheat.

166. Fahrenheit - is a temperature scale based on one proposed


in 1724 by Dutch–German–Polish physicist Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit.

167. Fan- an apparatus with rotating blades that creates a


current of air for cooling or ventilation.

168. Feedwater Heater - a power plant component used to pre-heat


water delivered to a steam generating boiler.

169. Fiber Glass – It is a reinforced plastic material composed


of glass fibers embedded in a resin matrix.

170. Fick’s Law of Diffusion – it states that the rate of


diffusion of a gas across a permeable membrane is determined
by the chemical nature of the membrane itself, the surface
area of the membrane, the partial pressure gradient of the gas
across the membrane, and the thickness of the membrane.
171. Fick’s Law Of Diffusion - The molar flux due to diffusion
is proportional to the concentration gradient.

172. Filmwise Condensation – it occurs when the cooled surface


is smooth and friction-less which results in quick falling
movement of drops formed at the surface.

173. Filter – it is a porous device for removing impurities or


solid particles from a liquid or gas passed through it.

174. Fire Point – is the temperature of oil at which it burns


continuously when ignited.

175. Firebrick – it is a brick capable of withstanding intense


heat, used especially to line furnaces and fireplaces.

176. First Law Of Thermodynamics - states that the total energy


of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed
from one form to another, but can be neither created nor
destroyed.

177. Flash Point – is the temperature of oil that it burns


temporarily when ignited.

178. Floc Point - the temperature at whicj wax first sepaates


from oil

179. Flow Meter – it is an instrument to measure linear,


nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas.

180. Flow Work – it is the work required to push the fluid into
or out of the control volume.

181. Fluid Mechanics - the branch of mechanics dealing with the


properties of fluids in various states and with their reaction
to forces acting upon them.

182. Fluid Static - the study of fluid problems in which there


is no relative motion between fluid elements and thus velocity
gradients and no shear stress exist
183. Fluid Vibration – it are motions induced on bodies
interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by – or the
motion producing – periodical irregularities on this flow.

184. Fluids - a substance that has no fixed shape and yields


easily to external pressure; a gas or (especially) a liquid.

185. Force Convection – it is a mechanism, or type of transport


in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like
a pump, fan, suction device, etc.).

186. Fouling – it is the deposition of any undesired material on


heat transfer surfaces.

187. Fourier’s Law - an empirical relationship between the


conduction rate in a material and the temperature gradient in
the direction of energy flow.

188. Freezing – it is a phase transition in which a liquid turns


into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its
freezing point.

189. Freezing Point - the temperature at which a liquid turns


into a solid when cooled.

190. Freon - stable, nonflammable, moderately toxic gases or


liquids which have typically been used as refrigerants and as
aerosol propellants

191. Friction Factor – it a measure of the resistance to airflow


of a duct.

192. Friction Power - the pressure and torque spent in


overcoming friction of reciprocating and revolving parts of
the engine and the automobile before it reached the drive
shaft

193. Froude Number - decided whether the free liquid-surface


flow is rapid or tranquil. It is useful in the calculation of
hydraulic jump.
194. Fuel - is any material that can be made to react with other
substances so that it releases energy as heat energy or to be
used for work.

195. Fumarole - a crack in the earth through which geothermal


substance passes

196. Fumes - refers to vapors (gases), dusts and/or smoke given


off by a substance as a result of a chemical transformation
such as reaction, heating, explosion or detonation.

197. Furnace - is a device used for high-temperature heating.

198. Fusible Plug - a metal plug with a definite melting point


through which the steam is released in cse of excessive
temperature which is usually caused by low water level

199. Gage Glass - indicates the water level existing in the


boiler

200. Gage Pressure - pressure measured relative to atmospheric


pressure

201. Gamma Rays – it is a penetrating electromagnetic radiation


of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.

202. Gas Constant – it is a physical constant that appears in an


equation defining the behavior of a gas under theoretically
ideal conditions.

203. Gas Turbine- a combustion engine that can convert natural


gas or other liquid fuels to mechanical energy. This energy
then drives a generator that produces electrical energy.

204. Gaseous Radiation Detector – they are radiation detection


instruments used in particle physics to detect the presence of
ionizing particles, and in radiation protection applications
to measure ionizing radiation.
205. Gasoline Cycle - is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that
describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston
engine.

206. Generator - a machine that converts one form of energy into


another, especially mechanical energy into electrical energy,
as a dynamo, or electrical energy into sound, as an acoustic
generator.

207. Geothermal Energy - is thermal energy generated and stored


in the Earth.

208. Global Warming – it a gradual increase in the overall


temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to
the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon
dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

209. Grashof Number - is a dimensionless number in fluid


dynamics and heat transfer which approximates the ratio of the
buoyancy to viscous force acting on a fluid.

210. Gray Body – actual body that radiates less heat than a
black body.

211. Ground-coupled Heat Exchanger – it is an underground heat


exchanger that can capture heat from and/or dissipate heat to
the ground.

212. Heat - is energy transferred from one system to another as


a result of thermal interactions.

213. Heat Curve – it shows how the temperature changes as a


substance is heated up at a constant rate.

214. Heat Engine - is a system that converts heat or thermal


energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can
then be used to do mechanical work.

215. Heat Exchangers – any device which effects a transfer of


heat from one substance to another.
216. Heat Flux - is defined as the amount of heat transferred
per unit area per unit time from or to a surface.

217. Heat Generation – it is conversion of one form of


energy(like electrical, chemical or nuclear energy) into
thermal energy(heat energy) inside a solid.

218. Heat Loss – it is a measure of the total transfer of heat


through the fabric of a building from inside to the outside,
either from conduction, convection, radiation, or any
combination of these.

219. Heat Pipe – it is a heat-transfer device that combines the


principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition
to effectively transfer heat between two solid interfaces.

220. Heat Pumps - is a device that transfers heat energy from a


source of heat to what is called a "heat sink".

221. Heat Ratio - is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant


pressure (CP) to heat capacity at constant volume (CV).

222. Heat Rays - a ray producing thermal effects; specifically :


an infrared ray.

223. Heat Reservoir - is a constant temperature heat source or


sink.

224. Heat Sink – it is a component that transfers heat generated


within a solid material to a fluid medium, such as air or a
liquid.

225. Heat Source – it is anything that makes its own heat.

226. Heat Transfer - is a discipline of thermal engineering that


concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of
thermal energy (heat) between physical systems.

227. Heat Transfer Coefficient - is the proportionality constant


between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for
the flow of heat.
228. Heating Value – is the amount of energy released when a
fuel is burned completely in a steady-flow process and the
product are returned to the state of the reactants.

229. Humidifier - a device for keeping the atmosphere moist in a


room.

230. Humidifying Process - the process in which the moisture or


water vapor or humidity is added to the air without changing
its dry bulb temperature

231. Humidity - is a term used to describe the amount of water


vapor present in air.

232. Hydraulic Energy - is what is produced by the water which


is stored in reservoirs and lakes at a high altitude (so that
it has gravitational potential energy). If at a given moment
it falls to a lower level, this energy is transformed into
kinetic energyand afterwards into electrical energy in the
hydroelectric plant.

233. Hydraulic Gradient - the locus of the elevation which water


will rise in a piezometer tube

234. Hydrodynamics - a branch of hydraulics which deals with the


study of forces exerted by or upon liquid in motion

235. Hydrokinetics - a branch of hydraulics which deals with the


study of pure motion in liquids

236. Hydrostatic - a branch of hydraulics which deals on the


study of fluids at rest

237. Hygrometer - an instrument used to measure moisture in the


air

238. Hypersonic – it is one that is highly supersonic and is


generally referred to speeds of Mach 5 and above.
239. Ideal Convergent Nozzle – it is a nozzle that starts big
and gets smaller-a decrease in cross-sectional area.

240. Ideal Cycles – it is a thermodynamic cycle consists of a


linked sequence of thermodynamic processes that involve
transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while
varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables
within the system, and that eventually returns the system to
its initial state.

241. Ideal Gas – a working substance which remains in gaseous


state during its operating cycle.

242. Ignition Temperature – it is the lowest temperature at


which it spontaneously ignites in normal atmosphere without an
external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.

243. Incompressible Gas - refers to the fluid flow in which the


fluid's density is constant.

244. Indicated Power - the power developed in the engine


cylinder as obtained from the pressure in the cylinder

245. Inlet Velocity – it defines an inflow condition based on


the flow velocity.

246. Insulating Castables - are specialised monolithic


refractories that are used on the cold face of applications.

247. Insulation – It is a general term used to describe products


that reduce heat loss or heat gain by providing a barrier
between areas that are significantly different in temperature.

248. Insulator - are used to minimize that transfer of heat


energy.

249. Intercooler - an apparatus for cooling gas between


successive compressions, especially in a supercharged vehicle
engine.
250. Internal Energy - is defined as the energy associated with
the random, disordered motion of molecules.

251. Ionization – it is the process by which an atom or a


molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or
losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other
chemical changes.

252. Isentropic Compression – it is an idealized thermodynamic


process that is both adiabatic and reversible

253. Isentropic Expansion – it means the isentropic process is a


special case of an adiabatic process in which there is no
transfer of heat or matter.

254. Isentropic Process - is an idealized thermodynamic process


that is both adiabatic and reversible.

255. Isobaric Process - is a thermodynamic process in which the


pressure stays constant: ΔP = 0.

256. Isolated System – it does not exchange energy or matter


with its surroundings.

257. Isothermal Process - is a change of a system, in which the


temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0.

258. Joule - it is equal to the energy transferred to (or work


done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that
object in the direction of its motion through a distance of
one metre.

259. Joule-Thomson Coefficient - as a measure of the change in


temperature which results from a drop in pressure across the
constriction.

260. Kelvin - the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature,


equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius

261. Kilns – it is a furnace or oven for burning, or dying


especially one for calcining lime or firing pottery.
262. Kinematics Viscosity - the ratio of absolute viscosity to
the density

263. Kinetic Energy - is the energy that it possesses due to its


motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body
of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.

264. Kirchhof’s Law of Radiation - states that the emmisivity


and the absorptivity of a surface are equal at the same
temperature and wavelength

265. Laminar Flow – it occurs when a fluid flows in parallel


layers, with no disruption between the layers.

266. Laser Cooling – it refers to a number of techniques in


which atomic and molecular samples are cooled down to near
absolute zero.

267. Latent Heat – heat energy that causes or accompanies a


change in the phase of a substance.

268. Latent Heat Of Fusion – occurs between the solid and liquid
phase change.

269. Latent Heat Of Vaporization – occurs between the liquid and


vapour phase change.

270. Lattice Vibration – it refers to the atoms in a crystal are


not locked into a rigid pattern but can oscillate around their
average position.

271. Laval Nozzles – it is a tube that is pinched in the middle,


making a carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape.

272. Leidenfrost Effect – it demonstrates how nucleate boiling


slows heat transfer due to gas bubbles on the heater's
surface.

273. Locomotive Boiler - a boiler mounted on a self-propelled


track locomotive
274. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference – it is used to
determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in
flow systems, most notably in heat exchangers.

275. Mach Angle – it is the half of the vertex angle of a Mach


cone whose sine is the ratio of the speed of sound to the
speed of a moving body.

276. Mach Number - allows us to define flight regimes in which


compressibility effects vary.

277. Mach Wave – it is a pressure wave traveling with the speed


of sound caused by a slight change of pressure added to a
compressible flow.

278. Machine - an apparatus consisting on interrelated parts


with separation functions, used in the performance of some
kind work

279. Magma - molten metal within the earth which is basically


nickel-iron in composition whose stored energy heats the
surrounding water thereby producing steam or hot water

280. Magnesia – it is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that


occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium.

281. Magnetic cooling – it is a cooling technology based on the


magnetocaloric effect that can be used to attain extremely low
temperatures, as well as the ranges used in common
refrigerators.

282. Magnetic Fields – it is a vector field that describes the


magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized
materials.

283. Magnetocaloric Effect – it is a magneto-thermodynamic


phenomenon in which a temperature change of a suitable
material is caused by exposing the material to a changing
magnetic field.
284. Main Steam Stop Valve - allows steam to leave the boiler to
pass into the auxiliary steam line, and from there, to the
main engine or turbine

285. Manometer - use to measure small and moderate pressure


difference

286. Mason Equation – it is an approximate analytical expression


for the growth (due to condensation) or evaporation of a water
droplet.

287. Mass Flow – it is the mass of a substance which passes per


unit of time.

288. Mass Transfer – it is the net movement of mass from one


location, usually meaning stream, phase, fraction or
component, to another.

289. Mean Effective Pressure - the average pressure acting the


piston during the operating cycle

290. Mean Temperature Difference - is used to determine the


temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems,
most notably in heat exchangers.

291. Mechanical Energy - is the sum of potential energy and


kinetic energy. It is defined as the object's ability to do
work and is increased as the object is moved in the opposite
direction of the direction of the force.

292. Mechanics - a device that transmits or modifies force or


motion

293. Melting – occurs when a solid turns to a liquid.

294. Metacenter - the point where the buoyant force and the
center line intersects each other

295. Metal Deactivators – it are fuel additives and oil


additives used to stabilize fluids by deactivating (usually by
sequestering) metal ions, mostly introduced by the action of
naturally occurring acids in the fuel and acids generated in
lubricants by oxidative processes with the metallic parts of
the systems.

296. Micro-heat Pipes – it is a small metal pipe with a


capillary structure on the inner wall.

297. Miniature Boiler - a boiler that has a maximum allowable


working pressure of 7.03 kg/cm2, 405 mm inside diameter and
1,065 mm overall length

298. Miscibility - is the property of substances to mix in all


proportions, forming a homogeneous solution.

299. Moisture - water or other liquid diffused in a small


quantity as vapor, within a solid, or condensed on a surface.

300. Molar Mass – it is a physical property defined as the mass


of a given substance divided by the amount of substance.

301. Multiphase Flow Meter – it is a device used to measure the


individual phase flow rates of constituent phases in a given
flow.

302. Mylar – it is a form of polyester resin used to make heat-


resistant plastic films and sheets.

303. Natural Convection – it is a mechanism, or type of heat


transport, in which the fluid motion is not generated by any
external source.

304. Newton’s Law For Fluids - states that the rate of shear
strain in a fluid is directly proportional to applied shear
stress.

305. Newton’s Law of Cooling – it states that the rate of change


of the temperature of an object is proportional to the
difference between its own temperature and the ambient
temperature.
306. Newtonian Fluids – it is a fluid in which the viscous
stresses arising from its flow and proportional to the local
strain rate.

307. Non-Newtonian Fluids – it is a fluid that does not follow


Newton's law of viscosity.

308. Nozzle - a cylindrical or round spout at the end of a pipe,


hose, or tube, used to control a jet of gas or liquid.

309. Nozzle Efficiency – it is the kinetic energy of the exhaust


divided by the energy available in the exhaust gases expanding
from combustion pressure to exit pressure.

310. Nozzle Flange – it is an external or internal ridge, or rim


(lip), for strength, as the flange of an iron beam such as an
I-beam or a T-beam; or for attachment to another object

311. Nuclear Energy - the energy released during nuclear fission


or fusion, especially when used to generate electricity.

312. Nuclear Reaction – it a change in the identity or


characteristics of an atomic nucleus that results when it is
bombarded with an energetic particle, as in fission, fusion,
or radioactive decay.

313. Oblique Shock – it is inclined with respect to the incident


upstream flow direction.

314. Octane Number – the ignition quality rating of gasoline.

315. Operating Pressure – it is the amount of internal force


applied to the walls of some type of pressure vessel during
normal conditions.

316. Ordinary Temperature – it refers the range of air


temperatures that most people prefer for indoor settings,
which feel comfortable when wearing typical indoor clothing.

317. Orifice Plate – it is a device used for measuring flow


rate, for reducing pressure or for restricting flow
318. Orsat Analysis - the gas sample is collected over water and
is maintained saturated at all times

319. Otto Cycle - is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that


describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston
engine.

320. Oxidation – it is the process of combining with oxygen and


any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons.

321. Oxidation Degradation – it is the reaction can even occur


in atmospheric oxygen under mild conditions.

322. Oxidation Inhibitor – it is a chemical additive that


minimizes the formation of harmful acids and varnish forming
compounds that form when a fluid is subjected to air at
elevated temperatures.

323. Oxidation Stability – it is the resistance of lubricants to


chemically react with oxygen. The absorption and reaction of
oxygen may lead to deterioration of lubricants.

324. Parallel Flow – it refers to both fluids in the heat


exchanger flow in the same direction.

325. Particle Theory – It says that all matter consists of many,


very small particles which are constantly moving or in a
continual state of motion.

326. Pascal - is the SI derived unit of pressure

327. Pelly Plug - fitted on scotch boilers, and supplies steam


to the hydrokineter, which is use to speed up circulation and
causes even heating of the boiler when the latter is started
from cold

328. Peltier Effect – it is an effect whereby heat is emitted or


absorbed when an electric current passes across a junction
between two materials.
329. Penstock - the channel that leads the eater from the
reservoir to the turbine

330. Peripheral Coefficient - the ratio of the peripheral


velocity of the runner over the velocity of the jet

331. Phase Change – it is most commonly used to describe


transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of
matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.

332. Phase Transition – it refers to a comparison between power


transmitted.

333. Photon – it is a particle representing a quantum of light


or other electromagnetic radiation and carries energy
proportional to the radiation frequency but has zero rest
mass.

334. Pipe - is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but


not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to
convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids),
slurries, powders and masses of small solids.

335. Piston Cylinder - is a solid media device, used in


Geosciences and Material Sciences, for generating
simultaneously high pressure (up to 6 GPa) and temperature (up
to 1700 °C).

336. Pitot-tube – it is used to measure fluid flow velocity.

337. Planimeter - a measuring instrument used to determine the


area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape

338. Plasma – it is an ionized gas consisting of positive ions


and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no
overall electric charge.

339. Polymerization – it is a process of reacting monomer


molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer
chains or three-dimensional networks.
340. Polystyrene Foam – it is a versatile plastic used to make a
wide variety of consumer products.

341. Polytropic Process - was originally coined to describe any


reversible process on any open or closed system of gas or
vapor which involves both heat and work transfer, such that a
specified combination of properties were maintained constant
throughout the process.

342. Pool Boiling – it is the process in which the heating


surface is submerged in a large body of stagnant liquid.

343. Portable Boiler - an internally fired boiler which is self


cointained and primarily intented for temporary location

344. Potential Energy - is the energy possessed by an object


because of its position relative to other objects, stresses
within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.

345. Pour Point – is the temperature at which oil will no longer


pour freely.

346. Power - is the rate (energy amount per time period) at


which work is done or energy converted

347. Power Boiler - a closed vessel in which steam or other


vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 1.055 kg/cm2
gage by the dire application of heat

348. Power Plant Engineering - a complex of structures,


machinery, and associated equipment for generating electric
energy from another source of energy, such as nuclear
reactions or a hydroelectric dam.

349. Prandtl Number - is a dimensionless number approximating


the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.

350. Preheater – it is any device designed to heat air before


another process with the primary objective of increasing the
thermal efficiency of the process.
351. Pressure - is the force acting on unit area.

352. Pressure Gauge- used to measure fluid pressure in a closed


vessel

353. Pressure Ratio - the ratio of the stagnation pressure as


measured at the front and rear of the compressor of a gas
turbine engine.

354. Priming – is the carryover of entrained water with the


steam into the engines.

355. Propulsive Power – the power developed from the thrust of


the engine.

356. Psychrometer - a hygrometer consisting of a wet-bulb and a


dry-bulb thermometer, the difference in the two thermometer
readings being used to determine atmospheric humidity.

357. Psychrometry - study of the properties of air and its water


vapor content

358. Pure Substance - a working substance whose chemical


composition remains the same even if there is a change in
phase

359. Purging - the removal of air in refrigeration system

360. Pyrometer – measures the temperature of high temperature


gases.

361. Quality – is the percent by weight that is saturated


vapour.

362. Radial Flow - having the working fluid flowing mainly along
the radii of rotation

363. Radiant Barriers – it is a type of building product that


reflects thermal radiation and reduces heat transfer.
364. Radiation - is the emission or transmission of energy in
the form of waves or particles through space or through a
material medium.

365. Radiation Intensity – it is the radiant flux emitted,


reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle.

366. Radiative Balance – it is the relationship between the


amount of energy reaching an object (or a portion of it) and
the amount leaving it.

367. Radioactive - emitting or relating to the emission of


ionizing radiation or particles

368. Rankine - is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit,


rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale.

369. Rankine Cycle - is a model used to predict the performance


of steam turbine systems. It was also used to study the
performance of reciprocating steam engines.

370. Rayleigh Number – it is a dimensionless number associated


with buoyancy-driven flow.

371. Reciprocating Engine - classified as a spark-ignition


engines or compression ignition engines

372. Rectifier - an electrical device that converts an


alternating current into a direct one by allowing a current to
flow through it in one direction only.

373. Recuperator - a form of heat exchanger in which hot waste


gases from a furnace are conducted continuously along a system
of flues where they impart heat to incoming air or gaseous
fuel.

374. Red Heat - the temperature or state of something so hot


that it emits red light

375. Reflectance - the fraction of radiant heat that is


reflected
376. Refractory Materials – it is a mineral that is resistant to
decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.

377. Refrigerant – It is a substance used for refrigeration.

378. Refrigerating Effect - the amount of heat absorbed in the


evaporator, which is the same as the amount of heat removed
from the space to be cooled

379. Refrigeration - is a process of removing heat from a low-


temperature reservoir and transferring it to a high-
temperature reservoir.

380. Refrigerator - is a popular household appliance that


consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump
(mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from
the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that
the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the
ambient temperature of the room.

381. Regenerator - a device used especially with hot-air engines


or gas furnaces in which incoming air or gas is heated by
contact with masses (as of brick) previously heated by
outgoing hot air or gas.

382. Regenetative Cycle - a cycle in a steam engine using heat


that would ordinarily be lost

383. Reheat - the process of using the hot exhaust to burn extra
fuel in a jet engine and produce extra power.

384. Reheater - is basically a superheater that superheats steam


exiting the high-pressure stage of a turbine.

385. Relative Humidity - the amount of water vapor present in


air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for
saturation at the same temperature.
386. Reynold’s Number - is a dimensionless value that measures
the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and descibes
the degree of laminar or turbulent flow.

387. Rotary Dryer - the most common dryer used which consist of
a rotating cylinder inside which the materials flow while
getting in contact with the hot gases

388. Safety Valve - a safety device which automatically release


the steam in the case of over-pressure

389. Salinometer - an instrument made of brass or glass, it


consist of a steam with a hollow bulb firmed on it about 1/3
from the lowest end which is weighted

390. Salinometer Cock - a small valve placed on the boiler below


the water level for the purpose of drawing off samples of
boiler water for testing

391. Saturated - holding as much water or moisture as can be


absorbed; thoroughly soaked.

392. Saturation Temperature - the temperature at which liquid


start to boil or the temperature at which vapors begin to
condense

393. Scavenging - the process by which exhaust gases are


expelled from the combustion chamber and fresh charge is
introduced.

394. Second Law of Thermodynamics – It states that the total


entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.

395. Sensible Heat – heat energy that causes a change in the


temperature of a substance.

396. Smokestack - a chimney or funnel for discharging smoke from


a locomotive, ship, factory, etc. and helping to induce a
draft.

397. Solidifying – occurs when a liquid turns to a solid.


398. Solubility – It is the property of a solid, liquid or
gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a
solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.

399. Sonic – It denotes or refers to nature of sound or sound


waves.

400. Sonic Limitation – It is the highest possible heat


transport rate that can be sustained in a heat pipe for a
specific vapor temperature at the evaporator end of the heat
pipe.

401. Sonic Velocity – it is the velocity of sound in the fluid


and the maximum possible velocity of a compressible fluid in a
pipe.

402. Soot Blower - device which uses steam or compressed air to


remove the soot that has accumulated in the boiler tubes and
drums

403. Specific Heat – it is a measurable physical quantity equal


to the ratio of the heat added to (or removed from) an object
to the resulting temperature change.

404. Specific Volume - is the ratio of the substance's volume to


its mass. It is the reciprocal of density and an intrinsic
property of matter as well.

405. Spectral Intensity – it is the radiant intensity per unit


frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is
taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength.

406. Stagnation - the state of not flowing or moving.

407. Stagnation Enthalpy – It is the enthalpy of a flow at a


stagnation point.

408. Stagnation Pressure – It is the static pressure at a


stagnation point in a fluid flow.
409. Stagnation Temperature – It is the temperature at a
stagnation point in a fluid flow.

410. Steam - the vapor into which water is converted when


heated, forming a white mist of minute water droplets in the
air.

411. Stefan-Boltzmann Law – it describes the power radiated from


a black body in terms of its temperature.

412. Stirling Cycle - a cycle for an air engine using a


regenerator and having for its indicator diagram two
isothermals and two lines of constant volume.

413. Stoker – combustion equipment for firing solid fuels.

414. Stratification - if there is no air movement within a room,


the air may tend to stratify. That is cold air will sink to
the floor and the warmer air will rise to the ceiling.

415. Subcooling - refers to a liquid existing at a temperature


below its normal boiling point.

416. Sublimation – occurs when a solid turns to a gas.

417. Subsonic – it refer to any speed lower than the speed of


sound within a sound-propagating medium.

418. Superheated Vapor - that is obtained by raising the


temperature of a substance above the saturation temperature
while maintaining a constant pressure.

419. Supersonic – it is a rate of travel of an object that


exceeds the speed of sound.

420. Surface Area - is a measure of the total area that the


surface of the object occupies.

421. Surface Blow Valve - allows light impurities, such as oil


or grease, to be blown off from the surface of the water in
the boiler
422. Surface Film Conductance - is the heat transfer
coefficient.

423. Surface Tension - the force per unit length that an


“imaginary film” formed on the surface of a liquid due to
intermolecular attraction is capable of exerting

424. Surge Chamber - a standpipe connected to the atmosphere and


attached to the penstock so that the water will be at
atmospheric pressure

425. Sympathetic Cooling – It is a process in which particles of


one type cool particles of another type and atomic ions that
can be directly laser-cooled are used to cool nearby ions or
atoms. This technique allows cooling of ions and atoms that
cannot be laser cooled directly.

426. Tachometer - an instrument that measures the working speed


of an engine (especially in a road vehicle), typically in
revolutions per minute.

427. Tailrace - a channel which leads the water from the turbine
to the tailwater

428. Temperature - is a physical quantity expressing hot and


cold.

429. Temperature Difference – it is the difference of


temperature between two measuring points.

430. Temperature Gradient – it is a physical quantity that


describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature
changes the most rapidly around a particular location.

431. Thermal Conduction - is the transfer of heat (internal


energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of
electrons within a body.

432. Thermal Conductivity - is the property of a material to


conduct heat.
433. Thermal Contact - if it can exchange energy through the
process of heat.

434. Thermal Convection – it is the transfer of heat from one


place to another by the movement of fluids.

435. Thermal Degradation – it occurs at the heat source when a


fluid is overheated past its bulk temperature.

436. Thermal Diode – It is sometimes used for a device which


allows heat to flow preferentially in one direction.

437. Thermal Dispersion Meters – it is comprise a family of


instruments for the measurement of the total mass flow rate of
a fluid, primarily gases, flowing through closed conduits.

438. Thermal Efficiency - the efficiency of a heat engine


measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the heat
supplied to it.

439. Thermal Energy - is the internal energy of an object due to


the kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules.

440. Thermal Energy Storage –it allows excess thermal energy to


be stored and used hours, days, or months later, at scales
ranging from individual process, building, multiuser-building,
district, town, or region.

441. Thermal Engineering - is a study of energy transport


particularly in nanoscale structure to obtain knowledge and
understanding of the scientific effects on physical world that
can engineering discoveries in industrial energy applications.

442. Thermal Equilibrium - it is an internal state of a single


thermodynamic system, or a relation between several
thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or
impermeable walls.
443. Thermal Expansivity - is the tendency of matter to change
in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in
temperature.

444. Thermal Hydraulics - is the study of hydraulic flow in


thermal fluids.

445. Thermal Radiation - is electromagnetic radiation generated


by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter.

446. Thermal Scanner –It is a device that forms a heat zone


image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera
that forms an image using visible light.

447. Thermal Shock - occurs when a thermal gradient causes


different parts of an object to expand by different amounts.

448. Thermal Transmittance – it is the rate of transfer of heat


through a structure divided by the difference in temperature
across the structure.

449. Thermocouple - made of rod of different metal that are


welded together at one end

450. Thermocouple –It is a thermoelectric device for measuring


temperature, consisting of two wires of different metals
connected at two points, a voltage being developed between the
two junctions in proportion to the temperature difference.

451. Thermodynamic Free Energy - is the amount of work that a


thermodynamic system can perform.

452. Thermodynamic Process - is a passage of a thermodynamic


system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic
equilibrium.

453. Thermodynamics - the branch of physical science that deals


with the relations between heat and other forms of energy
(such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by
extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy.
454. Thermo-physical Properties – it simply defined as material
properties that vary with temperature without altering the
material's chemical identity.

455. Thermostat – it is a device to monitor and control


temperature.

456. Throat Pressure –It refers to the pressure in the throat in


a nozzle.

457. Throat Temperature – It refers to the temperature in the


throat in a nozzle.

458. Throat – it is the area where convergent and divergent


nozzle meet and it connects the nozzle nozzle.

459. Throttling Process – a process where the is no change in


enthalpy.

460. Throttling Valve- any kind of flow-restricting devices that


can cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid

461. Thrust –It is a reaction force described quantitatively by


Newton's third law.

462. Top Dead Center – the position of the piston when it forms
the smallest volume in the cylinder.

463. Transient Conduction - if it can exchange energy through


the process of heat.

464. Transition Flow – It is a mixture of laminar and turbulent


flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe, and laminar
flow near the edges.

465. Transmittance – the fraction of radiant heat that is


transmitted.

466. Trap –It is a device which has a shape that uses a bending
path to capture water to prevent sewer gases from entering
buildings
467. Triple Point – is the point in which solid, liquid and
vapour occur.

468. Try Cock - attached to the shell or to the water column,


and are used to prove the reading indicated by the gauge glass

469. Tubeside–They are used to boil water recycled from a


surface condenser into steam to drive a turbine to produce
power.

470. Turbine - is a turbomachine with at least one moving part


called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades
attached.

471. Turbocharger - a turbine-driven forced induction device


that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and
power output by forcing extra compressed air into the
combustion chamber

472. Turbocharging – it is when a turbine driven by the exhaust


gases is used to provide power to compressor or blower at the
inlet.

473. Turbulent Flow – it is any pattern of fluid motion


characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow
velocity.

474. Two Phase Flow – it is a flow of gas and liquid,an occur in


various forms, such as flows transitioning from pure liquid to
vapor as a result of external heating, separated flows, and
dispersed.

475. Unifired Pressure Boiler - a vessel in which pressure is


obtained from an external sources

476. Unloader - a device for automatically keeping pressure


constant by controlling the suction valve
477. Tubeside – they are used to boil water recycled from a
surface condenser into steam to drive a turbine to produce
power.

478. Vacuum - is space devoid of matter.

479. Vacuum Cooling – it is known to be the most rapid cooling


technique for any porous product which has free water and
works on the principle of evaporative cooling.

480. Vacuum Freezing – it refers to making fluid freeze in a


vacuum.

481. Vacuum Pressure- a pressure that is less than atmospherix


pressure and a negative pressure

482. Vapor - is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature


lower than its critical temperature,

483. Vaporization – occurs when a liquid turns to a gas.

484. Velocity – it is the rate of change of its position with


respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time.

485. Ventilation - the process of supplying or removing air by


natural or mechanical means to or from any space

486. Venturimeter - a device used to measure the fluid flow


through pipes. This flow measurement device is based on the
principle of Bernoulli’s equation.

487. Viscosimeter - an instrument used to measure the viscosity


of lubricants or fuel

488. Viscosity - it is the measure of its resistance to gradual


deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.

489. Viscosity Index - the rate of change of viscosity with


respect to its temperature

490. Volume - is the system's volume per unit of mass.


491. Volume Flow – it is the volume of fluid which passes per
unit time.

492. Volumetric Efficiency - the ratio of the weight of the air


which is trapped in the cylinder at the beginning of
compression stroke to the weight of air that could be
contained the cylinder under condition of atmospheric pressure

493. Water Walls - water tube installed in the furnace to


protect the furnace against high temperature and also serve an
extension of heat transfer area for the feed water

494. Waste Heating – It is a heat transfer process that uses an


energy source to heat water above its initial temperature.

495. Watts - is a unit of power.

496. Wavelength - is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the


distance over which the wave's shape repeats. It is thus the
inverse of the spatial frequency.

497. Wet Vapor - a combination of saturated vapor and saturated


liquid

498. White Heat- the temperature or state of something that is


so hot that it emits white light

499. Work - is the quantity of energy transferred from one


system to another without an accompanying transfer of entropy.

500. Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics - states that if two


thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a
third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Potrebbero piacerti anche