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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

THE INTRODUCTION

Rationale

In the modern world, speed and efficiency is required in every job to

make the most profit while saving time, energy and money. To

achieve this, machines and equipment are manufactured. Inside

these machines, gears are a prime tool in the function of it. In power

transmission, gears are common and are mostly used. At different

angles, helical gears, bevel and pinion, worm gears, and hypoid

gears are used. However, manufacturing gears is costly and must be

done at special purpose machines to ensure precise specification.

Gears are not interchangeable and have complex calculations. Also,

failure of gear transmission requires entire gear set to be replaced.

Although gears work well in high torque applications, different speed

at different angles is not possible. Gears play an important role in

power transmission, but it also has a lot of disadvantages. With these

kinds of problems, engineers are always faced with challenges to

innovate.
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The el-bow mechanism is kinematic system capable of

transmitting motion or power at any angle without the use of gears.

Gearless transmission costs less and does not need any special

machines.

We, the researchers, aim to design and fabricate a gearless

power transmission using the el-bow mechanism that can be used in

place of gears. The effectiveness and conclusiveness of this project

may give machining industries a new idea about how to improve

power transmission in the future.

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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This study intends to design and fabricate gearless power

transmission that uses the el-bow mechanism. It is a potential

alternative to gear transmissions.

The main mechanisms of this machine are bent rods at 90o

angle, attached to the cylinder hub. The cylinder hub is then coupled

to the driver shaft with the driven shaft. It is drilled accurately with

calculated spacing and holes to where the bent rods are linked. The

shafts are then placed into mounts to hold the rods exact position and

the AC motor also mounted with a shaft coupled to it.

From the motor power, we can calculate for the torque (T) using the

equation:

𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑁

The torque on the motor is transmitted to the shaft. The

twisting torque on the shaft creates a torsional stress. With this we

can find the required diameter for the shafts in the equation:

16𝑇
𝑆𝑡 =
𝜋𝑑 3
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We can now compute for the maximum bending moment, bending

stress and the tensional stress of the shafts

𝑑
𝑇=𝐹∗
2

𝑀 = −𝑀

32𝑀
𝑆𝑏 =
𝜋𝑑 3

To get a better understanding of the movement and mechanism

of the shafts used, diagrams are shown below. (a) Front view, (b)

side view, (c) top view

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The cylinder hub will be welded to the shaft. Since the torque

from driving shaft is also transmitted to the hub, the force on the hub

can be calculated through the equation:

𝑇
𝐹=
𝐷/2

Assuming stresses adopted in design we can acquire the required

diameter of the rods through the equation:

𝐹
𝑆𝑐 = 𝜋
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 2
4

Where

Ss = Shearing stress

dr = diameter of rod

n= number of rods
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The pins are used in power transmission when there is no

change in orientation during movement of shafts. The rods are

equally spaced in the holes and are lubricated to ensure smooth

movement as it slides in and out as the shaft revolves.

Different views of pins are shown below in (a) front view, (b)

side view (c), and top view:

In finding the angles between pin holes, distance between any

two pins must not be 1800 with respect to the shaft diameter because

this may cause overlapping and interruption of the motion, resulting to

unsteady power transmission. This is expressed in the equation:

𝑛 ∗ 𝑥 ≠ 180°
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Where:

n = integral value

x = any angle not equal to 1800

Table of holes are shown below for arrangement if of pins in shafts

From the table, it is shown that even no. of pins have a value of

integral. Therefore, only odd no. of pins is used. The greater the

number of pins, the lesser the vibration.

The shafts and links will be joined through arc welding. A view

of the setup is shown below

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When the driving shaft starts rotating, the pins will also rotate in

anticlockwise direction. A reaction force will occur at the pin surface

that is in contact with the shaft. This force is transmitted to the other

end of the pin and the driven shaft will also rotate. The pins will

exchange positions in succeeding order, following the same cycle of

movements inward and outwards.

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THE PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to design and fabricate gearless power

transmission using el-bow mechanism.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following:

1. Determine the materials and processes needed in order to

fabricate the project as to: a) machinability, b) Assembly, and c)

Installation.

2. Illustrate the advantages of the project in terms of a) cost, b)

efficiency, and c) power transmission.

3. Determine the effects of motor power to the torque distribution

on the rods.

4. Evaluate the effectiveness of gearless mechanism in

comparison with gear transmission.

5. Demonstrate the factors that can affect the use of gearless

transmission.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study provides more information and procedures for the

design and fabrication of gearless power transmission2. The following

respondents will most likely to receive the benefits of the output:

RESEARCHERS. The researchers will be able to establish new

information and new discoveries upon the process of creating the

output and would bring the researchers to put the discovered

information into action

STUDENTS. They will establish great knowledge and

information and share some concepts of the said study and turn it as

a guide.

FACULTY. The said research study will serve as guidelines for

the faculty which is involved in the process to be presented by the

students and be able to know the students capacity and performance

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION. The result of this study would be

part of the University’s affirmation of the significance and practicality

of the responding study.

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FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The result of the study would

propel a new list of ideas and innovations for more extensive

research. This study would serve as a root for the future researchers.
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REASEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study is experimental type of research. It will be used to

understand the advantages and disadvantages of gearless power

transmission in regards to gear transmission.

INPUT

 Layout for the creation of the creation of the

product.
 Exchanging of information for the study

PROCESS

 Combining the exchanged information and the

process of creating the product

OUTPUT

 Final product and enough information to

disseminate for the knowledge of each respondent
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Research Flow
Start

Project
Proposal

Planning

Material and Data

Gathering

Assembly

Revisions and
Adjustments
Testing

NO
Did it work?

YES

Project Output

End
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Research Environment

The study is to be conducted in the University of Cebu Main

Campus as shown in figure2. University of Cebu is considered as one

of the Educational Institution in Cebu City, Philippines founded in

1964, offering preschool, grade school, junior & Senior High School,

undergraduate degrees, and post-graduate degrees.

Figure 2 Location of the Study

A group of young men headed by Lawyer Augusto W. Go,

formed an alliance and set up an educational institution of what was

then called the Cebu College of Commerce, then later renamed Cebu

Central Colleges (CCC). Starting with handful of enrolees, the college

was established on April 1, 1964. It grew over time and became the

University of Cebu. Its Philanthropic mantra has been “No tuition fee

increase.”
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RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

The participants of this study are the Mechanical Engineers,

Dean, Chairperson, Advisers and Instructors of this university who

support and guide us to come up This study and check to validate our

project based on the quality of the theories applied as well as the

technical capability of the researchers, and to all engineering

students especially the mechanical engineering of all levels will

perceive the works of the study.

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PROJECT

DESIGN

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STUDY

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FRONT VIEW OF STUDY

TOP VIEW OF STUDY

SIDE VIEW OF THE STUDY

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EXPLODED VIEW OF THE STUDY

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

The gearless power transmission system using el-bow

mechanism was designed to have the following major parts:

1. BEARING

- A machine part in or on which a shaft, axle, or pin rotates..

2. BENT LINKS

- Metal rods used to transmit the motion from one shaft to

another.

3. BOLTS AND NUTS

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- Mechanical fasteners used to hold and connect parts and

components together.

4. CYLINDER HUB

- Circular discs made of steel that allows movement of the bent

links.

5. FRAME

- The structure that supports the machinery components of the

system.

6. MOTOR

- A machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical

energy.

7. MOUNTS

- A machine member used to secure a bearing on a shaft.

8. SHAFT

-A round bar usually made of steel, used to support rotating parts

or to transmit power.
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9. SWITCH

- An electrical device that connects and disconnects electrical

circuits.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

AC Motor – any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts

alternating current electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Elbow Mechanism- kinematic system capable of transmitting motion

or power at any angle without the use of gears.

Gearless Power Transmission – a type of power transmission that

does not use gears. Examples are chains and sprockets,

pulleys and belts, etc.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

BILL OF MATERIALS

ITEM QUANTITY SUPPLIER PRICE

¼ HP
ELECTRIC
1 UNIT AGRIMAC SOURCE P2450.00
MOTOR

YUTIVO
SHAFT 2 PCS. P106.00
CORPORATION

MOUNTING
4 PCS. NIPPON BEARING P1840.00
BEARING

YUTIVO
CYLINDER 1 PC. P678.00
CORPORATION

YUTIVO
ROUND BAR 1 PCS. P15.00
CORPORATION

WOOD FRAME 1 PC. TAN HARDWARE P600.00

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BOLTS AND JERICHO

8 PCS. P104.00
NUTS MOTORPARTS

WELDING YUTIVO
1/2KG P80.00
ROD CORPORATION

TOTAL=5873.00

APPENDIX B

Transmittal letters

October 5, 2019

Engr. Greg R. Belongilot

Dean, College of Engineering

University of Cebu – Main Campus

Dear Engr. Belongilot,

Good day!

We, the undersigned are currently enrolled in ME Project Study 2 at

University of Cebu – Main Campus. We are proposing to have an
output gearless power transmission.

In line with this, we respectfully ask of your kind approval that we may
be permitted to design and fabricate our project output in the
institution’s Machine Shop. This aims to help our co-students and
teachers gain a better view on our project study subject matter.

Your favorable response on this request will be highly appreciated.

Thank you very much and God bless!

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Respectfully yours,

Ralph Nino S. Gaso

Noted by: Approved by:

Engr. Cecilio Estoconing Engr. Greg Belongilot

Thesis Adviser Dean, College of Engineering

APPENDIX C

GANTT CHART
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REFERENCES

UNPUBLISHED THESES

Prof. A. Kumar and S. Das, “an arrangement for power

transmission between co-axial shafts of different diameter”,

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology

(IJERT, Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013, Page no.: 338-347.

Prof. B. Naveen Bardiya, T. karthik, I. Bhaskara Rao “ Analysis

and Simulation of Gearless Transmission Mechanism”, International

Journal of Core Engineering & Management (IJCEM), Volume 1,

Issue 6, September 2014, Page.no: 136-142.

Kuang Hua C., Motion Simulation and Mechanism Design with

solidworks motion, SDC Publications. Schroff Development

Corporation, 2011.

BOOKS
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Robert L. Mott, Edward Wang et al, “Machine Elements in

Mechanical Design”, Pearson Education Inc, 2014

Ronnie S. Alcorcon, “Basic Machine Design”,Alcorcon

Publisher, 2002.

CURRICULUM VITAE

GENERAL INFORMATION

Name: Bryant Anthony A. Bilar Gender: Male

Birth date: April 14, 1998 Civil Status: Single

Address: Hoyohoy Busay, Cebu City

Contact No.: 09459673027

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Educational Background
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Tertiary: University of Cebu - Main , 2015- Present

Secondary: Busay National High School, 2011 -2015

Elementary: Lahug Christian School, 2005 – 2011

AWARDS / CERTIFICATES
 NC II Holder for Machining
 Top Student (1st Semester SY 2015-2016, 2017-2018)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Name: Ralph Niño S. Gaso Gender: Male

Birth date: December 9, 1998 Civil Status: Single

Address: Poblacion, Daanbantayan, Cebu

Contact No.: 09562935775

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Educational Background

Tertiary: University of Cebu - Main , 2015- Present

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Secondary: Medellin National Science and Technology School, 2011

-2015

Elementary: Bright Minds Academy 2009 – 2011

St. Augustine Academy of Bayawan, 2005 - 2009

AWARDS / CERTIFICATES
 NC II Holder for Machining
 Top Student (1st Semester SY 2015-2016, 2016-2017)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Name: Mullet, Jerwin T. Gender: Male

Birth date: October 30, 1997 Civil Status: Single

Address: San Pio Village Brgy. Dumlog Talisay City

Contact No.: 09054348250

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Educational Background

Tertiary: University of Cebu - Main , 2015- Present

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Secondary: Mabolo National High School, 2011 -2015

Elementary: Bagong Lipunan Elementary School 2005 – 2011

AWARDS / CERTIFICATES
 NC II Holder for Machining
 Top Student (1st Semester SY 2015-2016, 2016-2017)