GENOME

ssRNA ssRNA dimer dsRNA ssDNA dsDNA

-Orthomyxovirus - Retrovirus (HIV) -Rotavirus -Parvovirus -Adenovirus

(Influenzavirus (B-19)
ABC) -Hepatitis B Virus

-Paramyxovirus -Herpes Virus

(MMR, RSV, PIV, (HSV-1, HSV-2,
hMPV, NV) VZV, EBV, CMV,
HHV-6,7,8)
-Coronavirus
(SARS) -Papovavirus
(HPV,
-Astrovirus Polyomavirus- JC,
BK)
-Enterovirus
(Poliovirus, -Poxvirus
coxsackievirus
AB, Echovirus)

-Norwalkvirus

-Hepatitis virus
(HAV,C,D,E,G,)

-Flavivirus (YFV,
DENV,WNV, JEV,
SLEV)

-Bunyavirus
(Orthobunyavirus,
Hantavirus,
Nairovirus,
Phlebovirus)

-Togavirus (AV-
WEE,VEE,EEE,
Rubella virus)

-Filovirus (Ebola
virus,
Marburgvirus)
 ssRNA ssRNA dimer dsRNA ssDNA dsDNA

-Rabies virus - Retrovirus (HIV) -Rotavirus -Parvovirus -Papovavirus

(B-19) (HPV,
-Arenavirus (LCM Polyomavirus- JC,
virus, Lassa fever BK)
Virus)
-Poxvirus

SEGMENTED NON-SEGMENTED
Orthomyxovirus Paramyxovirus
Rotavirus Coronavirus
Bunyavirus Poliovirus
Arenavirus Norwalkvirus
Hepatitis
Rhabdovirus
Filovirus
Bornavirus
Enterovirus
Retrovirus (HIV)
Papovavirus
Poxvirus

POSITIVE NEGATIVE AMBISENSE

Coronavirus Rabiesvirus (Rhabdovirus) Bunyavirus
Poliovirus Filovirus Arenavirus
Norwalkvirus Paramyxovirus
Hepatitis Orthomyxovirus
Enterovirus Bunyavirus
Retrovirus (HIV) Arenavirus
Papovavirus Bornavirus
Poxvirus
 VIROLOGY
RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Clinical man. IP Lab dx

-Spanish & Abrupt onset of -Cell Culture

Influenza A Swine flu: fever, chills, muscle -DIF for
H1N1 aches and dry cough nasopharyngeal
HA, NA -Asian flu: (41degC) 1-4 washing
Orthomyxoviridae
H2N2 days -
-Hong kong Complication: Hemadsorption
flu: H3N2 -Pneumonia assay
-Avian flu:
H5N1
Influenza B
Influenza C

Measles (Morbilli Koplik -Measles Koplik spots- small 10 -PCR

virus) spots -Atypical red dots w/ white blue days -Cell Culture
(3rd day) Measles centers (mucosal -Serology
-Subacute surface of the oral
HA: + Sclerosing cavity
NA: ~ encephalitis
FP: + Complications:
HE: + -Pneumonia
-Encephalitis

Mumps/ Swelling Epidemic Swelling of the 15-21 -Cell culture

Paramyxoviridae Epidemic of the parotitis parotid glands/ days -Serology
Parotirtis parotid (MUMPS) salivary glands,
glands involves glandular and
nervous tissue
HA: +
NA: + Complications:
FP: + -Sterility (males)
HE: + -Deafness (kids)

Parainfluenza HA: + PIV 1: Croup Croup- -Cell Culture

virus (PIV) NA: + PIV 2: Croup inflammation of the -SVCE
FP: + (Young larynx, trachea,
-PIV 1,3: HE:~ Children) bronchioles
paramyxovirus PIV 3:
Bronchiolitis,
-PIV 2,4: pneumonia (Laryngotracheobr
Rubulavirus (infants) onchitis)
PIV 4: Mild
RT infection
(children)
 VIROLOGY
RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Clinical man. IP Lab dx

Respiratory “Syncytial Bronhiolitis Most common -EIA

Syncytial Virus Cells” Pneumonia cause of -FA
Paramyxoviridae (RSV) -Hallmark of Croup (diseases in PNEUMONIA -Cell Culture
RSV infants) in infants
Genus
:Pneumovirus

Human Bronhiolitis Closely related -PCR

Metapneumovirus Pneumonia to RSV
(hMPV) Croup (diseases in
infants

Nipah Virus Reservior: Pigs: RT Disease

(Nipah, Malaysia Bats
1999) Humans: Acute
IH: Pigs Febrile
Genus: Henipavirus Encephalitis

“Corona” Colds, pneumonia Severe Acute -EMx

Coronaviridae Coronavirus -presence of (adults) Respiratory -PCR
crown like Syndrome
surface Gastroenteritis (SARS)
projections (kids) -contagious RT
in EMx illness; can
SARS cause a fatal
form of
pneumonia

Fiber- toxic Serotypes 40, 41- Site of latency: -Rapid cell

Adenoviridae Adenovirus to humans Gastroenteritis(infa Oropharynx culture
nts, kids) (Hep-2 cells)
1st isolated
Conjunctivitis from adenoid -EIA for
“swimming pool tissue serotypes 40,41
conjunctivitis”

Astroviridae Astrovirus “Star Diarrhea (kids) Common -EMx

shaped” cause of
Mammals: diarrhea in
Mamastrovius kids
Birds: Avastrovirus
 VIROLOGY
RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Clinical man. IP Lab dx

Reoviridae Rotavirus Double Gastroenteritis Most common cause of -ELISA

Reo- Respiratory shelled Epidemic diarrhea Gastroenteritis in
Enteric Orphan capsule: infants and kids
viruses resembles a
WHEEL w/ (6 mos-2 y/o)
-orphan: absence of spokes
an associated Found in contaminated
disease “ROTA” water w/ animal feces

*Extremely
fastidious
 VIROLOGY
GASTROINTESTINAL VIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx
Replicates in
Poliovirus One of Poliomyeli the tonsils -Cell culture
the tis and peyer’s -CPE
Genus: most -acute patches
Enterovirus simples illness,
t and destroys s/s: fever,
smalles lower headache, neck
t virus motor and back pain,
neurons= pleocytocis-
3 flaccid increased
serotyp asymmetri WBCs in the
es cal CSF.
Picornavir paralysis
idae 1. Abortive
Paralytic Polio (mild):
-a very polio asymptomatic
small size of -starts with / mild febrile
20-30 nm a mild illness, most
“piccolo” febrile common
illness, manifestation
fever (5-10
days), and 2. Aseptic
then meningitis/
followed by non-paralytic
meningesm polio: Fever
us and
(inflammati meningismus-
on of infection of
meninges) meninges,
and flaccid RECOVERY IS
asymmetric COMPLETE IN
al paralysis. 1 WEEK

-Paraplegia,3. Paralytic
quadriplegi poliomyelitis:
a destruction of
the motor
Bulbar neurons in the
poliomyelit spinal cord.
is -Presynaptic:
-most central motor
severe case neuron deficit
 of paralytic -Postsynaptic:
polio, virus peripheral
attacks motor neuron
brainstem. deficit

VIROLOGY
GASTROINTESTINAL VIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx

Picornaviridae Coxsackie A virus Enanthems Vesicular Herpangina-

lesions in severe sore
-a very small size of hand-foot- throat w/
20-30 nm “piccolo and-mouth Enanthems
syndrome
 VIROLOGY
HEPATITIS VIRUS

Coxsackie B virus “Pleuritic Pleurodynia Fever,

pain” – Pleurisy- headache, and
(Coxsackie, NY- Hallmark of inflammation severe lower
where the virus 1st the disease of the pleural back pain when
isolated) membrane breathing

30 serotypes

Echovirus Acute Seen in

autoimmune neonatal
ECHO- Enteric hydrops disease:
Cytopathic Human fetalis –caused meningitis
Orphan virus by intrauterine
echovirus
34 serotypes infection

Caliciviridae Norwalkvirus “calyx” Cup Winter Major cause of 1-2 -EMx

(Calicivirus, shaped vomiting acute viral days -PCR
noroviruses) depressions disease gastroenteritis -EIA
on the virus in adults
1st identified in
Norwalk, Ohio *easily spread
1969 by
contaminated
water
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx

Picornaviridae Hepatitis A virus “Food borne Acute Multiplies in 2-6 -Serology

(HAV)/ Enterovirus hepatitis” Hepatitis intestines= wks
type 72 viremia; spreads Anti-HAV IgM-
Very stable to the liver, Active disease
Genus: Hepatovirus virus- can kidneys, spleen (early stage)
withstand 56- (shed in feces)
*fecal-oral 60degC for 1hr. Anti-HAV IgG-
s/s: Jaundice, Inactive disease
Can be destroyed by: lassitude, (old infection/
autoclaving (30 mins), anorexia, apale protection from
boiling (20 mins), and feces, and dark reinfection)
dry heat ( 160-170 urine due to the
degC for 1 hr) presence of bile -Liver function
tests
Most common Can be detected Liver enymes
Hepatitis in the blood and released during
urine cell death

AST/SGOT-MI
ALT/SGPT- MI

GGT- SI
ALP- SI
Bilirubin- SI
Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B Virus “Ground glass Acute Site of latency: 4-26 -Serology
(HBV)/ Hepadnavirus appearance disease Liver wks -Liver enzymes
w/ Dane -PCR (to identify
(Serum Hepatitis) Particles” Chronic Oncogenic form: viral type)
disease Liver
Carcinoma HBsAg/ HBV
DNA- 1st marker
-Acute disease to appear,
present onset of
Pre icteric the infection;
phase: days- Active state
weeks, mild
fever, anorexia, Anti-HBsAg-
malaise Recovery,
immunity after
Icteric phase: HBV vaccination
1-2 mos, dark
urine due to HBcAg-present
bilirubinuria, in serum but
pale colored undetectable.
stool, jaundice,
enlarged liver. Anti-HBcAg
IgM- First
-Chronic antibody to
disease appear; indicates
Current/recent
-Fulminant acute infection.
Hepatitis:
caused by Anti-HBcAg IgG-
severe acute indicates
hepatitis, chronic
intensive infection
necrosis of the
liver HBeAg- Marker
for Infectivity;
-Liver Cancer: acute/chronic
complication of highly infectious
chronic disease=
Cirrhosis Anti-HBeAg-
(permanent Marker for
scarring of the recovery
liver)
 Hepatitis C virus Most frequent Acute/chronic From chronic 2-26 -Serology
(HCV)/ Hepatitis cause of post Hepatitis to cirrhosis wks -PCR (to
cirrhosis virus/ non-A transfusion identify viral
non-B hepatitis hepatitis 7-8 type)
(old name) wks-
avg. HCV RNA-
indicates 100%
8-9 infective
wks-
WP Anti-HCVAg-
detected by EIA

Flaviviridae *Recombinant
immunoblot
assay (RIBA)-
Confirmatory
test

Hepatitis G virus coinfection of Reverse-

(HGV)/ GBV-C HCV,HBV,HIV Trancription-
PCR: used to dx
a current
infection (HGV
RNA)

Anti-E2 w/ (-)
PCR: indicates
a past
infection/
recovery (GBV-
C/HCV RNA)
None Hepatitis D Virus “Delta Severe Coinfection 6-26 Anti-HDV
(HDV)/ Delta Virus Antigen” Chronic of HBV wks IgG/IgM
hepatitis
Requires HDAg
HBsAg
HDV RNA
Hepeviridae Hepatitis E Virus “Water Self limiting 2-6 Anti-HEV
/Caliciviridae (HEV)- Enteric Virus borne hepatitis wks IgM/IgG
hepatitis” (1-4 wks)

Same with
HAV
 VIROLOGY
HERPESVIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx

Subfamily:
Alphaherpesvirinae

Herpes simplex Above the Gingivostomitis: -Clusters of Specimen:

virus-1 (HSV-1) waist most common vesicle at
Herpesviridae/ Conjunctival
infection; symptomatic the border
Herpatoviridae primary infection in KIDS of lips: Scrapings,
Latency: Trigeminal
infection of Herpes Vesicle
sensory ganglia
They replicate in the the upper Pharyngitis: most labialis, scraping,
nucleus “CASCADE body (LIPS) symptomatic cold sores fluid/genital
CONTROL” infection in swab
Self limiting virus ADULTS
Raw materials-1st set Latency: -EMx
Enzmes- 2nd set Kerato- lytic -DFA
Structural protein-3rd Conjunctivitis: replication
set -SVCE
eye iinfection, can around the -Cell cultures
lead to corneal lips
scarring and
blindness

Encephelitis:
untreatable, the
virus spreads in
tha brain

Primary Geintal Herpes- Recurrence -EMx

infections of symptomatic, - viral -Pap smear
Herpes simplex the genital painful vesiculo- shedding -SVCE
virus-2 (HSV-2) tract ulcerative lesions -CPE
on: vulvs, cervix,
Latency: Lumbar vagina, and penis
Sensory ganglia
Neonatal Herpes-
acquired during
birth from hepetic
mothers; high
mortality rate

Herpetic
whitlow-
infection of the
fingers
-Herpetic
keratitis
-Sporadic
encephalitis
 VIROLOGY
HERPESVIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Detai I Lab dx
ls P
Herpesviridae Varicella Skin Varicella/chick Lesio -Cell
/ Zoster virus rash en pox- ns culture
Herpatovirida (VZV)/HHV-3 w/ childhood appea -IF
e raised disease rance -PCR
Latency: fluid Complications:
- -Stains
Dorsal root filled -Reye's
"dew (most
ganglia skin syndrome: acute
lesions encephalopathy drop rapid)
w/ fatty on a
liver rose
-Varicella petal"
pneumonia: most
common and Lesio
serious ns are
complication full of
pustu
les----
ruptu
re

scabi
ng/cr
usting
phase
- final
stage
and
most
infect
ious
stage
Family Virus Cx by Disease Det I Lab dx
ails P
Herpesvi Subfamily: -Slow 1.CID con Specimens
ridae/ Betaherpesvirinae( replication (Cytomegali geni :
Herpato Cytomegalovirus cycle c Inclusion tal - URINE
viridae group) - disease): infe -saliva
multinuclea liver,spleen ctio -tears
Human ted giant and CNS ns- -milk
cytomegalovirus cells components - -semen
(hCMV)/ HHV- "cytomegal damage. mos -vaginal
5/CMV/ salivary o” 2.Congenital t secretions
glands virus -Swollen CMV: com
*one of the torches- cells and jaundice, mo -ELISA: can
most common viral multinucleat hepatosplen n det.
cause of mental ed omegaly, inta primary
retardation "cytomegaly mental rut from
deafness and " retardation erin recurrent
intellectual -"immune 3.Marrow e infection
impairment. evasion": transplant- vira (IgG/
*CMV causes an allows the CMV l hCMV-
immunosuppressive virus to pneumoniti infe specific
effect by inhibiting T maintain the s: manifest ctio IgM)
cells latent as n -Cell
state for pneumonia - culture:
Latency: T cells long periods. for a month uri using
-"Owl's eye after the ne diploid
appearance transplant. is fibroblast
" in CPE "40 day the cell lines
fever" mos (embryonic
4.Cytomegal t lung or
ovirus com foreskin)
mononucle mon -CPE: 3
osis:fever, sour weeks
chills, sweat ce before
and very of results
painful spec appear.
phrangytis, ime (rounding
no presence n. of infected
of cells)
"heterophil -Viral
e antigenemi
antibodies" a: specific,
sensitive,
rapid and
easy to
perform
(65-kDa
lower
 matrix
phosphopr
otein
(p65)--->
nuclie of
infected
peripheral
WBCs)

Human Roseola -PCR

lymphotropic infantum/ (serum,
virus (HHV-6) and exanthem CSF)
HHV-7 subitum/
*first isolated in 6th disease-
saliva high fever
for 3-5 days
Latency: T cell in infants,
erythymato
sus macular
in the neck

Subfamily: “Heterophi -
Gammaherpesviri le 1. Burkitt's Hematolog
nae antibodies lymphoma ic
(lymphoproliferat ” (B cell approach:
ive group) lymphoma detects
-Replicate in ) atypical
mucosal epithelium -Malignant lymphocyt
-induce cell disease of e
proliferation in lymphoid (Lobulated
lymphoblastoid tissue nucleus,
cells (immature -found in and
lymphocytes) lower jaw, vacuolated
kidneys, basophilic
Latency: B cells liver and cytoplasm
adrenal )
Epstein-barr virus glands -
(EBV) -Pxs w/ Immunolo
-shed in saliva malaria and gic test:
HIV are at heterophil
risk e Ab test->
1 -Monospot
2. - test: rapid
Infcetious 2 screening
mononucle m test for IM
osis (IM) o (Horse
-"Kissing n RBC) may
Disease" t interfere
-fever, h with HBV
chills, sweat s
and very -Paul
painful Bunnel
phrangytis test
(Sheep
3. EBV- RBC)
assoc.
Nasophary -David
ngeal sohn
carcinoma differentia
-most l test
common (Kidney
cancer in extract:
south east guinea pig
asia, north and Cow
africa RBC)
-no
chromoso Heterophil
mal e Ab tests
alteration may
interfere
4. Chronic with
Fatigue
Syndrome -Forssman
(CFS) Ag
- -IM
overwhelm -Serum
ing fatigue sickness
-low fever
-muscle EBV
pain specific Ab
test:
5. Oral
Hairy Anti VCA
Leukoplaki IgM
a (OHL)
-seen in Anti EA
AIDS pxs IgG
-CD4 count
is <400 Anti EA/D-
-white Nasophary
hair-like ngeal
 projection carcinoma
s arising on
the side of Anti EA/R-
the tongue Buritts,
Acute
phase rxn.

Anti
EBNA-
Past infxn

*Anti VCA
IgM-Anti
EA/R:
indicates
current
infxn

HHV-8 Purple-red Kaposi’s -PCR

Larger Sarcoma-
nodular cancer that
growth causes
patches of
abnormal
tissue to
grow under
the skin, in
the lining of
the mouth,
nose, and
throat, in
lymph
nodes, or in
other
organs.

VIROLOGY
 ARBOVIRUSES
Family Virus Cx Disease Details IP Lab dx
Togaviri Genus:
dae Alphaviru
ses

1.Wester Reservior -Serology

n Equine :- -Ab
Encephali Mosquito detection
tis virus es (CSF)
(WEE) -Rodents
-Birds
2.Venezu
elan *Humans
Equine are
Encephali considere
tis virus d as the
(VEE) “Dead
end
3.Easter -Causes Host”/
n Equine more accidenta
Encephal severe l host
itis virus disease
(EEE)
Genus: Maculopa Rubella/ “3 day 2-3 wks -Serology
Rubivirus pular German measles” (IgM and
rash Measles- IgG
Rubella acute *Less appear
Virus febrile severe after the
disease than onset of
measles rash)

-can -Cell
cross the culture
placenta= (Throat
congenita swab and
l urine)
infection
-HA
*Cataract inhihbitio
s, n test
glaucoma
,
deafness,
and death
 may
occur in
severe
cases.

*Polyarth
ritis
(Adults:
women)

VIROLOGY
ARBOVIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx
Flaviviri Genus:
dae Flaviviru
s
“Black Jungle Reservoir -CPE:
Yellow vomit” Yellow : Humans “Council
fever fever- life and man
virus Sylvatic- threateni monkeys bodies”
yellow ng
fever is disease, Vector:
maintain fever, Mosquito
ed in jaundice, es
monkeys, and (Haemog
humans massive ogus spp,
are NOT hemorrh Aedes
the usual age africanus
host. (Hemate and
mesis) Aedes
Urban- Aegypti
Occurs tn
cities/to *Chronic
wns carrier

Intermed
iate-
Occurs in
smaller
villages
in Africa

Dengue 5 Reservoir 10 days

Fever serotypes : humans,
Virus monkeys

Vectors:
Aedes
aegypti
(Day
biting
mosquito
) and
Aedes
albopictu
s
DENV-2
most
prevalent
strain

*Not
contagiou
s, not
spread
from
person-
person
- -Classic -4-7 days -
Influenza Dengue - tourniqu
like Fever Petechiae et test (+)
syndrom “Breakbo (3-4 days -
e, severe ne fever” after Leukopen
joint and onset of ia
muscle fever) -NS1 Ag
pain -Self -IgM Ab
limiting to DENV

-Dengue -2-7 days -IgM/IgG

-1ststage: Hemorrh to DENV
similar to agic fever - -NS1 Ag
classic subseque -
dengue nt Tounique
fever infection ttest (+)
-Low
-2nd albumin
stage:Bip -
hasic Thrombo
fever, cytopenia
hemorrh (<100,00
age in 0
GIT and cells/uL)
skin
(Bleeding
nose and -Dengue
gums) Shock
Syndrom -
e Progressi
- (Hypovol ve
Pale/Cold emic thromboc
extremiti shock) ytopenia
es
(Vascular -
collapse) Lymphoc
- ytosis
Bradycar -
dia/tachy Metabolic
cardia acidosis
-
hypotensi
on
(<20mm
hg)

-pleural
effusion
**Low plt
-Grade 1: and WBC
Easy count
bruising
-Grade 2:
spontane
ous
bleeding
-Grade 3:
DENV
shock
syndrom
e
-Grade 4:
DSS
(severe
syndrom
e), BP
 and pulse
cannot be
detected

West Nile - -Fatal -Closely

Virus Neurologi related to
cal St. Louis
disease in and
humans, Japanese
horse, Encephali
and tis virus
birds: flu
like -1st
illness, detected
red in North
bumpy America
rash, (NYC)
meningiti
s -Bridge
- mosquito
Encephali es (bites
tis: high both
fever, birds and
stiff neck, humans):
disorient responsib
ation le for the
paralysis transmiss
ion

Japanese Encephali *Major

Encephali tis: cause of
tis Virus influenza encephali
(JE virus) like tis in asia
illness to
acute *Most
 encephali common
tis arboviral
encephali
tis in the
world

*Most
common
in
children
St. Louis *1st
Encephali recognize
tis Virus in St.
Louis,
Missouri

*Transmi
tted by
Bird
biting
culex
mosquito
es

*Most
common
flavivirus
in the US

*Elderly
pxs have
the
greatest
risk of
serious
illness
and
death

VIROLOGY
BUNYAVIRUS
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx
Bunyavir Genus:
idae Orthobun
(Pleomo yavirus
rphic)
California - Encephali -targets
Encephali Mosquito tis the brain
tis Virus borne
encephali
La Crosse tis
virus
(LaCV)
Genus: -Rodent Hemorrh -RT-PCR
Hantavir borne agic
us hemorrh fever w/
agic fever renal
-Hantaan syndrom
virus e (HFRS)
-Seoul
virus Respirat
-Puumala ory
virus distress
-Dobrova syndrom
virus e

-Hantana
pulmona
ry
syndrom
e (sin
nombre
virus):
hemorrh
agic
fever,
kidney
disease
and RT
acute
failure
Genus: Crimean- Targets
Nairoviru congo the
s hemorrh vascular
Crimean- agic fever endotheli
congo (CCHF) um and
hemorrh liver
agic fever
virus
Genus: Sandfly Targets
 Phlebovir and brain and
us mosquito liver
borne causing
Riff fever encephali
Valley tis and
Fever hepatitis
Virus

VIROLOGY
ZOONOTIC VIRUSES
Family Virus Cx by Disease Details IP Lab dx
Filovirid Genus: Long Hemorrh Severe
ae Ebolaviru curly agic fever hemorrh
(Filoviru s rope like age and
ses) shape Liver
necrosis

*requires
biosafety
level 4

Ebola- -From
Reston philippin
Virus es
-Macaca
fascicular
is
(Cynomol
gus
monkey)
Genus:
Marburgv
irus

Lake
Victoria
virus

Rhabdov Rabies Bullet Reservoir -PCR

iridae virus/ shape : bats -FA
Rhabdovi staining
rus/ Ammon’s Street -EIA
Lyssaviru horn cells virus: (saliva
s freshly and CSF)
isolated
 Negri
bodies Fixed
virus

Rabbits
brain:se
mples
vaccine
Embryon
ated
eggs-
duck
embryo
vaccine
Wi-38
cells-
human
diploid
cell
vaccine

Chick
embryo-
flurry's
vaccine
in
animals

Arenaviri Arenavir Sand

dae uses “arena” PCR
under
Old world emx
virus: Aseptic Natural
Lymphoc meningiti host:
ytic s rodent
choriome Biosafety
ningitis level 3
virus

Lassa Influenza Biosafety

fever like fever, level 4
virus hemorrh
agic

New
world:
Tacaribe,
Guanarit
o

Junin,
Machupo