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HYPERTENSION
What is Hypertension?

 Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP)

 a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently
elevated and typically does not cause symptoms.
 a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral
arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia classified as either primary
(essential) high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure.
 For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or
above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg

What Causes High Blood

Pressure?

 Smoking
 Being overweight or obese
 Lack of physical activity
 Too much salt in the diet
 Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day)
 Stress
 Older age
 Genetics
 Family history of high blood pressure
 Chronic kidney disease
 Adrenal and thyroid disorders
 Sleep apnea

Clinical Manifestations
Many people who have hypertension are asymptomatic at first. Physical examination may reveal no
abnormalities except for an elevated blood pressure, so one must be prepared to recognize hypertension
at its earliest.

Headache. The red blood cells carrying oxygen is having a hard time reaching the brain because of
constricted vessels, causing headache.

Dizziness occurs due to the low concentration of oxygen that reaches the brain.

Chest pain. Chest pain occurs also due to decreased oxygen levels.

Blurred vision. Blurred vision may occur later on because of too much constriction in the blood vessels
of the eye that red blood cells carrying oxygen cannot pass through.

Nursing Assessment
Nursing assessment must involve careful monitoring of the blood pressure at frequent and routinely
scheduled intervals. If patient is on antihypertensive medications, blood pressure is assessed to
determine the effectiveness and detect changes in the blood pressure. Complete history should be
obtained to assess for signs and symptoms that indicate target organ damage. Pay attention to the rate,
rhythm, and character of the apical and peripheral pulses.

Nursing Management

 The goal of nursing management is to help achieve a normal blood pressure through
independent and dependent interventions.
 Maintain/enhance cardiovascular functioning.
 Prevent complications.
 Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment regimen.
 Support active patient control of condition.

Prevention
The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes

 Weight reduction.
- Maintenance of normal body weight can help prevent hypertension.Being overweight or obese
increases your risk of developing high blood pressure. In fact, your blood pressure rises as your
body weight increases.
 Adopt DASH.
 - DASH or the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension includes consummation of a diet rich in
fruits, vegetable, and low-fat dairy.
 Dietary sodium retention.

- Sodium contributes to an elevated blood pressure, so reducing the dietary intake to no more
than 2.4 g sodium per day can be really helpful. Excess sodium in the body puts burden on blood
vessels and also disrupts the water balance.

 Physical activity.
- Engage in regular aerobic physical activity for 30 minutes thrice every week. Regular physical
activity makes your heart stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. If
your heart can work less to pump, the force on your arteries decreases, lowering your blood
pressure. But to keep your blood pressure low, you need to keep exercising on a regular basis.
 Moderation of alcohol consumption.
- Limit alcohol consumption to no more than 2 drinks per day in men and one drink for women
and people who are lighter in weight.
 Cut back caffeine
- Caffeine in high doses raises your blood level of epinephrine. Epinephrine is also known as
adrenalin. In pure forms, epinephrine can increase blood pressure, increase the contractility or
force of the heart, and mildly increase the heart rate.
 Reduce stress
- Stress can cause hypertension through repeated blood pressure elevations as well as by
stimulation of the nervous system to produce large amounts of vasoconstricting hormones that
increase blood pressure.
 Go bananas
- Bananas are extremely rich in potassium and low in sodium. According to the FDA, diets rich in
potassium and low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and
stroke.
 Fill up on fiber
- soluble fiber, which reduces your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the "bad"
cholesterol. Soluble fiber can reduce the absorption of cholesterol into your bloodstream. Five to
10 grams or more of soluble fiber a day decreases your LDL cholesterol.

Vaccine

-vaccine for hyperension is known as CYT006-AngQb, works by inhibiting angiotensin II, a

molecule that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Several existing medications
target the same molecule, including ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and ARBs
(angiotensin receptor blockers).

Government Program

- DOH HEIGHTENS AWARENESS OF HYPERTENSION PREVENTION THROUGH

NATIONWIDE BLOOD PRESSURE SCREENING FOR MONTH OF MAY
Department of Health
Press Release/ 04 May 2017

- Tuklas Lunas Program is the Council’s program on drug discovery and

development from the natural resources of the country. For the herbal track of
the program, 28 plants such as malunggay are currently undergoing formulation
and standardization studies for hypertension and other diseases. For drug track,
10 plants for hypertension are undergoing isolation and purification activities to
identify active compounds

Laboratory
- Blood pressure was traditionally measured using a stethoscope and a blood
pressure cuff (called a sphygmomanometer), a device that includes a cuff, a bulb,
and a pressure dial that reads the pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

Examples of general tests that may be ordered include:

 Urinalysis is performed to check the concentration of sodium in the urine

though the specific gravity.
 Glucose: Hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus is a precipitator of hypertension)
may result from elevated catecholamine levels (increases hypertension).
 Uric acid: Hyperuricemia has been implicated as a risk factor for the
development of hypertension.
 Electrocardiogram (ECG): May demonstrate enlarged heart, strain patterns,
conduction disturbances. Note: Broad, notched P wave is one of the earliest
signs of hypertensive heart disease.

References

https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/#Nursing-Management

http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Whatishigh

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hypertension.html

https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/hypertension
http://www.nnc.gov.ph/index.php/regional-offices/caraga/40-10-
kumainments/2510-managing-hypertension.html