MSW

EN6501- Municipal Solid Waste Management Department of Civil Engineering 2019-2020
EN6501 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT L T P C

3003
UNIT I SOURCES AND TYPES 8

Sources and types of municipal solid wastes-waste generation rates-factors affecting
generation, characteristics-methods of sampling and characterization; Effects of improper
disposal of solid wastes-Public health and environmental effects. Elements of solid waste
management –Social and Financial aspects – Municipal solid waste (M&H) rules – integrated
management-Public awareness; Role of NGO’s.
UNIT II ON-SITE STORAGE AND PROCESSING 8

On-site storage methods – Effect of storage, materials used for containers – segregation of
solid wastes – Public health and economic aspects of open storage – waste segregation and
storage – case studies under Indian conditions – source reduction of waste – Reduction,
Reuse and Recycling.
UNIT III COLLECTION AND TRANSFER 8

Methods of Residential and commercial waste collection – Collection vehicles – Manpower–
Collection routes – Analysis of collection systems; Transfer stations – Selection of location,
operation& maintenance; options under Indian conditions – Field problems- solving.
UNIT IV OFF-SITE PROCESSING 12

Objectives of waste processing – Physical Processing techniques and Equipments; Resource
recovery from solid waste composting and biomethanation; Thermal processing options –
case studies under Indian conditions.
UNIT V DISPOSAL 9
Land disposal of solid waste; Sanitary landfills – site selection, design and operation of
sanitary landfills – Landfill liners – Management of leachate and landfill gas- Landfill
bioreactor– Dumpsite Rehabilitation
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. M., and Eliassen, R. "Solid. Wastes: Engineering
Principles and Management Issues". McGraw Hill, New York, 1993.
2. Vesilind, P.A. and Rimer, A.E., “Unit Operations in Resource Recovery
Engineering”,Prentice Hall, Inc., 1981
3. Paul T Willams, "Waste Treatment and Disposal", John Wiley and Sons, 2000
REFERENCES:
1. Government of India, "Manual on MunicipalSolid Waste Management", CPHEEO,
Ministry of UrbanDevelopment, New Delhi, 2000.
2. Bhide A.D. and Sundaresan, B.B. "Solid Waste Management Collection", Processing and
Disposal, 2001
3. Manser A.G.R. and Keeling A.A.," Practical Handbook of Processing and Recycling of
Municipal solid Wastes", Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, 1996
4. George Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith"Handbook of Solidwaste Management",
McGraw Hill, New York, 2002
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UNIT I – SOURCES AND TYPES

PART-A C406.1
1. What is meant by solid waste?
Solid wastes are the organic and inorganic waste materials such as product packaging,
grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint cans,
batteries, etc., produced in a society, which do not generally carry any value to the first
user(s).
2. Examples of residential and commercial solid wastes
Residential: This refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc. and consists of leftover
food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes, ashes, etc. Commercial: This refers to wastes
consisting of leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes, etc generated from stores, restaurants,
markets, hotels, motels, auto-repair shops, medical facilities, etc. Institutional: Consisting
of schools and colleges (paper, plastics, glasses,etc.). Municipal: Consisting of wastes
from demolition and construction activities (dust, building debris, etc.).
3. What is called Waste generation?
Wastes are generated at the start of any process, and thereafter, at every stage as raw
materials are converted into goods for consumption. For example, wastes are generated
from households, commercial areas, industries, institutions, street cleaning and other
municipal services. The most important aspect of this part of the SWM system is the
identification of waste.
4. List out the Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes:
Biodegradable wastes mainly refer to substances consisting of organic matter such as
leftover food, vegetable and fruit peels, paper, textile, wood, etc., generated from various
household and industrial activities.Because of the action of micro-organisms, these wastes
are degraded from complex to simpler compounds. Non-biodegradable wastes consist of
inorganic and recyclable materials such as plastic, glass, cans, metals.
5. What is called Hazardous wastes?(Nov/Dec 2010)
Hazardous wastes are those defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer
origin that are potentially dangerous either immediately or over a period of time to human
beings and the environment. This is due to their physical, chemical and biological or
radioactive characteristics like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity.
6. What is called Solid waste management (SWM).(April/May 2018)
Solid waste management (SWM) is associated with the control of waste generation, its
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal in a manner that is in
accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics, public attitude and other environmental considerations.
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7. List out the MSWM principles.(Nov/Dec 2015)(May/June 2016)

Protection of environmental health, Promotion of environmental quality.Supporting the
efficiency and productivity of the economy, Generation of employment and income.
8. What is called legislation?
This refers to the existence of local and state regulations concerning the use and disposal
of specific materials and is an important factor that influences the composition and
generation of certain types of wastes. The Indian legislation dealing with packing and
beverage container materials is an example.In short elements that relate to waste
generation include land use characteristics, population in age distribution, legislation,
socio economic conditions, household and approximate number.
9. Draw Hierarchy of municipal solid waste management.
10. Glass pieces and paper waste come under which categories of municipal solid
waste(MSW)?(Nov/Dec 2015))(May/June 2016)
Both glass piece and paper waste come under residential , Institutional and commercial
wastes but glass pieces are Non-Biodegradable and paper wastes are biodegradable. Glass
piece are non-combustible wastes but paper wastes are combustible wastes.
11. Enumerate the vital principle of municipal solid waste management
 Collection of Wastes
 waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source
 Separation and processing and transformation of solid wastes
 Transfer and transport
 Energy Recovery
12. How solid wastes are classified based on sources (Nov/Dec 2014))(May/June
2015)(Nov/Dec2018)
Residential wastes, Institutional wastes, Commercial wastes, Industrial wastes, Agricultural
wastes, Construction and Demolition wastes
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13. What are effects of improper disposal of solid waste on environment?(May/June

2015)( Nov/Dec2018)
Air pollution, Water and land pollution, Noise pollution, odour pollution, Explosion
hazards
14.Enlist the physical composition of Municipal Solid Waste or Mention any four types
of Municipal Solid Waste (Nov/Dec 2014)(Nov/Dec 2017)
Paper. Plastics & Containers, Cardboard, Wood Pieces, Glass pieces & bottles, Food
waste, Vegetable & Fruit wastes, Demolition debris, Metal Scraps.
15. What are the improper methods of solid waste disposal?
Throwing of solid wastes in streets here & there, Dumping of wastes outside the
collection point/bin, Throwing of solid wastes without proper segregation & packing
16. What are the effects of improper disposal of solid waste?
Public health effects:
Breeding of vectors, mainly flies, rats, mosquitoes, etc., leads to produce diseases like
Typhoid, malaria, cholera, Plague, Dysentry etc.
Environmental Effects:
Affects aesthetic & beauty of city, Creates air pollution, water pollution, land pollution,
visual pollution, odour pollution, explosion hazards, land fillsetc
17. What is the role of NGO's?
 Carryout SWM program in those areas where municipal corporations are not
providing service
 Door to door collection of hospital, commercial, demolition wastes.
 Setting up and operation & maintenance of work disposal facility, treatment plants.
 Supplying vehicles on rent, lease, repairs & maintenance at private garage.
 Transportation of waste on contractual basis
 Bring public awareness
18. What is integrated solid waste management?(Nov/Dec 2010)
A solid waste management system is an integrated system, built on many closely related
process. It combines waste collection , segregation treatment and disposal methods with
the objective of achieving environmental benefits, economic optimization and social
acceptability, with involvement of public and NGO's.
19. State any two legislation rules for Municipal Solid waste management
 The Municipal Solid Wastes ( Management & Handling ) Rules,2000
 The noise pollution (Regulation & Control ) Rules,2000
 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
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20.What is "3R"?
"Reduce, Reuse & Recycle of Waste"
Reduce:First people have to reduce the generation wastes where ever possible.
Reuse:Reuse by using reusable /biodegradable materials for packing, so they can be
reused.
Recycling:One person's waste can be useful to others. So efforts must be taken by
municipality, NGOs & individuals to reuse them.
21.Enlist the factors affecting generation of wastes.(Nov/Dec 2017)
 Population increase- i.e., increase in population
 Urbanizationand industrialization.
 Geographic location.
 seasons
 public attitude
 Legislation and collection frequency
22. Name the biological and thermal processes of waste treatment
Biological Process: Aerobic & Anaerobic processes
Thermal Process: Incineration, pyrolysis and Gasification.
23. How to determine the moisture content of MSW?
Moisture content of solid wastes is usually expressed as the weight of moisture per unit
weight of wet material.
Moisture content (%)=Wet Weight - Dry Weight x 100
Wet weight
24. State the major function of civic bodies
Prohibiting Littering of Streets, Organizing house to house waste collection, Conducting
awareness programs to disseminate information to public, Providing adequate
community storage facility, use of color code bins and promotion of waste segregation,
Transport of wastes in covered vehicles
25. Explain the importance of Generation rate of MSW?(April/May 2018)
Determination of generation rate of solid waste is important to obtain data in order to
determine waste volume and for subsequent solid waste management. In addition to
knowing the source and composition of solid waste, it is equally important to have
uniform units of expression. Household waste (kg/capita/day), Commercial waste
(kg/x/day – where X can be floor area, unit volume of sales, number of employees, etc.),
Institutional waste (kg/x/day – where X can be area of park or public place, number of
visitor, etc.)
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PART-B C406.1
1. Explain the sources and types of solid wastes and composition of solid wastes from each
source(Nov/Dec 2017)
2. Explain the solid waste characteristics.
3. Explain the Public health effects in MSWM.
4. Explain the various components of MSW.(Nov/Dec 2015) (May/June 2016)
5. Explain the Principle of solid waste management.
6. Enumerate the methods to determine the generation rates of solid waste and explain the
factors affecting the generation rates. (Nov/Dec 2010) (May/June 2015,2016)
7. (i) Explain the properties of MSW
(ii) Describe the effects and improper disposal of solid waste on human health and
environment(Nov/Dec 2010,Nov/Dec 2017)
8. Explain the types of storage method and the materials used for the storage containers.
9. Explain the methods of sampling and characterization of solid wastes as per
MSW.(Nov/Dec 2014)
10. Describe the possibilities in solid waste management with respect to reduction, reuse and
recovery.
11. Discuss in detail the functional elements of an effective solid waste management
system.(Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec2018)
12. What is the role of NGO's in SMW?(May/June 2015)
13. Briefly discuss the salient features of Municipal solid waste (Management and Handling
Rules)(Nov/Dec 2017)
PART-C C406.1
1. Explain in detail about the different methods of sampling and characterization of
Municipal Solid Waste. Also explain the role of NGO’S and public awareness in
MSW.(Nov/Dec 2017)(Nov/Dec2018)
2. Explain the case study: status of waste generation in any Indian city
3. Mention the various essential physic-chemical, biological and biochemical characteristics
of MSW. Also, briefly explain the significance of proximate analysis of MSW.(Nov/Dec
2015)
4. Write a note on determination of specific weight and moisture content of
MSW(April/May 2018)
5. (i) Explain the properties of MSW
(ii) Describe the effects and improper disposal of solid waste on human health and
environment(April/May 2018)
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UNIT II – ON-SITE STORAGE AND PROCESSING

PART -A C406.2
1. What is meant by on-site storage of MSW? (Nov/Dec 2015)
On-site storage means storage of solid waste (both separated and/or mixed) at or near the
source of generation before primary collection.
2. When do you prefer on-site storage methods for solid waste?(May/June 2015)
(i) Where and when storage area is available (ii) Where the public accepted for on-site
storage(iii) Where the source of segregation is adopted on-site.
3. What are the characteristics of materials used for storage containers?(Nov/Dec
2017)
Light-weight & Recyclable, Non-corrosive and non-reactive with wastes, Easy to handle,
Cost wise economic, Easy to transport, Easily available.
4. What are the factors to be considered in on-site storage of solid wastes?
The factors that must be considered in the on-site storage of solid wastes:
Type of containers, The container location, Public health and aesthetics, the collection
method
5. Mention the types of containers used in on-site storage of solid wastes.
Plastic containers, Community bins, Litter bins, RCC Bins, Corrosion Resistant bins,
Large Masonryenclosures etc.
6. State the advantages of on-site segregation of solid wastes.
Easy to transport disposable and recyclable wastes, Easy to sellout reuse materials, To
make the further waste management practices easier, Source of income for waste
generators, Source of income to compensate waste disposal expenditure.
7. What are the different on-site processes on solid wastes?
Collection, Storage, Segregation of reusable, resaleable and recyclable wastes, Recycling
of biodegradable wastes for energy recovery.
8. What is the purpose of reduction in volume of solid wastes?
 Product reuse eg: drinking bottles
 Material volume reduction
 Toxicity reduction
 Increased product lifetime Eg: manufacturing long life tyres will increase its lifetime.
 Decreased consumption (i.e.) decreasing the use of non-recyclable materials
 Reduces pollution at overall
9. What is essential of proper storage of MSW?

Improper storage of MSW will lead to environmental pollution & public health effects.
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Proper storage of MSW needs:

 Availability of large area for storage of different wastes.
 Availability of proper drainage system
 Storage site should be away from surface water bodies.
 Availability of recycling facility
 Availability of accommodation & office facility
 Proper disinfection system
10. Differentiate between recycle and reuse
Recycle: The process of producing new products from waste material. Eg Biogas
generation from kitchen wastes
Reuse: Reusing materials from solid wastes without recycling. Eg: Reuse of demolition
& construction wastes.
11. What are the physical components to be segregated from MSW?
 Combustible wastes like papers
 Non-combustible wastes like glass bottles
 Reusable wastes like plastic covers, building debris etc
 Recyclable wastes like food wastes, kitchen wastes etc, for energy recovery
12. Name any four advantages of source reduction
 Hazardous materials from general waste are removed
 Clean recyclable materials are generated.
 Health risks to the general population, particularly the waste handlers are
minimized.
 Working condition within recycling plants is improved
 Efficiency of energy recovery processes is improved, thus helping to operate
the waste treatment the waste treatment system cost effectively
13. What are the types of containers used for storage of solid wastes?
Buckets, plastic bins, plastic bags, metal bins with (or) without lids
14. What are the objectives of waste sorting?(May/June 2016)
 To separately store recyclable materials for reuse.
 To ensure the waste, which can be processed for recovery of material and energy.
 To separately store hazardous materials for disposal in hazardous waste landfills.
 To minimize the waste and ensure reduction in landfill space for final disposal.
15. State the economic aspects of recycling of MSW
Cost reduction, Employment, Energy recovery (less number of process to make it usable
again), Reduced health care costs, saving costs for other public utilities.
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16. Write about On-site handling methods.

On-site handling methods On-site handling methods and principles involve publicattitude
and individual belief, and ultimately affects the publichealth. It is an activity associated
with the handling of solidwaste until it is placed in the containers used for its storagebefore
collection.
17. Write about Storage containers
Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other workareas should be collected and stored
in properly designed andconstructed water-proof garbage cans (waste bins). The cansor
receptacles can be constructed from galvanized iron sheetor plastic materials. They should
have tightly fitting covers.
18. List out the Storage containers size in MSWM.
 Ash: up to 80 to 128 liters -  Rubbish up to 200 liters
 Mixed refuse: should not exceed  Kitchen waste is 40 liters
120 to 128 liters  Garbage is 48 to 80 liters
19. What are the Collection process involved in MSWM.
Involves five different phases. Phase 1 - House to dustbin , Phase 2 - Dustbin to truck ,
Phase 3 - Truck from house to house, Phase 4 - Truck to transfer station, Phase 5 - Truck
to disposal
20. What are the types of collection services?(Nov/Dec 2015)
 Curb (curb side): The home owner is responsible forplacing and returning the empty
container. Never entirelysatisfactory.
 Set-out (block collection): Owner is responsible forreturning the container. The full
containers are brought orset at the collection site by the crew. Bins are not left outon
the street for long periods.
 Backyard carrying service (door to door collection): Collection crews that go along
with the collection vehicleare responsible for bringing out stored solid waste fromthe
dwelling units. It is the only satisfactory system in which the householder does not get
involved.
 Alleys: a narrow street or path between buildings in atown. That is difficult to get the
container and also to thevehicle that will collect the waste.
21. What are the Method of loading the solid waste on the vehicle?
 Directly lifting and carrying of container.
 Rolling of loaded containers on their rims.
 Use of small lifts for rolling the containers to the collectionvehicle.
 Use of large containers into which wastes from smallcontainers are emptied.
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22. What are the Routing system of collection?

Routing system of collection
 Micro-routing is: - the routing of a vehicle within its assigned collection zone. -
concerned with how to route a truck through a series ofone or two way streets so that
the total distance traveledis minimized. - very difficult to design and execute.
 Macro-routing is: - large scale routing to the disposal site and theestablishment of the
individual route boundaries.
23. Write the Modes of operation in solid waste collection?
 Hauled container system- The containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to
the disposal site, emptied and returned.
 Stationary container system - The containers used for the storage of waste remain at
the point of generation except for occasional short trips to the collection vehicles.
24. What is called Resource recovery?
Resource recovery is a partial solid waste disposal and reclamation process. It can be
expected to achieve about 60% reductions in future landfill volume requirements.
Resource recovery must recognize what is worth recovering and the environmental
benefits.
25. List out the levels of recycling.
 Primary recycling—when the original waste material is made back into the same
material (newspaper)
 Secondary recycling—when the original waste material is made into some other
product
 Tertiary recycling—breaking material down to components that composed the original
product; often through depolymerization.
26. What are the characteristics of materials used for storage container? (May/June
2015, 2016)
 Light weight  Resistant to corrosion
 Recyclable  Non reactive with wastes
 Easily moulded  Easily available
 Surface should have smooth finish
27. Define source separation
Source separation refers to the segregation of the recyclable and reusable materials at the
point of generation. Source separation may be voluntary or mandated and is done in
conjunction with several recycling programs
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28. What are the disadvantages of communal containers?

 The major disadvantage of communal containers is the potential lack of maintenance
and upgrading
 The residuals and scattered solid wastes emit foul odours, which discourage residents
from using the containers properly.
 In addition, if fixed containers are built below the vehicle level, the collection crew
may be held responsible for sweeping and loading the solid wastes in to transfer
containers before being loaded into the collection vehicle.
29. Name any two diseases transmitted by improper storage of MSW.
Typhoid, malaria, cholera, Plague, Dysentryare the diseases that are caused due to the
improper storage of MSW
30. How do you store Household waste? (April/May 2018)
1. Keep separate containers for dry and wet waste in the kitchen
2. Keep two bags for dry waste collection- paper and plastic , for the rest of the
3. Keep plastic from the kitchen clean and dry and drop into the dry waste bin. Keep
glass /plastic containers rinsed of food matter
4. Send wet waste out of the home daily. Store and send dry waste out of the home , once
a week.
5. Keep a paper bag for throwing the sanitary waste
31. Write a note on segregation of solid waste? (Nov/Dec 2018)
"Waste segregation" means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes wood
and related products, metals and glass. Wet waste typically refers to organic waste
usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness.
Waste can also be segregated on the basis of being biodegradable or non-biodegradable.
Landfills are an increasingly pressing problem. Less and less land is available to deposit
refuse, but the volume of waste is growing. As a result, segregating waste is not just of
environmental importance, but also of economic concern.
33. List the different materials used for storage containers? (Nov/Dec 2018)
Plastic – for general household waste
Plastic with closed cover - for industrial wastes
Metallic skips large, 3to 9T – for complete storage of MSW
Metallic skips small, 1T – for transit of MSW
Bio grade Plastic container for – Medical and E-waste
PART -B C406.2
1. Highlight the importance of solid waste storage depots and add a note on the processing
techniques?
2. Explain the types of storage method and the materials used for the storage containers.
3. List out the factors to be considered in selection of equivalent for onsite processing of
solid wastes. Explain them.
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4. Describe some onsite storage methods along with economic aspects of storage?(
May/June 2015, May/Jun 2016)
5. Give an account of economics of storage of MSW (Nov/Dec 2015)
6. Elaborate various options available for solid waste storage and processing under Indian
condition?(May/June 2015)(Nov/Dec 2018)
7. Discuss the various issues pertaining to public health and economic aspects of storage of
MSW (May/June 2016,Nov/Dec 2017)
8. (i)Explain the estimation of storage capacity of community bins?
(ii)What is mechanical volume reduction? Discuss its importance and method of carrying
out.
9. “Segregation of solid wastes at source is the key to waste management”- Explain with the
help of a case study.(Nov/Dec 2017)
10. Describe some onsite storage methods along with the economic aspects of
storage?(Nov/Dec 2018)
PART -CC406.2
1. Describe with examples the options of evaluation of solid waste.
2. Write a note on Onsite storage methods(April/May 2018)
3. As per Indian conditions, discuss the three popular methods of on-site storage of MSW
(Nov/Dec 2015)
4. Discuss about the various reasons for improper storage and improper segregation onsite?
(April/May 2018)
5. Explain the various types of shredders used in the volume reduction of solid waste.
6. Highlight the importance of solid waste storage depots and add a note on the processing
techniques?
UNIT III – COLLECTION AND TRANSFER
PART- A C406.3
1. Substantiate the significance of optimal collection route.[Nov/Dec 2015]
 Economic and shortest route for waste collection.
 To prevent adverse environmental impact upon public.
 To prevent degrading of aesthetic appearance of the city.
2. Specify the normal range of tonnage/day capacity of a typical large transfer
station.[Nov/Dec 2015]
 More than 500 tons/day.
 Normally 1000-2000 tons/day.
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3. How do you select the most appropriate transfer station?

 The transfer station should be located at the middle point of collection route.
 The transfer station should be away from township area.
 The transfer station should be fenced to avoid entry of cattle,dogs,etc.,
 Proper loading and unloading facility should be available with sufficient area for
storage.
4. What is meant by "Motion Time Measurement" techniques?
It is a technique to observe and estimate the movement of the collection crew with the help
of stop watches. It's used to determine the time, distance and No. of containers in the
collection route schedule.
5. When will you recommend a stationary container system?
 Availability of space without any objection from public.
 Where source of segregation is adopted.
6. List out the various component of waste collection systems.
 Collection points  Storage containers  Transfer station
 Collection  Collection crew
frequency  Collection rate
7. What are the disadvantages of House-to-House waste collection system?
In house collection system, standard containers have to be used; but the low purchasing
power of citizens & inability of Municipality to provide and maintain such a large
inventory of containers due to their poor financial conditions, lead to make it
impracticable.
In India, organic wastes are frequently generated and hence it needs high frequency of
collection for fewer amounts of wastes. So it requires a large number of HALTS which
increases the cost of collection.
8. Mention few waste collection vehicles.(Nov/Dec 2017)
Hand carts, Animal carts, Tricycles, Rickshaw, Tractor trailers, Trucks, Dumpers etc.,
9. What are the objectives of street cleaning?
 Efficient refuse collection, To achieve high labour productivity, The design and use of
effective tool and equipment.
10. Name the various sources of street wastes.
Natural wastes, Road traffic wastes, Behavioral wastes
11.Name the various tools used for street sweeping.
 Brooms: Short handled, Long handled
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 Shovels  Container
 Flat plates/Metal plates
12. What are the methods of transfer solids?
Motor vehicles, railroads and ocean going vessels are the principle means used to
transport solid waste.
13. Write short notes on transfer stations.[Nov/Dec 2014 ,Apr/May 2014&Nov/Dec 2017,
Nov/Dec 2018]
Waste transfer stations are facilities where municipal solid waste is unloaded from
collection vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded onto larger long-distance transport
vehicles for shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities.
14. What are the types of trucks used to collection of solid wastes?
Residential waste collection trucks
 Automated  Semi-automated  Rear loading
Commercial refuse collection trucks
 Front loading  Roll of style doors  Automated
 Roll off compactor  Semi-automated
15. How to select transfer station locations?
Identifying a suitable site for a waste transfer station can be a challenging process. Site
suitability depends on
 Technical  Economic
 Environmental  Social and political criteria
16. What are the objectives of using transfer station?
 Removal and transfer of solid waste from collection and other small vehicles to larger
transport equipments.
 To serve as intermediate station between final disposal option and collection point in
order to increase the efficiency of the system, as collection vehicles and crew remain
closer to routes.
17 Distinguish primary and secondary collection [Nov/Dec 2016]
Primary collection is the collection of municipal solid waste from household to dustbin
sites and collected manually. Secondary collection is the collection of municipal solid
waste from dustbin to landfill sites and done mechanically.
18. List the various types of vehicles used for secondary collection
Trailers, Semi trailers, Compactors, Open trucks ,Wheel loaders
19. Define collection routes
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Collection routes refer to the routes laid by municipal authorities for efficient collection
from different parts of the city and disposal to the final disposal yard. Collection routes
for municipal solid waste should be laid such that they begin and end near arterial streets
and the last container to be collected on the route is located near to disposal site.
20. What do you mean by stationary container system?[Nov/Dec 2014]
Stationary container system refers to the system in which containers are kept stationary
near the collection points and only the wastes are unloaded into the transfer vehicle.
Stationary container system may be used for the collection of all types wastes. The
systems vary according to the type and quantity of wastes to be handled, as the number of
generation points.
21. Name the different methods of house to house collection system
 Curb side programme  Backyard collection system
 Alley system
22. Give the formula to calculate number of collection vehicles needed for a community
Number of vehicles or crews, K=(S x F)/(N x n x M)
Where,
S= Total number of services in the collection area
F=Frequency of collection
M=Number of workdays/week
23. What is meant by Storage containers?
Storage containers: Proper container selection can save collection energy, increase the
speed of collection and reduce crew size. Most importantly, containers should be
functional for the amount and type of materials and collection vehicles used. Containers
should also be durable, easy to handle, and economical, as well as resistant to corrosion,
weather and animals. In residential areas, where refuse is collected manually,
standardized metal or plastic containers are typically required for waste storage.
24. What is macro routing and micro routing?
Macro-routing also referred to as route-balancing consists of deciding the totalcollection
area into routes, sized in such a way as to represent a day’s collection for each crew.
Micro-routing can define the path that crew and collection vehicle will takeeach
collection day.
25. What is meant by Collection points?
Collection points: These affect such collection system components as crew size and
storage, which ultimately control the cost of collection. Note that the collection points
depend on locality and may be residential, commercial or industrial.
26. What is meant by Collection frequency?
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Collection frequency: Climatic conditions and requirements of a locality as well as

containers and costs determine the collection frequency. In hot and humid climates, for
example, solid wastes must be collected at least twice a week, as the decomposing solid
wastes produce bad odour and leachate.
27. What is meant by Containers/storage bins?
Containers/storage bins: The design of an efficient waste collection system requires
careful consideration of the type, size and location of containers at the point of generation
for storage of wastes until they are collected. While single-family households generally
use small containers, residential units, commercial units, institutions and industries
require large containers. Smaller containers are usually handled manually.
28. Enumerate the types of vehicles used for collection for MSW? (Nov/Dec 2018)
1. Front loaders
2. Rear Loaders
3. ASL(automated side Loaders)
4. Pneumatic collection
5. Grapple Trucks.
29. What do you mean by Double Handling?(April/May 2018)
This happens when materials are delivered to the incorrect location at site so a machine
and operator (crane, boom truck, telehandler or whatever) spend time unloading and then
another machine and operator have to spend additional time moving it again to the correct
location.Therefore double money is spend unloading.Plus possible time wasted by
manpower not having the correct materials available at the correct time.
30. Differentiate the terms Alley and Kerb side collection of MSW?( April/May 2018)
1. Kerbside collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas of collecting and disposing of household
waste and recyclables. It is usually accomplished by personnel using purpose built
vehicles to pick up household waste in containers acceptable to or prescribed by the
municipality.
2. The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen
from refuse vehicles who deposit back the empty container back to the alley line.
PART- B C406.3
1. Explain in detail about the SCS manual loaded vehicle system of collection? .[Apr/May
2018]
2. What is the need for transfer operation? Also explain the functions of transfer stations.
16
3. What are the various factors to be considered while selecting solid waste disposal site?
Explain.
4. What are the types of containers and collection vehicles used for the collection of solid
waste? Explain the solid waste collection practice and discuss its role in waste management.
5. Discuss about transfer station, its types, factors considered in determining the capacity of
transfer station? .[Apr/May 2018]
6. Explain the routing guidelines to formulate a suitable route for collection vehicles? Sketch
the routing pattern for one way street collection and three block configuration?
7. Briefly explain the types of transfer station and what are the factors to be addressed when
considering a potential site for transfer station.[Nov/Dec 2016]
8. a) Discuss the various methods of house to house solid waste collection and their
advantages
b) State and brief the factors influencing site selection for a transfer station.
9. Explain the methods of collection of solid waste from a source of generation
10. Describe the types of vehicle and the requirement of vehicle for transportation of waste
11. Explain the steps in assessing the need for a transfer station. List the facilities expected at
a transfer station.
12.Discuss the operation and maintenance of solid waste collection and transfer stations.
[Nov/Dec 2014] [Apr/May 2014]
13.Considering a small Indian town of 1000 population, discuss the inventories of
equipment(s), vehicles and manpower requirements for the collection of MSW. [Nov/Dec
2015]
14. Discuss the points to be considered in selecting any transfer station. Also appropriately
explain its operation with a neat sketch. [Nov/Dec 2015] [Nov/Dec 2018]
15. Discuss the common principles to be considered while planning collection route
[Nov/Dec 2017]
16. Explain the methods of residential and commercial solid waste collection.[Nov/Dec 2017]
PART- C C406.3
1. Discuss the types of transfer stations and the benefits of transfer stations that affect
community in terms of economics, time savings and environmental quality.
2. i) Compare the operation of hauled container system and stationary container system of
waste collection? ii) How will you analyze the waste collection operations?
3. Discuss the present scenario of street collection of wastes and its transportation
methods.[Apr/May 2014][Nov/Dec 2016].
4. Considering a small Indian town of 1000 population, discuss the inventories of
17
equipment(s), vehicles and manpower requirements for the collection of MSW. [Nov/Dec
2015][Nov/Dec 2018]
5. Write detailed note on
i. Nuisance caused by garbage loaded open trucks on high way
ii. Setting up transfer station
UNIT IV – OFF-SITEPROCESSING
PART -A C406.4
1. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic composting of MSW.[Nov/Dec 2015]
Aerobic composting process is a single stage process in which aerobicmicro- organisms
oxidize organic compounds to CO 2, nitrate andnitrides.
Anaerobic composting process is a two stage process in which break down oforganic
compounds by reduction is carried out by anaerobic micro-organisms.
2. Enlist the probable composition of gases in the pyrolysis of MSW. [Nov/Dec 2015]
1.CO 2 2.CO 3.O2 4.N 2 O &H2 O& 5.SO 2 and ash
3. What is the need for processing of solid wastes? [Nov/Dec 2016]
 To segregate Biodegradable and non-biodegradablematerials
 To segregate reuse and recyclablematerials
 To reduce the quantity of disposablewastes

 To produce manure fromwastes
4. What is the purpose of using landfill for waste disposal?
 Filling up low lying area and level thesurface
 Reclamation ofland
 Land use for future development after propertreatment

5. Write the significance of C/N ratio in composting.( Nov/Dec 2018)
The organisms for stabilization of organic matter use 30 parts of carbon for eachpart of
nitrogen so C/N=30 is good or a range of 26 to31.
 IfC/N<30,carbon sources suchas straw, sawdust, paper are added to increase
carbon amount.
 IfC/N>30,indicates nitrogen deficiency, sewage sludge, slaughter house waste,
blood are added as a source ofnitrogen.
6. Define pyrolysis.[Nov/Dec 2014](Nov/Dec 2018)
Pyrolysis is an irreversible chemical change brought by action of heat in an
atmosphere, devoid of O 2 . This is also referred to as destructive distillation or
18
carbonization. It is carried out at 900oC by external supply of heat at the end ,

produce a mixtureof combustible carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, ethane and
non-combustibleliquid, chemicals andcharcoal.
7. What are the off-processes?
Before safe disposal of solid wastes, it is required to reduce their quantity and also it is
advisable to apply 3R concept towards some beneficial activities to the human society.
Off site processing involves 3 most important significant processes. Theyare:
1. Biological processes 2. Mechanical processes 3. Thermal processes
8. List out any four recoverable products from off-site processing of solid wastes.
*Methane *Manure *Reuse products *Filling materials *Mention the process parameters
of composting *Temperature *Moisture content of wastes *Use of cultures *Organisms
involved*Aeration *Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio *Addition of sewage
9. Define in-vessel composting
In-vesselcompostingiddefinedasacompostingmethodinwhichthecomposting materials are
confined within a building, container orvessel.
In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or plastic tanks or concretebunkersin
which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of abioreactor.
10. Define energy recovering facility.
Energy recovery facility means facility for the recovery of energy or energyproducing
materialsfromthecontrolledprocessingofsoildwasteandtheproductionofenergyfrom
saidsolidwasteandothermaterialsincludingcoalforaheatingandcoolingsystemandfor the
production of electricity and processteam.
11. Define electrostatic precipitators
It is a system to reduce air pollution during incineration. Sanitary land filling,
refuseiscarried and dumped into low lying area under an engineeredoperation.
12. Define incinerator. [Apr/May 2014]
Incinerator is a enclosed device using controlled flame combustion, the primary purpose
of which is to thermally break down solid waste. Examples of incinerators are rotary kiln,
fluidized bed and liquid injection incinerators.
13. What is called Composting?[Apr/May 2014& Nov/Dec 2017]
Composting is an effective method of solid waste disposal. In composting, biodegradable
materials break down through natural processes and produce humus. The metabolism of
micro-organisms breaks down the waste aerobically or an aerobically.
19
14. What are the reasons for modern compost systems are aerobic rather than
Anaerobic compost systems?
Most modern compost systems are aerobic rather than anaerobic for several reasons:
1. Aerobic processes are not accompanied by the foul stench present at an unsealed
anaerobic composting operation.
2. In crop production industries, composting is safer because temperatures do not reach
that of pasteurization temperatures which exceed the thermal death point of most plants,
animals and parasites.
3. Aerobic composting is more rapid than anaerobic composting.
15. Write down the carbon:nitrogen ratio favorable for decomposition?[Nov/Dec2014]
An aerobic compost operation ideally is an optimal environment for the growth of aerobic
organisms. The material to be composted is food. Therefore the “food” should have a
carbon:nitrogen ratio favorable for decomposition. The microbes require a C: N of 25:1
to 30:1.
16. If the C: N is too low what will happen in the composting.
If the C: N is too low(120:1), the ammonium compounds will volatilize into the
air,causing an unpleasant odour. Various groups of organismshave different optimum
temperatures (some prefer 25 0c,some 37 0c, and others 55 0c), though the optimal
temperaturefor a process as a whole integrates the optimums of thevarious microbes.
17. What are the Types of Composting?
Types of Composting The three main types of composting are: windrow, static pile, and
in-vessel.
1. Windrow: A sludge/refuse mixture configured in long rows (windrows) that are
aerated by convection air movement and diffusion, or by turning periodically through
mechanical means to expose the organic matter to ambient oxygen.
2. Static pile: A stationary mixture is aerated by a forced aeration system installed under
the pile.
3. In-vessel composting: Composting takes place in enclosed containers in which
environmental conditions can be controlled. The waste decomposes into a harmless
organic material that can be used as a soil conditioner and enhancer for agricultural
applications.
18. Which Factors in Composting Operation?
The most important factors in composting operations are:
 Segregation of refuse and salvage  Carbon-nitrogen ratio
 Grinding or shredding of the  Blending or proportioning of
material wastes
20
 Moisture content
19. What are the most important purposes for composting organic Wastes?
The two most important purposes for composting organic wastes are:
 Reclamation or conservation of the nutrient and fertilizer values of the waste,
 Sanitary treatment and disposal to prevent the spread of disease.
20. What is called humus?
Compost is a brown material, the main constituents of which are humus. It has the
following physical properties when applied to the soil:The lightening of heavy soil
2.Improvement of the texture of light sandy soil 3.Enlarging root systems of plants.
21. What are the Character and Value of the Compost?
Character and Value of the Compost material is stable. It may undergo little or no further
decomposition. It has a slightly musty or earthy odour. Color wise, it must be grayish or
blackish. Its value is to serve as soil conditioner, lightness to the soil, promotes aeration
and helps retain moisture by adding humus.
22. What is called composting pit?
Compost Pit: It can be designed for individual houses or institutions. It is the easiest
method ofsolid waste management system, if it is well managed. It is the most ideal
method of dealing with wastes in homes and institutions like schools. Waste is normally
deposited in the pit and covered within 24 hours with a thin layer of earth.
23. What is called incineration?
Incineration is a process of burning the combustible components of garbage and refuse.
Disposal of solid waste by incineration can be effectively carried out on a small scale in
food service establishments aswell as in institutions such as hospitals, schools etc.
24. What is called on-site incineration?
On-site Incineration This term applies to incineration of refuse at home, office, apartment
house, commercial building, hospital or industrial site. Refuse collection and disposal
could be reduced satisfactorily by using on-site incineration. Generally, airpollution can
be expected.
25. Give the Advantages of an incinerator?
Advantages of an incinerator
Less land is required for landfills
 A central location is possible, allowing short hauling for the collection service.
 Ash and other residue produced are free of organic matter, nuisance- free, and
acceptable as fill material.
 Many kinds of refuse can be burned. Even non combustible materials will be reduced
21
in bulk.
 Climate or unusual weather does not affect it.
26. What are all the end products of Pyrolysis of solid waste. (Nov/Dec 2017)
The end products of pyrolysis of solid waste are Hydrocarbons
27. MRF (April/May 2018)
MRF (Material Recovery Facility) is a specialized plant that receives, separates and
prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end-user manufacturers. Generally, there
are two different types: clean and dirty materials recovery facilities.
28. Explain 3R principle and its uses? (April/May 2018)
"3R" refers to reduce, reuse and recycle, particularly in the context of production and
consumption. It calls for an increase in the ratio of recyclable materials, further reusing of
raw materials and manufacturing wastes, and overall reduction in resources and energy
used.
PART -B C406.4
1. Discuss the major types of gaseous emissions from a mass burn incinerator and how each
may be effectively removed from flue?
2. Explain the classifications of composting technologies and discuss briefly the basic steps
involved in the compensating process.[Nov/Dec 2016]
3. How does incineration help in the management of solid waste? Describe the incineration
technologies and air emissions and its control in detail.[Nov/Dec 2014]
4. Explain the various options for the disposal of solid wastes and the relative merits of
disposal options
5. Describe the incineration technologies and air emissions and its control in detail.[Nov/Dec
2016]
6. Explain composting process of bio degradable MSW.[Apr/May 2014]
7. Draw schematic diagram of a in-line multiplier chamber incinerator and specify the parts.
8. Write short notes on
a. Composting micro biology
b. Gases in sanitary landfill
c. Air pollution problems in incineration process
9. i) Explain the components and operations of a windrow composting facility[Nov/Dec
2017]
ii) Discuss the factors affecting waste composting and the methods of its control.[Nov/Dec
2017]
10.What are the objectives of waste processing?
11. i) Describe the factors to be considered in the selection of waste processing equipments.
22
ii)What are the important factors affecting composting? How they are controlled during
composting?.[Apr/May 2018]
12.Briefly explain the processing techniques and equipments used for resource recovery from
solid wastes. [Nov/Dec 2014][Nov/Dec 2018]
13.Discuss the application of biomethanation process for resource recovery from solid
wastes[Nov/Dec 2017]
14. Explain the methods of composting in solid waste management? [Nov/Dec 2018]
PART-C C406.4
1. Draw a flow chart showing the steps involved in the aerobic composting process. Explain
the factors affecting composting process.
2. Briefly outline the different waste to energy options for management of solid and
hazardous waste.
3. Explain briefly about various magnetic separators with neat sketches. Explain with neat
sketches about the pyrolysis and incineration – pyrolysis process? [Nov/Dec 2015]
4. Paper, stones, plastic bottles, iron pieces, leaves, metal cans are the list of items that are
provided with you draw the flow chart for the recovery of resources.
5. Appropriately discuss the significance, factors to be considered in selecting aerobic or
anaerobic based and economics of composting of MSW.[Nov/Dec 2015]
UNIT V – DISPOSAL
PART -A C406.5
1.What is called municipal solid waste landfill (MFWLF)?
 Definition: depositing waste on the ground and burying it with at least six inches of dirt.
 Municipal solid waste landfill (MFWLF) receives household wastes but can also
receive non-hazardous sludge, industrial solid waste, construction and demolition
debris.
2.Define LEACHATE. [Nov/Dec 2012]( Nov/Dec 2018)
Leachate is any liquid that has passed through or emerged from solid waste and contains
soluble, suspended, or miscible materials removed from such waste.Leachate from a
landfill varies widely in composition depending on the age of the landfilland the type of
waste that it contains. The generation of leachate is caused principally by precipitation
percolating through waste deposited in a landfill.
3.What are the Landfill types?
 Bioreactor landfills (bioreactors) air to enhance microbial processes
 Construction and demolition debris (c & d) landfills shingles, metals, and some types
of plastics standards than municipal solid waste landfills due to the relatively inert
23
Nature of c&d debris materials.

 Industrial waste landfills -hazardous industrial process wastes.
4.What are the Advantages of landfills?
Advantages of landfills:
 No burning needed, Air pollution minimal, Constant burying of the layers-vermin
(rats, etc.) are kept to a minimum
5. Brief the treatment mechanisms of a sanitary land filling [May/June 2013]
Sanitary landfill, which is the controlled disposal of waste on the land is well suited to
developing countries. It controls the exposure of the environment and humans to the
detrimental effects of solid waste placed on the land.
6.What is called Secure landfills.
 Landfilling of hazardous solid or containerized waste is regulated more stringently than
landfilling of municipal solid waste.
 Hazardous wastes must be deposited in so called secure landfills, which provide at least 3
metres (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and the underlying
bedrock or groundwater table.
7.Write about leachate collection system.
A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leachate
collection systems. The double leachate collection system consists of a network of
perforated pipes placed above each liner. The upper system prevents the accumulation of
leachate trapped in the fill, and the lower serves as a backup. Collected leachate is
pumped to a treatment plant. In order to reduce the amount of leachate in the fill and
minimize the potential for environmental damage, an impermeable cap or cover is placed
over a finished landfill.
8.What is meant by Leachate recirculation?
Leachate recirculation: It is one of the simplest forms of treatment. Recirculation of
leachate reduces the hazardous nature of leachate and helps wet the waste, increasing its
potential for biological degradation.
9.What is meant by Natural liners?
Natural liners: These refer to compacted clay or shale, bitumen or soil sealants, etc., and
are generally less permeable, resistant to chemical attack and have good sorption
properties. They generally do not act as true containment barriers, because sometimes
leachate migrates through them.
10. What is meant by Synthetic (geo-membrane) liners?
24
Synthetic (geo-membrane) liners: These are typically made up of high or medium

density polyethylene and are generally less permeable, easy to install, relatively strong
and have good deformation characteristics. They sometimes expand or shrink according
to temperature and age.
11.What are the minimum requirements you need to consider for a sanitary landfill?
The four minimum requirements you need to consider for a sanitary landfill are:
 Full or partial hydrological isolation;
 Formal engineering preparation;
 Permanent control;
 Planned waste emplacement and covering.
12. What is meant by sanitary landfill ?
Sanitary landfill means amethod of disposing of solid waste or on land without creating
nuisances or hazards to public health or to the environment by utilizing the principles of
engineering to confine the solid waste to the smallest practical area , to reduce it to the
smallest practical volume, and to cover it with a layer of an approved material.
13. What are the advantages of segregated solid waste disposal by a sanitary land
filling? [May/June 2013]
 Reduce the volume  Alter the physical form
 Recover usable materials from solid waste
14. List out the effects of improper disposal of solid waste.[Nov/Dec 2016]
 Due to improper disposal of municipal solid waste on the roads and immediate
surroundings, biodegradable materials undergo decomposition producing foul smell
and become a breeding ground for disease vectors.
 Industrial solid wastes are the source for toxic metals and hazardous wastes that affect
soil characteristics and productivity of soils when they are dumped on the soil
 Toxic substances may percolate into the ground and contaminate the groundwater.
 Burning of industrial or domestic wastes (cans, pesticides, plastics, radioactive
materials and batteries) produce furans, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls that are
harmful to human beings.
15. What are the gases found in landfills?
Ammonia Hydrogen sulphide
Carbon dioxide Methane
Carbon monoxide Nitrogen
Hydrogen Oxygen
16. List out the various methods of disposal of solid waste. [Nov Dec 2016]
25
Methods of solid waste disposal and management are as below:

*Open burning *Dumping into the sea *Sanitary Landfills *Incineration *Composting
*Ploughing in fields *Hog feeding *Grinding and discharging into sewers *Salvaging
*Fermentation and biological digestion *Pyrolysis
17. What are the equipments used for sanitary landfills?
*Crawler and rubber-tired tractors *Scrapers *Compactors *Draglines *Motor graders
18. What are the factors to be considered for effective site selection for disposal of
solidwastes?
*Available land area *Impact of processing and resource recovery *Haul distance
*Soil conditions *Topography *Climate *Surface and sub-surface water conditions
*Geologic and local environmental conditions
19. Define sludge.
Sludge means any solid, semi-solid, or liquid waste generated from a municipal,
commercial, industrial waste water treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or
airpollution control facility, exclusive of the treated effluent from a wastewater treatment
plant.
20. What is meant by pyrolysis? [Nov/Dec 2012]
Pyrolysis is a thermo chemical decomposition of organic material at elevated
temperatures in the absence of oxygen. It involves the simultaneous change of
chemicalcomposition and physical phase, and is irreversible. The word is coined from the
greekderived elements pyro “fire” and lysis “separating”
21. Mention the types of landfilling methods?
1.Area method 2.Trench method 3.Depression method
22. Mention the methods to control seepage.
 The use of impermeable cover materials
 The interception of high groundwater before it reaches the fill.
 Equalization of the water levels within and outside the landfill.
 The use of an impervious layer of clay material or other materials
23. Give the disadvantages of an incinerator?
Disadvantages of an incinerator
 Initial cost is high during construction.
 Operating cost is relatively high.
 Skilled employees are required for operation and maintenance.
 There may be difficulty in getting a site.
26
24. What are the merits and demerits of Incineration.[Nov/Dec 2016]

Merits:
 It reduces the amount of waste volume, virtually to zero (because it converts them to
gases)
 It can be used to treat for hazardous and clinical (containing pathogenic bacteria)
wastes
 It can be used to generate energy, for boilers.
Demerits:
 If the solid waste contains certain types of materials, incineration can generate
hazardous gases, like furans and dioxins, especially if waste has PVC (Polyvinyl
chloride)
 It can generate CO 2 and odour sometimes.
25. What are the factors to be considered to determine appropriate capacity of transfer
facility?
o Capacity of collection vehicles using the facility
o Time require to unload collection vehicles
o Desired number of days of storage space on tipping floor
o Number of vehicles that will use the station and their expected days and hours
of arrival
o Transfer trailer capacity
o Hours of station operation
26. List out two benefits associated with the leachate recirculation in a landfill (Nov/Dec
2017)
The ground water will be protected, It increases the biological degradation are the two
major benefits associated with the leachate recirculation in the landfill
27. Give the composition of landfill gas (Nov/Dec 2017)
Landfill gas approximately consists of 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon
dioxide with trace amounts (<1 percent) of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen, and nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs)
28. State two prime health effects of dumping MSW on land? (Nov/Dec 2018)
Ground water contamination – improper access to fresh water,
Insect infestations – spread of infectious diseases.
Accidental firing – Spread of smoke, breathing disorders.
27
29.Define No Development Zone? (April/may2018 )

The directive under the NGT along the ecologically sensitive areas, where further
industrialization may harm the environment, and such zones which are to be converted
into green belt zones are termed as No development zones under CRZ notification.
30. Which one is better option of disposal open dumping or landfilling? Justify your
answer? (April/may 2018)
Landfilling is a better option for waste disposal, since open dumping has the following
disadvantages
 Fire and explosion
 Inhalation of toxic gases

 Injury to children playing on or around the dump site
 Disease carried by mosquitoes, flies and rodents

 Contamination of streams, rivers, and lakes
 Contamination of soil and groundwater
 Contamination of drinking water

 Damage to plant and wildlife habitats
 Decrease in the quality of life to nearby residents and the local community
Open dumps create a public nuisance, divert land from more productive uses and
depress the value of surrounding land.
PART -B C406.5
1. Explain the various phases of MSW decomposition in a closed landfill cell. How
doleachate and gases differ b/w each phase? What are the factors which affect production
ofleachate & landfill gas?
2. What are the issues should be considered before deciding on gas ventilation from a
landfill?
3.Explain a typical gas vents used in the surface of a landfill for the control of landfill gas.
4. Explain the various phases of MSW decomposition in a closed landfill cell.
5. Write a note on leachate, its collection and treatment.(April/may2018]
6. i) Explain the area method of sanitary land filling. [May/June 2013]
ii) List out the factors governing selection of site for sanitary landfill. [May/June 2013]
7. Explain the term sanitary land filling and how is it practiced? Draw a neat sketch and
explain the filling process adopted in such filling practices. [Nov/Dec 2012]
8. i) Explain the step by step procedureand ccriteria involved in site selection for sanitary
landfills(April/may2018]
28
ii) With the help of a neat sketch explain the essential components of a sanitary
landfilland theirfunctions. Also explain its advantages and disadvantages of sanitary
landfill.
9. i) Enlist the key characteristics of an engineered landfill that distinguishes it from
anopendump.
ii) With the help of a neat sketch describe the operational components of a landfill and
state their functions.
10.Draw the layout plan for sanitary landfill showing its structural components
equipments/machineries being used and pollution preventive measures. Explain them.
[May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2018]
11. Explain briefly about the various characteristics of hazardous wastes.
12. Explain the design and operation principles for sanitary landfills. [Nov/Dec 2017]
13. Draw a neat sketch of a landfill bioreactor and explain the various components of the unit.
Also explain the biological process involved in it [Nov/Dec 2017]
PART-CC406.5
1. With the help of a neat sketch, compare the cross section of liner systems, and cover
systems recommended for sanitary landfill.
2. i) What do you understand by the term leachate? What problems are posed by leachate and
how would you overcome? [Nov/ Dec 2012]
ii) Determine the area required for a new landfill site with a projected life of 20 years for a
population of 150000 generating 25 kg per household per week. Assume the density of
waste s 500kg/m3 . A planning restriction limits the height of the landfill to 20m. [Nov/Dec
2012]
3. Differentiate between the landfill and dumpsite and how can the dumpsite canthe dumpsite
can be converted to landfill and also explain the site selection for the sanitary landfill.
4. Explain in case study about any one of the sanitary landfill available in Chennai city with
the neat sketches along with the quantity of sewage and population of that locality.
5. Explain the various techniques involved in leachate treatment?[Nov/Dec 2018]
29

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EN6501- Municipal Solid Waste Management Department of Civil Engineering 2019-2020

EN6501 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT L T P C

UNIT I SOURCES AND TYPES 8

UNIT II ON-SITE STORAGE AND PROCESSING 8

UNIT III COLLECTION AND TRANSFER 8

UNIT IV OFF-SITE PROCESSING 12

UNIT I – SOURCES AND TYPES

7. List out the MSWM principles.(Nov/Dec 2015)(May/June 2016)

13. What are effects of improper disposal of solid waste on environment?(May/June

UNIT II – ON-SITE STORAGE AND PROCESSING

9. What is essential of proper storage of MSW?

Proper storage of MSW needs:

16. Write about On-site handling methods.

22. What are the Routing system of collection?

28. What are the disadvantages of communal containers?

3. How do you select the most appropriate transfer station?

Collection frequency: Climatic conditions and requirements of a locality as well as

 To reduce the quantity of disposablewastes

 Land use for future development after propertreatment

carbonization. It is carried out at 900oC by external supply of heat at the end ,

Nature of c&d debris materials.

Synthetic (geo-membrane) liners: These are typically made up of high or medium

Methods of solid waste disposal and management are as below:

24. What are the merits and demerits of Incineration.[Nov/Dec 2016]

29.Define No Development Zone? (April/may2018 )

 Inhalation of toxic gases

 Disease carried by mosquitoes, flies and rodents

 Contamination of soil and groundwater

 Contamination of drinking water

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