Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231
5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018)
A Typology of Fungicide Application in Malang
Raya
Moch. Agus Krisno Budiyanto
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
aguskrisno@umm.ca.id
Abstract. The research aims at analyzing the usage typology
of synthetic and organic fungicides in Malang Raya area.
The research design is descriptive qualitative, a method in
which the research tries to describe fact using certain
theory. There were 15 farmers acted as informants within
Malang Raya area. Sampling techniques is by purposive
sampling. The research applied interview and observation
data collection method. Data analysis is in the form of
qualitative analysis by conducting analysis on its content.
The concept of the usage of fungicide in Malang Raya area
would then be analyzed based on Social Movement
Typology theory). Based on result of the study it can be
concluded: 1) Typology of the use of fungicides in Malang
Raya (Batu City, Malang City, and Malang Regency)
included in the typology of alternative movement, and 2)
The usage of organic fungicide is less effective and massive in
Malang City and Batu City, yet is more effective in Malang
Regency.
Keywords: typology, fungicide, organic, synthetic, malang
INTRODUCTION
Fungicide is pesticide that specifically aimed at
killing or inhibiting fungi that causes certain disease
towards plants. Fungicide can be in the form of liquid
(most widely used), gas, granules and powders. Seed-
producing companies commonly use the fungicide on
seed, tuber, root transplants and other propagating organs
to kill the fungus on material to be planted and to protect
young plant from patogenic fungus (Adnyana, 2011,
Apriani 2014, Sekarsari, 2013, Nuraini, 2014). In
addition, the usage of fungicide can be in the form of
stem injection, direct spray (liquid), and fumigan (gas
spray). Fungicides can be classified into two groups:
selective fungicides (fungicides sulfur, copper, quinon,
heterocyclic) and non-selective (aromatic hydrocarbon
fungicides, anti-oomycota, oxathiin, organophosphates,
fungicides inhibiting sterol synthesis, and other systemic
fungicides). Fungicides selectively kill certain fungi but
do not hurt other fungi. Fungicides can also be
categorized as contact fungicides, translaminar, and
systemic. The contact fungicide only works in the
sprayed part. Translaminar fungicides flow from the
sprayed portion (the leaves and the top of the plant) to
the non-sprayed part (down). Systemic fungicides are
absorbed by plants and distributed through plant vessel
systems (Adawiah, 2014, Daniel et al, 2015, Susilo,
2010, Mc Ewen, 2010).
The use of synthetic fungicide has an impact on
plant’s pathogenic resistance, the death of non-targeted
Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
microbes, the emergence of more harmful secondary
pathogen, increase of production cost, the emergence of
environmental pollution especially soil and ground water,
the health of farmers. Therefore, to avoid or to prevent
the negative impacts it requires improvement and
utilization of eco-friendly pesticide, namely organic
pesticide (Souza et al, 2017, Xue et al, 2016, White et.al,
2014, Karlsson et al, 2014, Yoo et.al, 2013).
Research is designed to achieve the following
research objectives 1) Analyze the typology of the use of
synthetic fungicides in Malang Raya and 2) Analyze the
typology of organic fungicide use in Malang Raya.
METHOD
The research approach used in this research is
qualitative research with descriptive qualitative research
design that is a research that wants to describe fact by
using certain theory. In this study, magna findings or
concepts about the use of fungicides in Malang Raya will
be analyzed based on the Social Movement Typology
theory.
Informant research is farmers in Malang Raya. The
sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The
number of research subjects were 15 (fifteen) farmers.
The focus of this research is 1) typology of synthetic
fungicide use in Malang Raya, and 2) typology of
organic fungicide use in Malang Raya that includes:
identifukasi type of fungus disease, type of fungicide
used, dose of usage, frequency of use, and social
movement of fungicide usage.
Data analysis used in this research is qualitative
analysis by content analysis which using Interactive
Model from Miles and Huberman that is: (1) data
collection, (2) data simplification or reduction, (3) data
presentation, (4) withdrawal and testing or verification of
conclusion. Magna or concept about the use of fungicides
in Malang Raya will be analyzed based on the Social
Movement Typology theory.
RESULT
The Typology of Fungicide Usage in Batu
Plants cultivated by Tani Mulya Farmer Group
Tawang Argo Village, Bumiaji District, Batu City is a
plant of chili, eggplant, tomato and corn.
The fungicides used by Tani Mulya Batu Farmers
Group are synthetic fungicides because their effect in
inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi can be seen
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quickly. The mulya farmers group currently does not use
natural fungicides because it is thought that natural
fungicides have a slow effect in halting the growth of
pathogenic fungi in plants. Mulya Batu Farmers Group
using synthetic fungicides since the 90s during the era of
common farmers.
“The use of synthetic fungicide is recommended by
companies and farmer groups following the company's
advice because the results provided by synthetic
fungicides can be seen quickly. In the farmer's group,
there are active members and passive members.
Members who use the advice of the company are mostly
active members"said Abdul Mujib Secretary of Tani
Mulya Farmers Group.
Thus typology of fungicide use in Batu City included
in Alternative Movement. According Aberle in
Kornblum (2014) typology is an effort to categorize
something based on karaterisktik teretntu. While the
meaning of Alterative Movement is a movement that
aims or impacts to change some individual behavior In
this category we can input various counseling, meetings,
promotions, leaflets / brochures that are sometimes done
to change the behavior of the farmers in the direction that
the farmers want to cool.
Typology of Fungicide Usage in Malang City
The most cultivated plants by Tani Jaya Farmer
Group Tunggulwulung Village, Lowokwaru Subdistrict,
Malang City is rice plant. All members of the farmer's
group use synthetic fungicides if their paddy plants are
attacked by fungi. There had been extension services by
the local government regarding the use of organic
fungicides, but when practiced, the results were not good
and the effects were so long that most of the members of
the Jaya Farmers Group continued to use synthetic
fungicides until now.
"We use factory-made fungicides, for a long time we
did not use homemade fungicides, we used homemade
fungicides but the results were not efficient" said Sardani,
a member of Tani Jaya Farmer Group.
The directive of synthetic fungicide use is done by
sales of synthetic fungicide product and not all members
of Kelompok Tani Jaya follow the sales instruction.
Similarly, the direction of use of organic fungicides is
also done several times but also only a small member of
the Farmers Group Jaya who follow saranya it. The
reason of at least members of Farmers Group Jaya who
followed the suggestion of organic fungicide use due to
raw materials that have been relatively difficult to find in
the area of Malang City and also associated with the
effectiveness of fungicides that take a long time
Thus the typology of the use of fungicides in Malang
city included in the typology of Alternative Movement.
This is because the movement of awareness of farmer
group members through various media counseling
product sales and new local government led to changes in
some members of farm groups only.
Typology of Fungicide Usage in Malang Regency
Crops cultivated by Sumber Urip Farmer Group I
Wonorejo Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang
Regency is mostly rice, cabbage, tomato, long bean,
spinach, mustard, bean, chilli, and onion. When facing a
fungal attack, Sumber Urip Farmer Group prioritizes the
use of organic fungicides when compared to the use of
synthetic fungicides This is due to several things, namely
as follows: 1) Wonorejo Village there is a biological
potential that can be used organic fumgicide making
materials, such as betel leaf, ginger, garlic, turmeric,
clove leaves, paper flowers, bougenville flowers, 2)
making organic fungicides easily by fermenting organic
fungicides with moebillin (fermented inoculum); 3) the
price of organic fungicides is much cheaper when
compared to the price of synthetic fungicides; and 4) the
use of organic fungicides organic fungicides has very
little health and environmental impact.
As a group of organic farmers Sumber Urip Farmer
Group continues to make efforts to use organic resources
of fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. In
collaboration with the University of Muhammadiyah
Malang, Sumber Urip Farmers Group continues to raise
awareness to all members of farmer groups through
counseling, monthly routine meetings, posters, and
leaflets. The results are quite encouraging, almost all
members of farmer groups use organic resources such as
fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It's
just that some farmers are still using synthetic fungicides
when the use of organic fungicides is less effective and
efficient, especially in chronic and chronic (massive)
fungal attack.
"Almost all our members use organic fungicides but if
the fungus do not disappear we need to use a synthetic
fungicide" said Abdul Fatah Chairman of Farmers Group
Sumber Urip I.
Thus the typology of the use of fungicides in Malang
District included in the typology of Alterative Movement
(alternative movement). This is because the awareness
movement of farmer group members through various
media (counseling, monthly routine meetings, posters,
and leaflets) has only caused a change in some members
of the farmer group
Continuous use of synthetic fungicides can lead to
pathogenic resistance, human toxicity and pollute the
environment (Apriani, 2014, Pimentel, 2010, Kenmore,
2010, Efri, 2010). According to Wright et.al (2013),
White et.al, (2014), Walia et al, (2014), Djunaedy (2010)
the use of pesticides, especially synthetic pesticides is
like a double-edged knife. Behind the great benefits of
increasing agricultural production, it is shrouded by
terrible dangers. It can not be denied, the pesticide
hazards are increasingly felt by the public, especially due
to the unwise use of pesticides. Losses in the form of
adverse effects of the use of pesticides, can be grouped
into 3 parts: (1). Pesticides have negative effect on
human health, (2). Pesticides have an adverse effect on
environmental quality, and (3). Pesticides promote the
development of plant-disturbing plant populations.
Fungicides can lead to resistance to plant pathogens
that cause unsuitable chemicals to be used, the killing of
non-targeted microbes and the emergence of more
dangerous secondary pathogens, increasing production
costs due to the higher cost of chemicals, causing
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environmental pollution, especially groundwater and soil,
affecting the health of farmers and his family especially
when the face-to-face in the field is the mother who is
pregnant or breastfeeding, and affect the health of
consumers who consume agricultural products
contaminated with these chemicals Therefore, to prevent
or avoid the negative impacts, it is necessary to strive for
the development and utilization of environmentally
friendly pesticides, namely organic pesticides, which is
one of the scope of "green revolution sustainable", to
support the achievement of robust strong food security
(Souza et al, 2017, Xue et al, 2016, Daniel et al, 2015,
Karlsson et al, 2014, Yoo et.al, 2013).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the above research, it can be
concluded several things are as follows: 1) Typology of
the use of fungicides in Malang Raya (Batu City, Malang
City, and Malang Regency) included in the typology of
Alternative Movement, this is because the awareness
movement of farmer group members through various
media (counseling, monthly routine meetings, posters,
and leaflets) has only caused a change in some members
of the farmer group.and 2) The usage of organic
fungicide is less effective and massive in Malang City
and Batu City, yet is more effective in Malang Regency.
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