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vf/kxe v{kerk ds
CWLD
1-0 ekufld eafnr ckyd (CWID) ¼Mental Retarded Children)
1-1 vo/kkj.kk
^^ekufld eafnrk^^ ekufld U;wurkvksa ls xzLr ckyd ^^ekufld fodykaxrk** vkSj
^^lkekU; ls de ekufld eafnr ckyd** vkfn lHkh ekufld :i ls fodykax cPpksa ds uke gSaA
izkphu le; esa ekufld eafnr cPpksa ds fy, ew[kZ] eUncqf) vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk
tks vc vizpfyr gks x;s gSaA
,YÝsM fcus (Alfred Binet, 1908) us ^^ekfuld vk;q** izR;; dk izfriknu fd;kA ekufld
vk;q ls vfHkizk; ,d fuf'pr vk;q Lrj ij cPps ds Kku ls gSA ;fn dqN cPps lkekU;
;ksX;rkvksa esa lkekU; cPpksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd U;wu o vfodflr gksrs gSa rks os eanrk ds
f'kdkj gksrs gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] ;fn 10 lky dk cPpk ;g dk;Z djrk gS rks 06 lky ds cPpa
dks djuk pkfg, rks ge mldh ekufld vk;q 06 lky ekusx
a As
1.1.1. vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk;k ¼Meaning and Definition)
ekufld eafnjk vkSlr ls fuEu ekfld dk;Z{kerk dk mYys[k djrh gSA blfy, ekfld
eafnrk ls vfHkizk; ekufld o`f) ,oa fodkl dh xfr dh U;wurk ls gSA ekufld eafnrk cksy
cPpksa dh cqf)yfC/k] lk/kkj.k ckydksa dh cqf)yfC/k ls de gksrh gSA
^^ekufld eafnr ls rkRi;Z ml vlkekU; lk/kkj.k ckSF)d dk;Z{kerk ls gS tks O;fDr dh
fodklkRed voLFkkvksa esa izdV gksrh gS rFkk mlds vuqdy
w O;ogkj ls lEcaf/kr gksrh gSA**
ts-Mh- ist (J.D. Page, 1976) ds vuqlkj %&
^^ekufld U;wurk ;k eanu O;fDr esa tUe ds le; ;k cpiu ds izkjaHk ds o"kksaZ esa ik;h
tkus okyh lkekU; ls de ekufld fodkl dh ,slh voLFkk gS tks mlesa cqf) lEcU/kh deh rFkk
lkekftd v{kerk ds fy, mRrjnk;h gksrh gSA**
fczfV'k es.Vy MSfQf'k;sUlh ,DV ds vuqlkj %&
^^ekufld eanu 18 o"kZ ls igys vkUrfjd dj.kksa dh otg ls vFkok chekjh ;k pksV ds
dkj.k iSnk gqbZ ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS] ftlesa O;fDr ds efLr"d dk fodkl ;k rks :d tkrk gS ;k
mlesa iw.kZrk ugha vk ikrhA**
Øks vkSj Øks ds 'kCnksa esa %&
^^ftu ckydksa dh cqf)yfC/k 70 ls de gksrh gS] mUgsa ekufld eafnr ckyd dgrs gSaA**
bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds ckn dk ekufld eafnrk dh fuEu izdkj ls O;k[;k dj
ldrs gS %&
1- eUncqf) cPpksa dh cqf)yfC/k 70 ;k blls de gksrh gSA
2- os lekt dh ekU;rkvksa ds vuq:i O;ogkj djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gS rFkk os lekt ds
eY;ksa o vkn'kksZa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj ugha dj ikrsA
3- ekufld eafnr ckydksa dk 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd vkSj laosxkRed fodkl Bhd izdkj ls ugha
gks ikrk rFkk os vf/kd le; rd fdlh fo"k;oLrq ij /;ku dsfUnzr ugha dj ldrs gSA
4- ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl dky 18&19 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ekuk tkrk gSA
5- vkSlr ls cgqr de ckSf)d {kerk ds lkFk&lkFk ekufld eanu dh ,d igpku ;g Hkh gS
fd blds f'kdkj ckyd ;k fd'kksj vius vkils rFkk vius ifjos'k ls lek;ksftr gksus esa dkQh
dfBu ;k vleFkZrk vuqHko djrs gSA
1.1.2. ekufld eafnrk dk oxhZdj.k CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
ekufld eafnrk dk oxhZdj.k rhu izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS & fpfdRldh;]
euksoSKkfud rFkk 'kS{kf.kd fof/k;ksa }kjk fpfdRldh; oxhZdj.k dh vis{kk euks&oSKkfud o
'kS{kf.kd oxhZdj.k dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% fd;k tkrk gSA fpfdRldh; oxhZdj.k dkj.kksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA euksoSKkfud oxhZdj.k dk vk/kkj cqf) ds Lrj ij rFkk 'kS{kf.kd oxhZdj.k dk
vk/kkj ekufld eafnr ckyd dk orZeku fØ;kRed Lrj gksrk gSA 'kS{kf.kd oxhZdj.k ftls
vesfjdh f'k{kkfonksa }kjk ekSfydrk iznku dh] mls NCRT ubZ fnYyh }kjk Hkh ekU;rk iznku dh
x;h gSA
1-1-2-1- fpfdRldh; oxhZdj.k [Medical Classification] %&
a) iks"k.k (Nutrition)
b) Vªksek ¼lnek½ (Trauma)
c) Hk;adj fnekxh chekjh iks"k.k (Gross Brain Disease)
d) tUe ls igys ds izHkko (Prental Influences)
e) Øksekslkseks dh vlkekU;rk (Chromosomal Ahnarmality)
f) Hkzw.kkoLFkk ;k xHkkZoLFkk lEcU/kh fodkl (Geslational Disorder)
g) laØe.k rFkk mRrstuk (Infections and Intoxications)
h) euksoSKkfud fodkj (Physchiasric Disorder)
i) okrkoj.k dk izHkko (Environmental Influences)
1-1-2-2- euksoSKkfud oxhZdj.k I.Q. ds vk/kkj ij
a) lkekU; ¼lk/kkj.k½ eafnrk - I.Q. 50-70
b) e/;eoxhZ; eafnrk - I.Q. 35-49
c) xaHkhj eafnrk - I.Q. 20-34
d) vfrxaHkhj eafnrk - I.Q. Below 20
1-1-2-3- 'kS{kf.kd oxhZdj.k [Educational Classification]
a) f'kf{kr fd;s tkus okys ckyd - I.Q. 50-75
b) izf'kf{kr fd;s tkus okys ckyd - I.Q. 25-50
c) izf'kf{kr u fd;s tkus okys ckyd - I.Q. Below 25
;g fofHkUu izdkj dk oxhZdj.k ekufld eafnr cPpksa dh f'k{kk] mlds O;ogkj o Lora=rk
ds Lrj ds ckjs esa le> ds ,d Lrj dks fodflr djrk gS vFkkZr~ mudks le>us esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA
1-1-3- ekufld eafnr ds dkj.k (Causes Of Mental Retardation)
ekufld eafnr ds fy, dksbZ ,sls lkekU; dkj.k fu/kkZfjr djuk lEHko ugha gSA ekufld
eafnrk ,d O;fDrxr leL;k gSaA vr% izR;sd eUncqf) ckyd viuh eUncqf) ds fy, dqN viw.kZ
dkj.k j[krk gS] eUncqf) cPpksa ls lEcaf/kr dkj.kksa dks vxz rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS %&
1) tUe ls iwoZ ds dkj.k (Prinital Causes)
2) tUe ds le; ds dkj.k (Perinatal Causes)
3) tUe ds ckn ds dkj.k (Pornatal Causes)
1-1-3-1- tUe ls iwoZ ds dkj.k (Prinital Causes)
(a) vkuqokaf'kdh o nks"kiw.kZ xq.klw= %&
ekuo 'kjhj esa 23 tksM+s xq.klw= gksrs gSA izR;sd O;fDr vius ekrk&firk ls vk/ks xq.klw=ksa
dks xzg.k djrk gSA ekufld eafnrk ekrk ;k firk vFkok nksuksa ds xq.klw=ksa esa mifLFkr nks"kiw.kZ
iSr`dksa ds dkj.k iSnk gks ldrh gSA dqN tSfod chekfj;ksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS &
(i) MkmUl fl.Mªkse %&
bls eaxksfyTe ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl chekjh esa xq.klw=ksa dk ,d tksM+k xHkZ
/kkj.k ds le; vyx gks tkrk gSA Ýkal ds oSKkfudksa us ;g crk fn;k fd O;fDr;ksa ds
ØksekslksE; (Chromosomes) ds 21osa tksM+s esa ,d vfrfjDr Øksekslkse gksrk gS] ftlls bu
yksxksa esa 46 dh ctk; 47 Øksekslkse gksrs gSA bu yksxksa ds psgjs dh cukoV eaxksfy;u tkfr ds
yksxksa ls feyrh&tqyrh gksrh gS] blfy, bUgsa eaxksfyTe dgk tkrk gSA budk psgjk xksy] ukd
NksVh o piVh] vk¡[ksa /kalh gqbZ] gkFk NksVs vkSj eksVs rFkk thHk esa ,d njkj gksrh gSA
(ii) VuZj fl.Mªkse (Turner's syndrone) %&
bl ekufld nqcZyrk dk dkj.k ;kSu Øksekslkse (Sex chromosomes) esa xM+cM+h
gksrh gSA ;g ekufld nqcZyrk dsoy ckfydkvksa esa gh ik;h tkrh gSA bu ckfydkvksa dh xnZu
NksVh vkSj >qdh gqbZ gksrh gSA bl izdkj ds cPpksa ea vf/kxe lEcU/kh leL;k,¡ lkekU;r% ik;h
tkrh gSa] ftlesa Jo.k ckf/krk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
Male Female
XY + 22 XO + 22
XO + 44
(iii) DykbZuQSYVj fl.Mªkse (Klinefelter's syndrone) %&
bl izdkj dh nqcZyrk iq:"kksa esa ,d vfrfjDr Økseksl (XYZ) dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bldk dkj.k Hkh ;kSu ØksekslksEl esa folaxfr dk gksk gSA bl vfrfjDr
ØksekslksEl dks ge 47 fxurs gSA bl nqcZyrk ds dkj.k iq:"kksa esa lkekU;r% efgykvks a dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ fodflr gksus yxrh gSA
XX XY
XYZ
(b) xHkZorh ekrk dh tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k ,Dl&js djokuk iM+rk gS rFkk bu fdj.kksa dk
f'k'kq ds ekufld fodkl ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
(c) xHkZ /kkj.k ds 'kq:vkrh rhu eghuksa esa laØe.k vkfn iSnk gksus ds dkj.k Hkzw.k ds fodkl ij
izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
(d) xHkZorh ekrk }kjk 'kjkc] flxjsV o u'khyh nokb;ksa dk lsou Hkh ekufld eafnrk dk
dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
(e) de vk;q esa xHkZ /kkj.k dh ekufld eafnrk dk ,d dkj.k gSA de vk;q esa xHkZorh gksu ls
Hkzw.k dk fodkl iw.kZ :i ls ugha gks ikrk gSA
ekufld eafnr ckyd cgqr&lh ckrksa esa lkekU; cPpksa tSlk O;ogkj djrk gS] ijUrq dqN
fo'ks"krk,¡ ,slh gS tks ekufld eafnr ckydksa dks lkekU; cPpksa ls vyx djrh gSA bu fo'ks"krkvksa
dks fofHkUu euksoSKkfudksa us fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k gSA eUncqf) cPpksa dh ckSf)d o
O;fDrRo lEca/k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS %&
ckSf)d ;k ekufld fo'ks"krk,¡ &
eafnr cPpksa dks ckSf)d fodkl ls lEcaf/kr pkj {ks=ksa & vo/kku] Le`fr] Hkk"kk vkSj
'kS{kf.kd Lrj vkfn esa fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
1- vo/kku dh dfe;k¡ %& ,d cPpk fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks rHkh dj ldrk gS tc og mls
Lej.k dj ldrk gks ;k lh[k ldrk gksA vuqla/kkudrkZvksa dk ;g er gS fd ekufld eafnr
cPpksa dh ckSf)d leL;kvksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ leL;k vo/kku dh leL;k gksrh gSA
2- fuEu Le`fr Lrj %& ekfld eafnr cPpksa dh lh[kus dh xfr /kheh gksus ds dkj.k ;s fØ;k
ds ckj&ckj nksgjkus ds ckn gh dqN lh[k ikrs gSaA bruk gh ugha ;s lh[kdj iqu% Hkwy Hkh tkrs
gSa] budh izfrfØ;k xfr Hkh /kheh gksrh gSA
3- Hkk"kk fodkl %& budk Hkk"kk fodkl fuEu gksrk gSA Hkk"kk fodkl lhfer gksus ds dkj.k
bl Js.kh ds cPpkas dh 'kCnkoyh viw.kZ vkSj nks"kiw.kZ gksrh gSA vr% bu cPpksa dk Hkk"kk o o.kh
fodkl lkeU; cPpksa ls fuEu gksrk gSA
4- fuEu 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k %& 'kS{kf.kd cqf) o 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k lEcU/kh lHkh {ks=ksa esa ;g
ckyd] lkekU; cPpksa ls ihNs jgrs gSa D;ksfa d cqf) vkSj miyfC/k esa xgjk lEcU/k gSA budh
vf/kxe {kerk lh[kus ;k le>us dh ctk; jgus ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA
O;fDrRo laca/kh fo'ks"krk,¡ %&
1- lkekftd vkSj laosxkRed vuqi;qDrrk %& Ldwyh f'k{kk de gksus ds dkj.k os ckyd
lkekftd o laosxkRed :i ls Lo;a dks lek;ksftr ugha dj ikrsA ;s ckyd laosxkRed :i ls
vfLFkj gksrs gSaA
2- vfHkizsj.kk dh deh %& ekufld eafnr cPpksa esa vfHkizsj.kk o izksRlkgu dh deh gksrh gSA
budk >qdko vuSfrdrk vkSj vijk/k dh vksj jgrk gSA buesa vkRefo'okl dh deh gksrh gSA ;s
ckyd Lo;a dk;Z ugha dj ldrs ysfdu nwljs ds funsZ'ku esa ;s dk;Z dj ysrs gSA
3- lhfer oS;fDrd fofHkUurk %& ekufld eafnr cPpksa esa oS;fDrd fofHkUurk lhfer gksrh
gSA oS;fDrd fofHkUurk ls vfHkizk; O;fDr;ksa esa fdlh ,d fo'ks"krk ;k vusd fo'ks"krkvksa dks ysdj
ik;s tkus okyh fHkUurk,¡ ;k vUrj ls gSA fofHkUu voljksa ij ;s ckyd fofHkUu izdkj dk O;ogkj
iznf'kZr djrs gSA cgqr&ls ekufld eafnr ckyd jaxghu gksrs gSA
4- 'kkjhfjd ghurk %& ekufld eafnr cPpksa dk 'kjhj fod`r gks tkrk gSA 'kkjhfjd jksxksa dk
lkeuk djus dh {kerk de gksrh gSA eUn cqf) ckyd izk;% 'kkjhfjd :i ls csMkSy gksrs gS] tSls
& ukd] dku] gkFk] iSj o isV dk fod`r gksukA lkekU; cPpksa dh rqyuk esa budk 'kjhfjd
fodkl de gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha fd tks cPpk 'kkjhfjd :i ls fod`r gksxk og
cqf)ghu gksxkA
5- lek;kstu leL;k %& ekufld eafnr cPps Lo;a dks vlgk; o ghu Hkkouk xzflr eglwl
djrs gSaA bu cPpksa dks vius ifjokj rFkk okrkoj.k lEcU/kh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA ekufld eafnr cPpksa esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj Lo;a dks lek;ksftr djus dh {kerk
de gksrh gSA
6- l`tukRed dh deh %& ekufld eafnr cPpksa esa l`tukRedrk dh Hkh deh gksrh gSA
lhfer vo/kku gksus ds dkj.k bu cPpksa dh :fp] vfHk:fp rFkk vfHko`fRr vkfn {ks=ksa esa Hkh deh
gksrh gSA ekufld eafnr cPps fdlh ,d gh dk;Z esa viuh :fp dk izn'kZu djus esa l{ke gksrs
gSA l`tukRed ;s vfHkizk; fdlh ubZ oLrq ds l`tu ls gksrk gS rFkk ekufld eafnr cPpksa esa
vHkwrZ fpUru dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
eUncqf) cPps ds ekrk&firk dks ;g fo'okl fnykuk vfr vko';d gksrk gS fd mudk
cPpk ekufld eafnr gSA ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k tkrk gS rks ekrk&firk vius cPps vkdka{kk,¡ j[kus
yxrs gSa] ysfdu dqN gh le; esa ckyd dh vlQyrk,¡ mUgsa fujk'k dj nsrh gSA bl dkj.k
ekrk&firk dk O;ogkj cPps ds izfr cny tkrk gSA
(ii) fo|ky; esa lek;kstu (Adjstment in School) %&
eUncqf) cPpksa dks lk/kkj.k cPpksa dh rjg d{kk esa v/;kidksa dh lkekU; fof/k;ksa }kjk ugha
i<+k;k tk ldrk] D;ksfa d ,sls ckyd v/;kidksa dh lkekU; fof/k;ksa ls dqN Hkh lh[kus ea vleFkZ
gksrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k eUncqf) cPpksa dks fo|ky;ksa rFkk d{kkvksa esa v/;kidksa ds vlgkuqHkwfriw.kZ
O;gokj dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckj rks mUgsa n.M Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj cPpk
ghu Hkkouk ls Hkj tkrk gS rFkk i<+kbZ ,oa fo|ky; ds izfr mldk n`f"Vdks.k fcYdqy cny tkrk
gSA
(ii) lekt esa lek;kstu (Adjstment in Society) %&
cPpksa dks ifjokj ds ckn lekt esa vius vkidks lek;ksftr djuk iM+rk gSA ekufld
eafnr cPpksa ds fy, rks ;g vkSj Hkh eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA lekt ds nwljs cPps muds lkFk
[ksyuk ilUn ugha djrs rFkk ckr&ckr ij mudks fp<+krs gSA ifj.kkeLo:i bu ckydksa esa ghu
Hkkouk iSnk gksuh 'kq: gks tkrh gSA blh dkj.k ls bu cPpksa esa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl ugha
gks ikrkA
1-4-1-2- laosxkRed leL;k,¡ (Emotional Unstability) %& ekufld eafnr cPpksa dks ?kj]
fo|ky; o lekt esa mfpr okrkoj.k u feyus ds dkj.k lek;ksftr ckyd laosxkRed :i ls
ifjiDo ugha gks ldrsA laosxksa dks fu;af=r djus dk izf'k{k.k mUgsa ugha fey ikrkA vr% ;s cPps
laosxkRed :i ls vifjiDo jg tkrs gSA
1-4-1-3- fodkl dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Development) %& ekufld eafnr cPpksa dk
'kkjhfjd o ekufld fodkl lkekU; cPpksa dh rjg ugha gk ikrk ftlds dkj.k budks lek;kstu
dh dfBukb;k¡ gksrh gSA budk ckSf)d fodkl dk gksus ds dkj.k ;s dqN lh[k ugha ikrsA buesa
vHkwrZ fpUru dk vHkko gksrk gSA ;s fdlh ,d fo"k; ij vf/kd le; rd /;ku dsfUnzr ugha dj
ldrsA budh :fp;k¡ lhfer gksrh gSa rFkk ;s dsoy lk/kkj.k rFkk ljy funsZ'k gh le> ldrs
gSA
Retarded)
ekufld eafnr cPpksa ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kSf{kd izko/kku fd;s tk ldrs gSa] tSls &
fu;fer d{kk d{k] fo'ks"k d{kk,¡] fo'ks"k fo|ky;] vkoklh; fo|ky; rFkk fpfdRlk lsokvksa okys
laLFkku vkfnA 'kSf{kd izko/kkuksa ds pquko ds le; dqN egRoiw.kZ ckrsa fnekx eas j[kuh pkfg,A
¼1½ 'kSf{kd lqfo/kk,¡ o O;oLFkk cPps dh vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij gksuh pkfg,A
¼2½ cPpksa dks mi;qDr o mfpr ;k de izfrcaf/kr okrkoj.k iznku djuk pkfg,A
¼3½ LFkkukiUu lqfo/kk yksp'khy gksuh pkfg, rkfd cPpk fofHku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fLFkfr ds
vuqlkj Lo;a dks <ky ldsAa
eq[;r;k ekufld eafnr cPpksa dks rhu oxksZa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa &
1. f'kf{kr fd;s tkus okys ckyd
2. izf'kf{kr fd;s tkus okys ckyd
3. izf'kf{kr u fd;s tkus okys ckyd
1-4-1-5-1 f'kf{kr fd;s tkus okys ckydksa dh f'k{kk (Educational Programmes for Educable
iwoZ fo|ky;h f'k{kk e/;e eUncqf) cPpksa ds fy, fuEu Lrj ls 'kq: djuh pkfg, vkSj
mUgsa dkS'ky izf'k{k.k ,d o"kZ dh ctk; nks ;k rhu o"kZ iznku djuk pkfg,A
(i) fLFkj cSBuk rFkk v/;kid dh ckrksa ij /;ku nsukA
(ii) funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djukA
(iii) Hkk"kk fodklA
(iv) vkRe&fØ;kRed dkS'ky dk fodkl] tSls & twrs ck¡/kuk] cVu cUn djuk vkSj diM+s
iguuk vkfnA
(v) 'kkjhfjd lUrqyu c<+kuk] tSls & iSafly idM+uk vkfnA
1-4-1-5-2- izf'k{k.k ;ksX; eUncqf) cPpksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd izko/kku (Educational Programmes for
Trainable Mentally Retarded Children) %&
bl Js.kh esa os eafnr ckyd vkrs gS tks fdlh Hkh izdkj lkekU; d{kkvksa esa i<+dj ykHk
ugha mBk ldrsA bl Js.kh esa os ckyd j[ks tkrs gSa ftudh cqf)yfC/k 50&25 ds e/; gksrh gSA
,sls ckyd cgqr de f'k{kk izkIr dj ldrs gSa vkSj nks ;k rh d{kk ls vkxs ugha i<+ ldrsA ,sls
cPpksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, fo'ks"k lk/kuks]a d{kkvksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
i. fnup;kZ dkS'ky dk fodkl (Daily Living Skills)
ii. lkekftd fodkl (Social Development)
iii. 'kkjhfjd fodkl (Motor Development)
iv. Hkk"kk fodkl (Language Development)
v. Je & vknr vkSj 'kS{kf.kd dkS'ky (Work Habit and Academic Skill)
vi. ;ksx fpfdRlk (Yoga Therapy)
1-4-1-5-3- izf'kf{kr u fd;s tkus okys ;k xEHkhj ekufld eafnr cPpksa dh f'k{kk (Educational
Provisions for Seversely Mentally Retarded Children) %&
xEHkhj ekufld eafnr cPpksa dh cqf)yfC/k 25 ls de gksrh gSA ,sls ckyd viuh
ns[k&js[k Lo;a ugha dj ldrs vkSj lekt esa vdsys thou;kiu ugha dj ldrsA ;gk¡ rd fd ;s
u rks Bhd ls cksy ldrs gSa vkSj u gh vius fopkjksa dks nwljksa dks vPNh rjg le>kus ds ;ksX;
gksrs gSaA bUgsa fo'ks"k lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
xzkleSu us xEHkhj ekufld eafnr cPpksa ds ckjs eas fy[kk gS] ^^xgu :i ls eUncqf)
ckydksa ds fy, ekufld vLirky o laLFkk,¡ o lqjf{kr txg gksA**
xEHkhj ekufld eafnr ckyd ikuh] vkx] fctyh vkfn ds [krjs dks ugha le> ldrs
rFkk vklkuh ls nq?kZVukxzLr gks tkrs gSA
ekufld eafnr ckyd vius NksVs&NksVs dk;ksZa ds fy, Hkh nwljksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSA
bu cPpksa dks NksVs cPpksa dh rjg gh ugyk;k] /kqyk;k o Hkkstu djk;k tkrk gSA
bu cPpksa dks Ldwyksa esa ugha j[kk tkrk] cfYd budks ekufld vLirkyksa rFkk laLFkkvksa esa
j[kk tkrk gSA vr% bu cPpksa ds fy, ,d gh dk;ZØe gks ldrk gS vkSj og ;g gS & bu
ckydksa dks lqj{kk rFkk lgk;rk iznku djukA
xfrfof/k &1
ekufld :i ls eafnr ckydksa ds fo’ks"k fo|ky; dk losZ djsa o yM+ds ,oa yMfd;ksa dh
leL;kvksa dk fo’ys"k.k djsA
2-0- vf/kxe v{kerk dk vo/kkj.kk ¼Learning Disability½
vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd eukfs oKku ds fy, ,d vc>
w igy
s h cus gq, gAS bl
izdkj ds ckydkas dh leL;kvkas ls gkykfa d eukos SKkfud ifjfpr rks gSa ijUrq buds fopkjkas
eas vHkh Hkh erSD; dk vHkko gSA ,l
s s ckyd n[s kus eas rks lkekU; utj vkrs gSa fdUrq
'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNMs gkrs s gSasA vf/kxe v{kerk ,d ,l
s h leL;k gS ftleas ckyd
lk/kkj.k gkrs s gq, Hkh i<u&
s fy[kus vkSj rdZ lca /a kh jks xkas eas fofHkUu izdkj dh dfBukbZ
vuqHko djrs gSAa bu ckydkas eas 'kS{kf.kd fu"iknu ls tqMh+ gbq Z fofHkUu leL;kvk%as
tSl&
s fy[kuk] i<u+ k] udy djuk] Hkk"kk o ok.kh lca /a kh nk"s k] xf.krh; lEiznk;kas dks le>us
eas dfBukbZ vkfn dk lkeuk djuk iMr+ k gSA bl izdkj ,l
s s ckyd lk/kkj.k ckydkas dh
vi{s kk 'kS{kf.kd {k=
s eas fiNMis u dk y{k.k fn[kykrs gSA izk;% bl izdkj ds lk/kkj.k
ckydkas dks cky
s pky dh Hkk"kk eas eUn 'kSf{kd ckyd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
eukSfoKku eas vf/kxe fu%'kDr ;k v{kerk ls tqMs+ vud
s v/;;u gq, gSAa bluesa
lcls igyk foLr`r v/;;u ekxZu] 1896 dk gS] ftUgkuas s v{ke ckydkas dks n`f"Vghurk ds
uke ls iqdkjkA fcdZ 1957 us vf/kxe v{kerk dks ekuus ds fy, 'kk/s k fd;k ftleas mUgkuas s
izefLr"dh; izHkqRo dk f'k{k.k ij izHkko ekukA tkWulu ,oa ekbdy csLV 1967 eas ,sls
ckydkas ds Luk;q lca a/kh fodkjkas dk otZu fd;kA mjkDs r v/;;ukas ls foijhr lSeqvy fddZ
us 1962 esa vfv/kxe lca /a kh fofHkUu leL;kvkas ds fy, vf/kxe v{kerk ¼Learining
Disability½ 'kCn dk l`tu fd;kA
2-1- ifjHkk"kk,¡ ¼Definitions½
u's kuy ,Mokbtjh desVh vkWu gS.MhdIS M fpYMªus ¼l;
a qDr jkT; vefs jdk½ 1986 ds 'kCnkas eas
^^vf/kxe v{kerk okys cPps fy[kus o i<us lca a/kh oSKkfud izfØ;kvkas eas fodkj iznf'kZr
djrs gSasA ;g fodkj lquu]s i<+us o fy[ku lca /a kh dkS'ky 'kCn fodkl] fpUru o rdZ
lca a/kh dkS'kykas dh {kh.krk ds :i eas gks ldrk gSA bleas efLr"dh; pkVs ] izR;{k.kkRed
leL;k;sa fodklkRed Hkk"kk nk"s k] lhekUr efLr"dh; fod`fr vkfn n'kk eas tkM
s h jgrh gSA
bleas 'kkjhfjd v{kerk] loa x
s kRed fodkj] ekufld eUnrk] loa x
s h vx
a kas eas v{kerk ,oa
okrkoj.kh; fiNMis u ls mRiUu 'kS{kf.kd leL;kvkas dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Learning disabled children exhibit disorder in one or more basic psychlogical processes
involved in understanding and in using spoken or written languages. The disorder asre
mainsfested in hearing, reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. They include condition which
are referred to as pereceptual problems, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction developmental
aphasia, etc. They do not included learning problems which are primarily due to motor
handicapps, emotional disturbances, mental retardation, visual or learning handicapts or the
environmental disadvantages. - NACHC, USA (1986)
vefs jdu lkbfdVªhd ,lkfs l,'ku us Mkbxkfs ufLVM ,.M LVjs Vhdy eSuqvy vkWQ
eSVa y fMlvkMZj prqFkZ 1994] ds vuqlkj ^^;fn dkbs Z ckyd vFkok O;fDr fu;fer f'k{k.k
dk;ZØe ls ykHkkfUor ugha gkrs k gS] tcfd mldh u rks ckSf)d {kerk de gkrs h gS o u
gh og lkekftd :i ls ofa pr gS rks mls vf/kxe v{ke ckyd ds :i eas fpfUgr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ,l
s s ckyd fdlh izdkj ds nSfgd vx
a dh; nf"dz;k dk Hkh Li"V :i ls
izdV ugha djrs gSsAa
When an individual or child shows deficit in academic achievement which is not a
direct result of low intelligence, social deprivation or central nervous system distrubances, then
this child is diagnosed as learning disabled." - (DSM-IV 1994)
vefs jdk dh u's kuy TokbVa deVs h vkWu yfuZx
a fMlfs cfyVh 1988 ds vuqlkj
^^vf/kxe v{kerk ,d lkekU; izdkj dh leL;k gS tks fofHkUu izdkj ds nks"kkas ds legw dks
bfa xr djrh gSA ;g Li"V :i ls cky
s u]s fy[ku]s i<+us rFkk rkfdZdrk o xf.krh; {kerk
eas dfBukbZ dks O;Dr djrh gSA ;g leL;k O;fDr ds dUs nzh; Luk;q rU= dh xMc+ Mh+ ls
iSnk gkrs h gSA ftldk funku dHkh Hkh lEHko ugha gkrs k gSA O;fDr eas vf/kxe v{kerk ds
lkFk lkekftd iRz ;{k.k] Lor% fu;fa =r O;ogkjkas o lkekftd vUr%fØ;k lca /a kh fodkj Hkh
iSnk gks ldrs gSAa ijUrq budk vf/kxe v{kerk eas dkbs Z ;kx
s nku ugha gkrs k gSA vf/kxe
v{kerk fdlh v{kerk ds ifj.kkeLo:i ugha gks rh gS ijUrq fdlh vU; fod`fr ds lkFk
t:j gks ldrh gSA
"Learning disability is a general term refer to a heterogenous group of disorder
manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, writing,
reading, reasoining or mathematical abilities. These disorders are intrinsic influences system
dysfunction and may occur across the life span. Problems in self regulatory hehaviours. Social
perception and social interaction may exist with learning disability but donot by themselves
consitute a learning disability. Although learning disabilities may occur concommittantly with
other handicapping condition or with extrinsic to the individual, presumed to be due to central
nervous. They are not the result of these conditions or influences". - (NJCLD, 1988
vefs jdh ifCyd dkuuw ds vuqlkj ^^vf/kxe dh v{kerk dk vFkZ ,l
s s nk"s k ls gS tks
,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd mu cqfu;knh euksoSKkfud izfØ;kvkas ls tqMk gS tks Hkk"kk dks le>us
vkSj mldk fyf[kr ;k ekSf[kd iz;kx
s ls lacfa /kr gSA bl fod`fr ls i<+u]s fy[ku]s cky
s us
fpUru djus vkSj xf.krh; lokykas dks gy djus ds dkS'ky eas {kh.krk vkrh gS**A
mijkDs r ifjHkk"kk gh Hkkjr eas Lohdkj dh xbZ gSA Åij of.kZr ifjHkk"kkvkas ds vk/kkj
ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd vf/kxe v{kerk eas cks/kkRed ;k izR;{k KkukRed dfBukbZ;k¡]
fnekx dh pkVs ] ef"r"d dh dk;Ziz.kkyh eas pkVs vkfn fodkj 'kkfey gSAa vf/kxe v{kerk
O;fDr dh ekufld chekjh] vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa lkLa d`frd i`"BHkfw e dh otg ls ugha gkrs h
g SA
2-2- vf/kxe v{kerk ds dkj.k ¼Causes of Learning Disability½
vf/kxe v{kerk ds y{k.k vyx&vyx ckydkas eas vyx&vyx izfr:i eas fn[kkbZ
nsrs gSAa ;s y{k.k fofHkUu dkjdkas ds QyLo:i iSnk gkrs s gSAa vf/kxe dh v{kerk dk dkbs Z
,d dkj.k u gkd
s j vud
s dkj.k ftEens kj gSAa bu dkjdkas eas dqN Kkr dkjd gSa tcfd
dqN vHkh Hkh vKkr gSa A
eq[; :i ls vf/kxe v{kerk ds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k ekus tkrs gSa %&
1- vkuqokfa 'kdrk & ifjokj bfrgkl v/;;u fof/k vkSj ;qXeu v/;;u fof/k bl er dk
leFkZu djrh gSA blds vuqlkj vkuqokfa 'kdh ds dkj.k ftu ekrk firk eas vf/kxe v{kerk
tSls fodkj ik;s tkrs gas muds cPpksa eas Hkh Hkk"kk] ok.kh vkSj i<+us o fy[kus lca a/kh
fod`fr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gAaS Mhdj ,oa gkWyxzus 1950 us vius v/;;uksa eas ik;k fd vf/kdk'a k
cPpkas eas iBu dkS'ky rFkk Hkk"kkvkas lca /a kh leL;k;as vuqokfa 'kdrk ds dkj.k gkrs h gSAa
2- tUe iow Z dkjd& vf/kxe v{kerk ls tM
q s dbZ dkjd ckyd dks izlo ls iow Zgh
izekf.kr dj nsrs gSAa bu dkjdkas esa fo"kk.kq laØe.k] vR;f/kd le; rd izlo ihMk+ dk
gkus k] tUe ds le; fdlh vkStkj dh pkVs o vkWDlhtu dh deh vkfn izeq[k gSAa ;s
dkjd ckyd dh tUe izfØ;k dks .+ kkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrs gSsAa buds vykok
xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku eknd inkFkkZsa dk los u dju]s izlo dky esa dksbZ 'kkjhfjd ;kruk rFkk
xHkkZ'k; dh detkjs h tSls dkjd Hkh vf/kxe v{kerk ds fy, ftEens kj gSAa
3- efLr"dh; lja puk esa nk"s k & vf/kxe v{kerk dk eq[; dkjd dUs nzh; Luk;q rU= lca a/kh
fod`fr dks ekuk x;k gAS vf/kdk'a k v/;;ukas eas ;g ik;k x;k gS fd vf/kxe v{kerk 'k"s k
ckydkas ds fdlh izdkj dh xHa khj pkVs dk ifj.kke u gkd
s j ,d lkekU; ;k ukeek= dh
gYdh pkVs ;k nqf"dz;k ds dkj.k gksrh gSA ,l
s s ckydkas eas dkVZsDl ds vUnj vR;f/kd jDr
L=ko] VDs iksjy] rFkk vkWfDlfiVy ykos dh dk;Zokgh eas nk"s k eq[; gSA
4- i;kZoj.kh; dkjd & xHkkZoLFkk ,oa ckY;koLFkk ds nkSjku fo"kkDr rRokas dks xzg.k djus
ls Hkh vf/kxe v{kerk fodkj iSnk gks tkrk gAS dbZ 'kk/s kkas eas ;g fu"d"kZ lkeus vk;k gS
fd lhlk ¼iVas ] ljs fs ed o f[kykSus vkfn½ dbZ vU; fo"kSys rRokas ls vR;f/kd utnhdh ;k
buds los u ls vf/kxe v{kerk 'k"s k gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
5- tSfod dkjd& vf/kxe v{kerk fofHkUu id
z kj dh tSfod fØ;kvkas ds fodkj] mikip;h
nk"s k] gkbikXs ykbZflfe;k] FkkW;jkbfMTe vkfn eas fod`fr gkus s ij Hkh gks rk gSA ckyd ds tUe
ds le; vR;f/kd rukoi.w kZ ?kVukdze] tSl&
s rt
s cq[kkj gksuk] flj eas pksV yx tkuk o
vYi iks"k.k dh otg ls Hkh ;g nks"k ik;k tkrk gSA
6 - lK
a kukRed izfØ;k n`f"Vdk.s k & bl n`f"Vdk.s k ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds laKkukRed
izfØ;kvkas ;k dkS'kykas eas deh ds dkj.k vf/kxe v{kerk nk"s k gkrs k gSA ckyd ds dqN
cqfu;knh lK
a ku vkSj lUns’k lapkyu eas dqN nsjh gkus s dh otg ls Hkh vf/kxe v{kerk
fodkj mRiUu gks tkrk gSA
7- vU; dkjd &vf/kxe v{kerk izk;% fdlh ,d fodkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i u gkd
s j
lg:X.krk dk ifj.kke gSA vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas eas vf/kdrj vojk/s kd O;ogkj ls
tqMs+ fodkjkas dk /;ku nsus lca /a kh leL;kvkas ls Hkh xzflr gkrs s gSAa ,d v/;;u ds vuqlkj
vf/kxe eas v{ke ds 25 izfr’kr ckydkas eas ,Mh,pMh nks"k Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA
2-3- vf/kxe v’kDrrk dh igpku vkSj mipkj &
vf/kxe v’kDr ckyd dh igpku djuk ,d tfVy ,oa pqukSrhHkjk dk;Z gSA bu
ckydkas dh vkSlr ds djhc cqf)yfC/k gkus s ds ckctnw Hkh 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k Lrj eas
fiNMkiu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bu ckydkas eas lkp
s u]s le>u]s lquu]s fpUru dju]s ;kn
dju]s izf’k{k.k djus vkSj udy djus tSls nks"k gkrs s gSa ftuds dkj.k 'kSf{kd fu"iknu ls
tqMh fofHkUu dfBukb;kas dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA vf/kxe v’kDr ckydkas dh igpku ds
fy, euksoSKkfud fo’k"s kKkas dh enn ysuh pkfg,A bu ckydksa ds ckjs eas tkudkjh izkIr
djus ds fy, euk's kSf{kd vkd
a yukas dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA ,l
s s ckyd f’k{k.k xzg.k djus
eas detkjs gks rs gSAa bl dkj.k fofHkUu Lrjkas ij eYw ;kd
a u vkSj ckSf)d VLs Vkas dk vk;kt
s u
djds muds lca a/k esa fof’k"V tkudkjh xzg.k dh tk ldrh gSA
vf/kxe v{kerk ,d xHa khj leL;k gSA vr% bldk le;≤ ij funku ,oa
gLr{kis fd;k tkuk vko’;d gSA ;g ,d ,l
s k nk"s k gS ftldk bykt lHa ko gSA ckydkas ds
bl fodkj dks njw djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds fo’k"s kKkas dh enn yh tk ldrh gSA
vf/kxe v’kDrrk ds izc/a ku ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa dk mi;kx
s fd;k tkrk gS &
vf/kxe v{kerk fofHkUu izdkj dh gkrs h gS ,oa bleas dkd Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gkrs s gSAa
bl fodkj ds leqfpr dkj.kkas dks tkuus ds fy, ijke’kZdrkZ ls enn ysuh pkfg,A
ijke’kZnkrk ckyd ds O;ogkj dks le>us eas lgk;rk djrk gSA og O;ogkj ls tqMs fofHkUu
vk;kekas dk v/;;u djrk gS vkSj mfpr lykg nrs k gSA ijke’kZdrkZ ckyd ds ekrk firk
dks ;g voxr djk;k tkrk gS fd ckyd dh vf/kxe v[kerk okLrfodrk eas D;k gS\
bldk Lo:i D;k gS\ ;g tkudkjh ekrk firk dh ckyd dh fofHkUurk dks le>us eas
enn djrh gSA ijke’kZ ls ckyd ds thou eas l?a k"kZ ,oa rukokas eas deh vkrh gS vkSj blls
ikfjokfjd lg;kx
s dh fLFkfr eas lq/kkj gkrs k gSA
2- vkS"k/kh; fpfdRlk & vf/kxe v{kerk eas ;|fi vkS"k/kh; fpfdRlk dks dkjxj fl)
ugha gkrs h gSA fQj Hkh ;g ,d egRoi.w kZ mik; gks ldrk gSA fpfdRld ml fodkj ls
xzflr ckydkas dh mfpr tk¡p iMr+ ky dj nokbZ;kas ds lsou dk lq>ko nsrk gSA
ihfM;kfVªd U;jw ksykWftLV ckyd dh foLr`r fDyfudy fgLVªh dk C;kSjk j[krk gS vkSj
fofHkUu jkx
s kas dh vko’;d tk¡p djus ds fodkjkas vkfn ds fy, fpUrk fojk/s kh nokbZ;ksa dk
mi;kx
s fd;k tkrk gAS loa x
s kRed fodkjkas ls lacfa /kr chekfj;kas dks mRrt
s d nokbZ;ksa ls
fu;fa =r djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA foVkfeu dh deh ds dkj.k mRiUu gq, fofHkUu
jkx
s kas dk bykt cgqfoVkfeu nokbZ;kas ds mi;kx
s ls fd;k tkrk gSA
3- oSdfYid FkSjis h &bl izdkj ls xzflr ckydkas ij dbZ v/;;u fd;s x;s gSAa bu
'kk/s kkas ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vuqlkj vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas dks fofHkUu izdkj dh FkSjis h
nh tkuh pkfg,A lx
a hr] dyk] u`R; tSlh oSdfYid FkSjis h bu ckydkas ds fy, dkjxj
lkfcr gks ldrh gSA vf/kxe v’kDrrk ls tqMs+ fodkj dk mipkj djus ds fy, fofo/k
mi;kas dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrkgSA tc bu mik;kas ls dkbs Z fo’k"s k ykHk ckyd dks ugha gkrs kgS
;k fQj dksbZ lq/kkj ugha gkrs k gS rks mipkj ds fy, oSdfYid mik;ksa ij ppkZ dh tkrh gS
,l
s s esa bu iwjd FkSjfs i;kas dk bLres ky fd;k tkrk gSA
4- O;ogkjkRed mik; & vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd f’k{kk eas izk;% vlQy jgrs gSAa
dbZ ckj ckyd vthckx
s jhc gjdras djus yx tkrk gSA eukos SKkfud fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;kas
vf/kxe ds i'pkr ckyd ees a Hkk"kk;h fodkl ,oa O;ogkj dq’kyrk ls tqMs dkS’kykas dk
fodkl fd;k tkrkgSA bl izfof/k eas ckyd dks mfpr iquZoyu nd
s j mfpr vuqdj.k dh
lgk;rk ls izf’kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lK
a kukRed O;ogkj lca /a kh fpfdRlk & vf/kxe vlDdrk okys ckydkas esa
lK
a kukRed fØ;kvkas dks l;
a kfs tr dju]s lx
a fBr djus vkSj fØ;kfUor djus eas vud
s izdkj
dh leL;kvkas dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bu ckydkas eas Lo;a ds O;ogkj ds fu;fa =r djus
dh {kerk dk fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA vr% buesa vkRe fu;=
a .k ,oa vkRe lp
a kyu tSlh
{kerkvkas ds fodkl ds fy, lK
a kukRed O;ogkj ls lca fa /kr fofHkUu izfof/k;kas tSls vkRe
fu;=
a .k izf’k{k.k] vkReeYw ;kd
a u vkReiqucZyu izf’k{k.k vkfn ls mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA
6- 'kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk & lh[kus dh v{kerk okys ckyd dks vf/kxe eas dbZ izdkj dh
dfBukbZ;kas dk lkeuk iMr+ k gSA ;fn ge mudh :fp dk v/;;u djx
as s rks ik;x
as s fd bu
cPpkas ds ikl dbZ izdkj dh izfrHkk] {kerk vkSj ;kXs ;rk ikbZ tkrh gSA ge budh fo’k"s k
:fp o ;kXs ;rk dks utj vna kt djrs gq, dos y muds fodkjkas dks gh izkFkfedrk nrs s gSAa
bl izdkj ds ckydksa dks fo'k"s k :i ls f'kf{kr djus ds fy, mipkjkRed ,oa lgk;rkijd
izfof/k;kas dk iz;kx
s djuk pkfg,A lkekU; fo|ky;kas ds f'k{kdkas dks bu ckydkas dks f'k{kk
lca a/kh fo'ks"k izdkj dh t:jrkas dks le>us dh vko';drk gSA ftlls fd mudh :fp ,oa
{kerk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk fu;kt
s u fd;k tk ldAs bl leL;k ls xzLr ckydkas dks
fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kS{kf.kd ll
a k/kukas dh enn ls fo'ks"k d{kk lp
a kyu ds }kjk v/;;u
djk;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- oS;fDrd 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe ¼IEP½& fo|ky; vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas dk lrr~
:i ls ewY;kd
a u vk;kfs tr djrk gSA bu eYw ;kd
a ukas eas okbMjt
as ,phoeVas VLs V] dSjhdy
w e
VLs V] ihokWMh bfa Mfotqvy ,phoeasV VLs V] 'kkus y ,tus easV VsLV vkfn izeq[k gAaS bu ijh{k.kkas
ds ek/;e ls ckyd dh i<u+ ]s fy[ku]s le>u]s fpUru dju]s Le`fr vkfn rdZ o xf.kr
lca a/kh {kerk dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bu ijh{k.k ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij
ckydkas dks 'kS{kf.kd ds vfrfjDr enn dh tkrh gSA rkfd os viuh vdknfed ;kXs ;rkvkas
eas lq/kkj dj ldAas p¡wfd bu ckydkas eas vf/kxe ls lca a/kh v{kerk Hkh fofHkUu izdkj dh
gkrs h gSA vr% fgdlh ,d fof/k ls lHkh dh 'kS{kf.kd fu"ifr dks lq/kkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA
izR;d
s ckyd dk mlds ijh{k.k ds fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij ,d fooj.k rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS
ftleas mldh :fp {kerk vkSj ekufld Lrj dk fo'k"s k mYys[k gkrs k gSA bl izdkj lHkh
ckydkas ds fy, oS;fDrd 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe ¼Individualized Eudcational Programmes-IEP½ dh
lgk;rk ls bu ckydkas dh 'kSs{kf.kd fiNMs+iu dh leL;k dk funku fd;k tkrk gSA
2-3-1- vf/kxe v{kerk ds y{k.k@fo’k"s krk,¡ ¼Characteristics of Learning Disability½
vf/kxe v{kerk ls xzflr ckydkas eas i<+u&
s fy[kus tSlh vud
s leL;k;as n[s kus eas feyrh
gSAa DyheVas l 1966 ds vuqlkj bl izdkj ds ckydkas eas vfrpp
a yrk] xk;d] {kf.krk]
vko’s k’khyrk] izR;{kRedrk] laox
s kRed vfLFkjrk ok.kh o Hkk"kk lca a/kh nk"s k rFkk fpUru ,oa
Lej.k lca /a kh nk"s k tSlh dqN fo’k"s krk;as ik;h tkrh gAaS vf/kxe v{kerk ls izHkkfor ckydkas
eas fuEufyf[kr y{k.k ik;s tkrs gSa &
1- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas dk i’s kh; leUo; vkSj gLr fuiq.krk izk;% fuEu
dkfs V dk gkrs k gS ftlds dkj.k muds 'kjhj eas 'kkjhfjd lUrqwyu dk vHkko ik;k
tkrk gSA
2- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas eas izR;{khdj.k lca a/kh fodkj ik;s tkrs gSAa ,l
s s
ckyd Jo.k] n`’;] Li’kZ ,oa xfr ls tqMs ld
a srkas dk izR;{khdj.k eas izk;%
xyfr;k¡ dj nsrs gSAa mu ckydksa esa loa snh rh{.krk rks gksrh gS ijUrq mudk
fu"iknu esa iz;kx
s djus eas foQy jgrs gSAa ;s ckyd lk/kkj.kr% Qksu dh ?kVa h
,oa njokts dh ?kVa h eas foHkns djus esa vleFkZ gkrs s gSAa
3- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas dh 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k fuEu Lrj dh gkrs h gSA
4- bl leL;k ls xzLr ckyd ekSf[kd vuqn’s kas dks le>us vkSj vuqlj.k djus eas
vlQy gksrs gSAa
5- bl izdkj ds ckydkas dh vUr% 'kfDr ¼{kerk½ vkSj mldh miyfC/k ds e/; cgqr
vUrj ik;k tkrk gSA
6- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd v{kjkas ,oa 'kCnksa dks i<+us vkSj fy[kus eas dfBukbZ
vuqHko djrs gsSaA
7- ckydkas eas bu xq.kkas dk vkxeu izk;% 'kS’okoLFkk ;k ckY;koLFkk eas gksrk gS ijUrq
okLrfod :i eas mudh igpku ckyd ds fo|ky; tkus ds ckn gh gks ikrh gSA
8- bl izdkj ds ckyd 'kCnkas dh udy vkSj mudks lx
a fBr djus eas v{ke gkrs s gSAa
9- bu ckydkas eas lx
a fBr djus rFkk ,d=hdj.k ds dkS’kykas eas deh ik;h tkrh gSA
10- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd lkekftd lca /a kkas dk Hkh lgh eYw ;kd
a u ugha dj ikrs
gSsAa ;s izk;% vius ikfjokfjd lnL;kas ,oa lgikfB;kas dh 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk i<us eas
vleFkZ gkrs s gSAa
11- bl izdkj ds ckyd le;] LFkku vkSj fn’kk lac/a kh leL;kvkas eas xzflr gkrs s gSAa
12- vf/kxe vlDrrk okys ckyd vf/kd le; rd viuk /;ku ,d txg dfs Unzr
ugha dj ikrAs bl izdkj buesa vo/kku ls tqMs+ fodkj ik;s tkrs gSAa
13- ,l
s s ckyd izk;% vf/kd fpfUrr jgrs gSa vkSj eM
w h LoHkko ds gkrs s gSAa ;s d{kk ds
ckgj b/kj&m/kj ?kew us eas vf/kd :fp j[krs gSasA
14- bu ckydkas esa usr`Ro {kerk dk xq.k rks ik;s tkrs gSa ijUrq bueas U;jw ky
s k W ftd
vfu;ferrk;as ns[kus dks feyrh gSAa
15- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd vR;f/kd O;kxz gkrs s gSa vkSj vuko’;d mRrt
s uk dk
izn’kZu djrs gSAa
,fj;y 1992 us vius 'kk/s k ds vk/kkj ij vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas ds fuEu
y{k.k vkSj crk;s &
1- bu ckydkas eas vkRelEeku eas deh ikbZ tkrh gSA
2- ,l
s s ckydksa dk Hkk"kk ,oa ok.kh lca a/kh fodkl /khek gkrs k gSA
3- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd izk;% vius vkos’k ij fu;=
a .k j[kus esa vlQy gkrs s gSAa
4- bu ckydkas eas lgu’khyrk tSls xq.kkas dk vHkkko ik;k tkrk gSA
5- ,l
s s ckydksa esa xfrghurk dh leL;k n[s kus dks feyrh gSA
6- bu ckydkas eas xf.krh; x.kuk djus eas ij’s kkuh gkrs h gSA
2-3-2- vf/kxe v{kerk dks fuf’pr djus okys ekud ¼Criteria For Deciding Children With
Learning Disabilities½
eukos SKkfudkas us vf/kxe v{kerk dks fuf’pr djus ds fy, fuEu rhu dlkSfV;kas dk
o.kZu fd;k gS &
1- vUrj dh dlkSVh ¼Sicrepancy Clause½ & mlds vuqlkj ekufld {kerk vkSj
'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k ds e/; vUrj vo’; gkus k pkfg, ftlls fd fpfdRlk dh
vko’;drk iM+As blds funku ds fy, nks d{kkvkas ds Lrj dks tkuuk vko’;d gSsA
2- viotZu dlkSVh ¼Exclusionary Clause½ & vf/kxe v{kerk i.w kZ:i ls ,d vyx
fod`fr gSAa bldks fuf’pr djus ds fy, 'kS{kf.kd fiNMis+ u dk dkj.k ekufld
eUnrk] lkekftd fiNMk+ iu] efLr"dh; pkVs vkSj loa x
s kRed fod`fr vkfn ugha gkus k
pkfg,A
3- {kerk vHkko dh dlkSVh ¼Ability deficit clause½& vf/kxe v{kerk ds dkj.k 'kS{kf.kd
fiNMkiu dk izek.k n`’;kxkp
s j gkus k pkfg,A vf/kxe ls tM
q h eukos SKkfud
izfØ;kvkas esa =qfV dk y{k.k gkus k vko’;d gS rkfd vf/kxe v{kerk eas vHkko dk
izn’kZu lkQ n[s kk tk ldAs
2-4- vf/kxe v{kerk ds izdkj ¼Types Of Learning Disabilities½
vf/kxe vFkok ckyd eas lkp
s u]s fy[ku]s i<+u]s fpUru dju]s Le`fr ,oa izR;{k.k
lca a/kh leL;k;sa ikbZ tkrh gSasA bu leL;kvkas dks eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdkas ds
vk/kkj ij foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
2-4-1 fMlyfs Dl;k ¼iBu lca /a kh fodkj½& bl J.s kh ds ckydkdas eas 'kCnkas o okD;kas dks i<+us
eas fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvkas dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ;g vf/kxe l{kerk dk lcls
eq[; fodkj gSa tks 80 ls 90 izfr’kr vf/kxe v’kDr ckydkas eas ik;k tkrk gSA ;g
i<+u&
s fy[kus ls lca fa /kr fodykx
a rk gS ftleas ckyd dks i<+u&
s fy[kus vkSj cky
s us esa
dfBukbZ;kas dk vuqHko djrs gSAa ,sls ckydksa eas v{kjkas o 'kCnkas dks igpkuus vkSj mudh
/ofu;ksa dks vkil eas tkM
s us lac/a kh {kerk dk fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA fMlyfs Dl;k xzflr
ckyd v/;kid dh ckrkas dks gcw gw udy djus vkSj cky
s us eas vleFkZ gkrs s gSAa bl izdkj
ds ckyd izk;% :d&:d dj i<+rs gSAa ,l
s s ckyd dbZ ckj i<rs le; dqN 'kCn tkM
s
nsrs gas ;k fQj dbZ 'kCnkas dk nkgs jko dj nsrs gSasA bueas 'kCnkas dks tkuu]s le>u]s p;u
djus vkfn eas dfBukbZ gkrs h gSA fMlyfs Dl;k eas ckyd dks mPpkj.k nk"s k vkSj Lojk/kkr
'kfDr dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA ,l
s s ckyd {k=
s h;rk ,oa LFkkuh; cksyh dks vf/kd egRo
iznku djrs gSa tSls gfj;k.kk dk i<+us okyk ckyd ^^Ldy
w ** dks Ldwy mPpkfjr djrk gS
vkSj ekyok ,oa if’peh jktLFkku dk ckyd ^^l** dh txg ^^g** dk mPpkj.k djrk gSA
dbZ ckydkas eas ^^ch** ,oa ^^Mh** esa foHksn djus dh leL;k gksrh gSA bu cPpkas eas vkReXykfu
vkSj fo"kkn bR;kfn y{k.k Hkh n[s kus dks feyrs gSAa
'kk/s kdrkZvkas us fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij ik;k gS fd fMlyfs Dl;k thUl vkSj fnekxh dk;kZsa eas
vUrj ds dkj.k gkrs k gSA fofHkUu ijh{kkvkas dh lgk;rk ls bu ckydkas dks i<us vkSj fy[kus
ds dkS’ky vkSj muds ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
fMlyfs Dl;k ds lkFk yxHkx ,Mh,pMh fodkj ds Hkh nk"s k ik;s tkrs gsSaA bu ckydksa dh
f’k{kk ds fy, LojfoKku dh fo’k"s k rkSj ij enn dh tk ldrh gSA fMlyfs Dl;k eas ckydkas
dks vkWfM;ks ;=
a dh lgk;rk ls ikB dk iBu vkfn Hkkxkas dks Li’kZ dj fp=kas dh lgk;rk
ls mudks igpkuus tSlh fof/k;kas dk iz;kx
s djuk pkfg,A fMlyfs Dl;k eas oS;fDrd f’k{kk
;kt
s uk ¼IEP½ dh fo’k"s k ennxkj lkfcr gkrs h gSA ,l
s s ckydkas dh dfBukbZ dks egll
w dj
mudh vU; {kerkvkas ls izkRs lkfg djuk pkfg, rkfd lekt mudk mfpr lek;kt
s u dj
ldAs v/;kid dks viuh d{kk eas ,sls ckydkas dks v/;;u djkrs le; mWph vkokt eas
i<kuk pkfg,A bu ckydkas dks mudh :fp ds vk/kkj ij dgkfu;kas dh iqLrd] v[kckj
vkfn i<us dh lykg nsuh pkfg,A rkfd fu;fer v/;;u ls muds nk"s k ij fot; izkIr
dh tk ldAs vfHkHkkod ,l
s s ckydksa ds fy, fpfdRldkas o eukos SKkfudkas dh Hkh lgk;rk ys
ldrs gSas tks fofHkUu Fkjs fs i;ksa dh enn ls bl fodkj dks njw djus dk iz;kl djrs gSasA
fMlyfs Dl;k eas ckyd eas vkRelEeku dh deh vkSj ghurk dh Hkkouk vf/kd ik;h tkrh
gSA vr% f’k{kd dks mudh ;kXs ;rk o {kerk dks mfpr lEeku nsrs gq, d{kk eas LoLF;
'kSf{kd okrkoj.k dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg,A
2-4-2 vQfs l;k ¼Jo.k lca /a kh fodkj½& bl izdkj ds vf/kxe v’kDr ckydkas esa Jo.k lca a/kh
nk"s k ik;s tkrs gSasA vf/kdrj ckyd Jo.k lac/a kh leL;k gkus s ds dkj.k os iBu laca/kh
xyfr;k¡ djrs gSsAa bl fodkj ls xzLr ckyd 'kq) mPpkj.kkas dk Bhd oSlk gh mPpkj.k
djus eas dfBukbZ egll
w djrs gsSaA bl fodkj ls xzLr ckyd 'kq) mPpkj.k dks vU;
mPpkj.k ds :i eas xgz .k djrs gSasA bueas /ofu;kas eas foHksn djus dh {kerk vkSj mudks
oxhZd`r djus dh {kerk dk Hkh vHkko gkrs k gSA bl fodkj okys ckyd Loj /ofu dks
igpkuus mleas foHksn djus vkSj nkgs jkus lca a/kh dfBukbZ;kas dks eq[; :i ls eglwl djrs
gSasA bu {kerkvkas dh deh ds dkj.k ckyd i<us vkSj fy[kus eas dfBukbZ egll
w djrs gSAa
vQfl;k nks"k Jo.k lac/a kh fodkjk]as mPpkj.k nk"s kkas ekr`Hkk"kk ls vyx Hkk"kk eas v/;;u dju]s
v/;kid }kjk f’k{k.k eas fDyLV 'kCkas ds iz;kx
s ;kfn ckyd ds ikfjokfjd dkj.kkas ls vf/kd
gkrs k gSA bl fodkj dks njw djus ds fy, ckyd dks d{kk eas vkxs cSBkuk pkfg, vkSj mls
vf/kd ls vf/kd i<us dk vH;kl djkuk pkfg,A
2-4-3 fMlDyDs ;fw l;k ¼xf.krh; dkS’ky ls lca fa /kr fodkj½& vf/kxe v{kerk dh bl J.s kh
ds ckydkas eas xf.krh; ,oa rdZ lca a/kh fodkj gkrs s gSAa ,l
s s ckydkas eas tkM
s ]+ ?kVkuk] xq.kk o
Hkkx djus tSlh izkjfa Hkd xf.krh; dkS’kykas dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA fMlDyDs ;fw l;k okys
nk"s k ds ckyd ;k rks xf.krh; fpUgkas ds Øe dks Hky
w tkrs gSa ;k fQj mudks mYVk lh/kk
dj nsrs gSAa bl fod`fr dks fodklkRed xf.krh; leL;k ¼Developmental Acalculia½ ds uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl fodkj ds QyLo:i ckydkas eas fuEufyf[kr {kerkvkas dk vHkko
ik;k tkrk gSA
x.kuk djus lca /a kh nk"s k
xf.krh; lEizR;kas dks le>us dh ;ksX;rk dk vHkko
tekvkas dks izR;{k.k djus dk vHkko
leL;k lek/kku ds Øec) pj.kkas dks tkuus dk vHkko
de&vf/kd ,oa FkkM
s h cMh la[;k esa foHksn djus dh {kerk dk vHkko
xf.krh; rjhdkas dks tkuu]s le>us vkSj vUrj djus dh {kerk esa deh
xf.krh; la[;kvkas dks mYV&
s lh/ks dze eas foHkns u djus dh leL;k
rkfdZd ;kXs ;rk eas deh
lk/kkj.k vd
a kas dks fxuus lac/a kh fodkj
l[a ;kvkas dks udy djds fy[kus dh {kerk dk vHkko
vf/kxe v{kerk okys vf/kdrj ckydkas esa fodklkRed xf.krh; fodkj ik;k tkrk
gSA bl leL;k ds eq[; dkj.kkas eas Luk;qr=
a eas xMcMh ckyd dh mRJ[a` kyrk vkfn izeq[k
gSAa bu ckydkas dh xf.krh; {kerk dk fodkl djus ds fy, rdZ lac/a kh iz’uksa dk lgkjk
fy;k tkrk gSA rdZ dks ekufld dq’kyrk ls lacfa /kr xfrfof/k;kas eas Hkkx yus s ds fy,
izfs jr fd;k tkrk gSA rdZ lca /a kh ckSf)d {kerk ds fodkl ds fy, lMdkas igfs y;k¡ tSlh
xfrfof/k;kas dk Hkh lp
a kyu fd;k tkrk gSA
2-4-4 fMlxzkfQ;kl ¼y[s ku lca /a kh fodkj½& bl nk"s k esa ckyd dks y[s ku {kerk vkfn
fy[kkoV lca a/kh ;kXs ;rk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds cPpkas dh ys[ku 'kSyh o
Jqfry[s k cgqr gh Hknnk gkrs k gSA fMlxkz fQ;k ls tqMs ckydkas eas 'kCnkas dh igpku okD;
lja puk] O;kdj.k lac/a kh =qfV;kW o okD; foU;kl tSlh leL;k;sa ikbZ tkrh gAas vf/kdrj
ckyd v{kjkas dh igpku dju]s muds vkdkj ,oa LFkku tSls ey
w Hkrw dkS’kykas eas Hkh voxr
ugha gks tkrs gAaS ,l
s s ckydkas dks udy djds fy[kus ds fy, cksyk tk;s rc Hkh muds
izdkj dh =qfV dj nsrs gSAa bu ckydkas esa ^^o** vkSj ^^c** rFkk ^^xzg** o ^^x`g** eas vUrj
djus tSlh {kerk dk fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA fMLxzkfQ;k eq[; :i ls rhu izdkj dh
gkrs h gSa &
1- ,xzkfQ;k & bl fodkj ls xzflr ckydksa eas 'kq) :i ls fy[kkoV lca a/kh v{kerk
ikbZ tkrh gSA
2- LFkkfud ,xzkfQ;k & bl leL;k ls ihfMr ckydkas dks v{kj fy[kus dh vk/kkj
js[kk ij fy[kus eas dfBukbZ gkrs h gSA ,l
s s ckydkas v{kjkas dks ,d ykbu eas ugha
fy[kdj mij uhps fy[k nsrs gSAa vf/kdk’a k ckyd v{kjkas ds e/; LFkku vf/kd
NkM
s nrs s gSAa LFkkfud ,xzkfQ;k okys ckyd ;k rks v{kjkas dks ,d nwljs ds mij
fy[k nrs s gSa ;k fQj muds chp vR;f/kd LFkku j[k nsrs gSAa
3- ,xzkfQyk u ,yfs Dl;k & bl fodkj eas ckyd dks fy[kus dh dfBukbZ ds lkFk
lkFk i<us vkSj cksyus eas Hkh vud
s vojk/as kkas dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA
fMLxzkfQ;k ds eq[; dkj.kkas eas vk¡[kkas dk ik"s k gkus k o d{kk&d{k dh vO;ofLFkr
cSBdj O;oLFkk dk gkus k gSA ';keiV~V ij fdlh cká jks’kuh ds vkus ls Hkh ckyd
';keiVV ij fy[ks gq, v{kj lgh <x
a ls ugha i<+ ikrs gSAa blds vykok ';keiV~V o
ckyd ds d{kk eas cSBus ds LFkku dh njw h Hkh fMLxzkfQ;k ds fy, ,d ftEenkj dkjd gSA
bl leL;k ds funku ds fy, ,l
s s ckydkas dks lkekU; ckydkd
s a ds lkFk f’k{kk nus h pkfg,
,oa lkekU; ckydkas ds lkFk gh [ky
s us ds fy, izfs jr djuk pkfg,A fo|ky; eas ,l
s s
ckydkdas dk fo’k"s k ewY;kd
a u dj muds fu"d"kZ ls cPpkas ds vfHkHkkodkas dks voxr djkuk
pkfg,A
4- gkbijyfs Dl;k & bl leL;k ls xzflr ckyd ';keiV~V ij fy[ks v{kjkas o
'kCnkas dks fcydqy Hkh le> ugha ikrs gsSaA ckydkas dks ';keiV~V ij fy[ks x;s 'kCn
mij&fy[ks gq, izrhr gkrs s gSAa ckydkas eas n`f"V lca /a kh nk"s k Hkh bl leL;k ds ftEens kj
dkjd gSsAa bl leL;k ds funku ds fy, ckydkas dks d{kk eas lqfo/kktud txg ij cSBuk
pkfg,A
2-5- d{kk&d{k izc/a ku eas CWID gr
s q ;qfDr;k¡] j.kuhfr;k¡ o ikB~;Øe
2-5-1- vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckyd dh f’k{kk ¼Educational Provision for The Learning
Disablities½
vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydkas eas yxHkx 6&7 o"kZ dh mexz ls gh vf/kxe eas dfBukbZ
vuqHko djuk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA mudh :fp i<kbZ eas ?kVus yx tkrh gS vkSj fo|ky; dks
os cks> le>uk izkjHa k dj nrs s gSAsa ,l
s s cPpksa dks le; ij fpfdRldh; lgk;rk ugha feyus
ls os vf/kxe eas fujUrj vlQy jgrs gSa vkSj vUrr% os lqLr vkSj eUn le>s tkrs gSAa bl
izdkj ds ckyd 'kh?kz gh vkRefo’okl [kks nrs s gSa vkSj lqLr le>s tkrs gSAa ;g fpUrk vkSj
ruko muds fo|ky; esa lek;kt
s u dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
fHkuu&fHkUu ckydkas eas vf/kxe v{kerk gkus s ds fHkUu&fHkUu dkj.k gks ldrs gS]a ,l
s s
eas mudh izd`fr eas fofHkUurk;as n[s kus dks feyrh gSasA bl izdkj vf/kxe v{kerk lkefw gd u
gkd
s j O;fDrxr gS vkSj bldk lek/kku Hkh oS;fDrd gh gkrs k gSA vf/kxe v{kerk ls
lca fa /kr ckydkas dks f’k{kk iznku djus ds fy, loZizFke budk ijke’kZ djuk pkfg,A mudh
xgu tkWp iMr+ ky djds gh f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gSA vf/kxe v{kerk okys
ckyd lkeku; ckydkas ls cgqr fHkUu gkrs k gSA vr% bu ckydksa ds fy, vyx ls d{kkvkas
dk lp
a kyu djuk pkfg, ;k fQj buds fy, fo’ks"k fo|ky;kas dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk
pkfg, ftleas lh[kus ds fofHkUu lalk/ku ekStnw gkAas bu fo|ky;ksa eas fo’ks"k :i ls
izf’kf{kr v/;kidkas dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg,A bl nks"k ls xzflr ckydkas dks fo’k"s k
izdkj dh fof/k;kas ,oa rduhfd;kas dk iz;kx
s djds f’k{k.k djkuk pkfg,A rkfd mudk
lekt eas leqfpr lek;kt
s u gks ldAs dbZ eukos SKkfud bu ckydkas dks i`Fkd f’k{kk iznku
djus dk fojk/s k djrs gSsaA leko’s kh f’k{kk dh odkyr djrs gSAa i`Fkd d{kkvkas ls ckydksa dh
vyxko dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gkrs k gS tks drbZ mi;kx
s h ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA vf/ke
v{kerk fofHkUu izdkj dh gkrs h gSA vr% ,l
s s ckydkas dh igpku dj mudh vko’;drk ,oa
:fp ds vuqlkj gh f’k{kk O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A vf/kxe v{kerk okys ckydksa esa Hkk"kk
fodkl vkSj 'kS{kf.kd dkS’ky fodflr djus ds fy, ldkjkRed iqucZyu dk mi;kx
s fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A bu ckydkas eas ghurk dh Hkkouk iSnk u gk]s blds fy, f’k{kk cgqvk;keh vkSj
cgqloa snh n`f"Vdk.s k ij vk/kkfjr gkus h pkfg,A
2-5-2- vf/kxe fu;ksX;rk ds mipkj gsrq fof/k;k¡
Method for treatment of learning disability
vf/kxe fu;ksX;rk ds mipkj gsrq fuEu fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS &
1- O;ogkfjd funsZ'ku fof/k ¼Behavioural Guidance Method½
O;kogkfjd funsZ'ku fof/k dk mi;ksx cPpksa ds 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k ds lkFk fo|ky;ksa esa fn'kk
& funsZs'k LVsQsUl ¼1970½ }kjk iz;qDr fd;k x;k A buds vuqlkj bl fof/k ds mi;ksx ds
fy, pkj pj.kksa ds vuqikyu vko';d gS &
1- ml O;ogkj dks y{; cukuk ftldk ifjektZu fd;k tkuk gksA
2- y{; dsfUnzr O;ogkj dk izR;{k vkSj ckj&ckj ekiu djukA
3- laLFkk ls mu n'kkvksa dks U;wu djus vFkok lekIr djus dk vkxzg djuk tks mlds
okLrfod O;ogkj esa ck/kd gksA
4- O;ogkjksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk ckj&ckj vkdfyr dj mudk O;kogkfjd mi;ksx
djukA
bl fof/k ds mi;skx esa fuEu izdkj ls lko/kkuh vkSj leh{kk dk vkys[k rS;kj djuk pkfg, &
foHksnuh; n'kk n'kkvksa bu n'kkvksa ij izcyu dh
dk vkdyu fu"iknu izLrqfr
n'kk fu;a=.k fof/k dk fu"iknu ,oa izcyu dh n'kk dk
mi;ksx vko';drkuqlkj mi;ksx
cuZ us mijkDs r l=
w ds vuqlkj crk;k fd lkekU; ckydkas dk 'kSf{kd yfC/k 85 ls
115 ds e/; ikbZ tkrh gSA tcfd ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydksa dh 'kSf{kd yfC/krk 85
ls de gkrs h gSA
7- v/;kid fujh{k.k & v/;kid ckydkas ds d{kk ds vna j ,oa ckgj ds O;ogkj dks
tkuus ds fy, mudh :fp;k]as y{;kas vkfn dk v/;;u dj ldrk gSA v/;kid dks ;g
tkuk pkfg, fd fdlh v/;;u eas ckyd dk /;ku gS ;k ugha vkSj ;fn gS rks mls i<k;s
x;s v/;k; dk fdruk Hkkx Lej.k gSA fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas ckydkas ds O;ogkj dh tkp
a
ds fy, v/;kid ifjfLFkR;kRed ijh{k.kkas dh lgk;rk ys ldrk gSA
3-4 dkj.k ¼Causes of Slow Learner½ &
/kheh xfr ls lh[kus okys ckyd vud
s dkjdkas ls izHkkfor gks rs gSAa dqIiw Lokeh ds
vuqlkj] 'kSf{kd fiNMk+ iu vud
s dkj.kkas dk ifj.kke gSA vf/kxe esa ena rk mRiUu djus ds
fy, vud
s dkjd ,d lkFk fey tkrs gSAa
1- 'kkjhfjd dkj.k ¼Physical Causes½& dqN ckydkas dk o'a kkdze ,oa okrkoj.kh;
izHkko ds dkj.k 'kkjhfjd fodkl lkekU; ls de gks tkrk gS ftlls mudh lh[kus dh xfr
ena jgrh gSA 'kkjhfjd dkj.kkas eas Kkufs Unz;k]as nk"s k] 'kkjhfjd nqcZyrk] efLr"d ij vk?kkr]
fodykx
a rk] detkjs LokLF; vkfn 'kkfey gkrs s gSa tks ckydkas dh vf/kxe v{kerk dks
detkjs dj nsrs gSAa 'kkjhfjd vx
a kas ls ckydkas ds vf/kxe ij izfrdy
w izHkko iMr+ k gSA
2- ekufld dkj.k ¼Mental Causes½& lh[kus ds fy, ekufld fodkl dk gkus k
izFke vko';drk gh ckyd ds ekufld Lrj dks tkuus ds fy, mldh cqf) yfC/k ;k
'kSf{kd yfC/k dh x.kuk djuk t:jh gSA ckSf)d {kerk ds fuEu gkus s ls ckyd vf/kxe eas
fiNM tkrk gS vkSj mlds lh[kus dh jQrkj /kheh gks tkrh gAS ekufld dkj.kkas eas
vfHk:fp o vfHko`fRr dh deh ef"r"d fodkl] rfa =dk r=
a nks"k rFkk cqf) dh deh vkfn
vud
s dkj.k 'kkfey gSAa
3- loa x
s kRed dkj.k ¼Emotional Causes½& ckydkas eas loa x
s kRed vfLFkjrk Hkh
muds lh[kus dh ean xfr ds fy, ,d ftEens kj gSA loa x
s kas ij fu;=
a .k u gks ikus ds
dkj.k ckyd dk ,d LFkku ij /;ku dfs Unzr gkus k eqf'dy gSA blls mudk lek;kt
s u
ugha gks ikrkA dqlek;kt
s u ls ckydksa dh 'kS{kf.kd mifyC/k U;uw gks tkrh gSA lkoa fs xd
vfLFkjrk ds dkj.k ckyd vlqj{kk Hkh Hkkouk ls xzfgr jgrs gSa ftlls mlds vf/kxe dh
izxfr eas ck/kk mRiUu gkrs h gSA
4- lkekftd dkj.k ¼Social Causes½& lkekftd dkj.kkas eas ckyd ds ifjokj lca a/kh
dkjd fo|ky; lca /a kh dkjd ,oa lkekftd okrkoj.k lca /a kh dkjd lfEefyr gSAa bu
dkjdkas ds fofHkUu fo"k;kas ds vUrxZr le>k tk ldrk gSA
¼A½ ikfjokfjd dkj.k ¼Family Reasons½
1- ifjokj dk cMk+ vkdkj
2- fuEu vkfFkZd fLFkfr
3- ekrk firk ds e/; eu eqVko
4- cPpkas dh lqfo/kkvkas ij /;ku u nus k
5- i<us ds fy, le; dk u feyuk
6- ?kjy
s w dk;kZsa dk vf/kd gkus k
7- ikfjokfjd lnL;kas ds yMkbZ >xMs
8- lkSry
s h ek¡ dk gkus k
9- ?kj dk vLoLFk okrkoj.k
¼B½ fo|ky; lca /a kh dkj.k ¼School Factors½&
1- mfpr 'kS{kf.kd okrkoj.k dk vHkko
2- f'k{kd dk dq'kyri.w kZ ugha gkus k
3- fo|ky; dh vO;oLFkk
4- 'kSf{k.k lqfo/kkvkas dk vHkko
5- v:fpdj ikB~;dze
6- fo|ky; esa vuq'kklu ghurk
7- v/;kidkas dk i{kikr i.w kZ O;ogkj
8- ijEijkxr ,oa veuksoSKkfud f'k{k.k fof/k;kas dk iz;kx
s
¼C½ lkekftd okrkoj.k ¼Social Environment½&
1- mfpr lkekftd i;kZoj.k
2- vMk+ sl&iMk+ sl dk ekgkSy
3- euksjt
a u ds lk/kukas dk vHkko
4- ckydkas dh lx
a fr
5- lkekftd vkMEcj ,oa vU/kfo'okl
6- lkekftd dqjhfr;k¡
7- vKkurk
8- lkeqnkf;d lqfo/kkvkas dk vHkko
ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydkas dh mfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds fy, lcls izFke mudh
igpku djuk vko';g gSA izk;% ,l
s s ckydkas dh 'kSf{kd yfC/k 70 ls 85 ds e/; ikbZ ik;h
tkrh gSA LVkUs l ds vuqlkj ^^ vkt dy fiNMis u eas fd;s tkus okys vf/kdk'a k vuql/a kku
;g fl) djrs gSa fd mfpr /;ku fn;s tkus ij /kheh xfr ls lh[kus okys ckyd Hkh f'k{kk
eas izxfr dj ldrs gSAa ** ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydkas dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdkas dh
[kkt
s djds mudh mfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls igys lgh mipkj vko';d gSA dqIiLw okeh ds
vuqlkj ^^ean xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydksa ds fy, f'k{kdk]as vfHkHkkodk]as lekt los dksa vkSj
fo|ky; fpfdRldkas dks lfEefyr :i ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,] rkfd Bhd dkj.kkas dh [kkt
s
dh tk lds vkSj izR;d
s ckyd ds fy, mi;qDr mipkjkas dk iz;kx
s fd;k tk ld*s *A
ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydkas ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSa &
1- ckydkas ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld nks"kkas dk mipkj fd;k tk;As
2- ikjEifjd f'k{k.k fof/k;kas ds LFkku ij uohu ,oa eukos SKkfud f'kf{k.k fof/k;kas ls
f'k{k.k O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
3- ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydkas ds fy, fof'k"V fo|ky;kas dh LFkkiuk dh tk;As
4- bu ckydkas ds fy, fof'k"V fo|ky;kas dh LFkkiuk dh tk;As
5- ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydkas ds fy, lkekU; f'k{k.k ds lkFk fo'k"s k d{kkvkas dh
lqpk: O;oLFkk dh tk;sA
6- v/;kid dks ,sls ckydkas ds lkFk lgkuqHkfw riw.kZ O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A
7- vfHkHkkodkas dks ,sls ckydkas dh f'k{kk ds izfr tkx:d cukuk gkx
s kA
8- 'kkjhfjd :i ls detksj ckydkas dds fy, lUrqfyr vkgkj@feM Ms fey dh mfpr
O;oLFkk gkAs
9- ,l
s s ckydksa dh 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k c<k+ us ds fy, fujUrj mRizsfjr fd;k tk;As
10- v/;kid dks f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks fofHkUu midj.kkas dk iz;kx
s djrs gq, /khek j[kuk
pkfg,A
11- ,l
s s ckydkas dh fNih gqbZ ;kXs ;rkvkas dks fu[kkjuk pkfg, ftlls ckydkas ds
vkRefo'okl eas o`f) gksxhA
12- ckydkas dh f'k{k.k eas :fp cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fujUrj izkRs lkfgr djus jguk
pkfg,A
13- ckyd dks vftZr Kku dk iz;kx
s djus ds fy, leqfpr volj iznku djus pkfg,A
14- ena xfr ls lh[kus okys ckydkas dh 'kSf{kd izxfr dk vkdyu djus ds fy, lrr~
eYw ;kd
a u fd;k tk uk pkfg,A
15- v/;kid dks f'k{k.k izfØ;k eas mi;kfs xrk ,oa lkFkZdrk ij vk/kkfjr O;ogkfjd
n`f"Vdk.s k viukuk pkfg,A
16- ,l
s s ckydkas ds mfpr ekxZ e'kZu ds fy, fo|ky; eas 'kSf{kd funZs'ku dk izc/a ku
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
17- bl izdkj ds ckydksa eas izR;; fuekZ.k ds fy, lekurkvkas lca a/kkas ,oa vlekurkvkas
dks [kt
s us ds fy, izfs jr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
18- /kheh ls lh[kus okys ckydkas ds fy, vf/kd vH;kl ,oa nkgs jko ;qfDr dk iz;kx
s
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
19- bl izdkj ds ckydkas ds izHkkoh vf/kxe ds fy, HkkSsxkfs yd] ,fs rgkfld] ,oa
lkLa d`frd LFkykas dk Hkze.k djkuk pkfg,A
20- v/;kid dks ,l
s s ckydkas dh izfrfØ;kvkas ds izfr loa ns u'khyrk O;ogkj j[krs gq,
muds lh[kus ds fy, vf/kdkf/kd xfrfof/k;kas dk vk;kt
s u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
xfrfof/k &2
fdlh ,d ljdkjh o ,d ifCyd Ldwy dk losZ djsa ,oa f’k{kdksa ls lk{kkRdkj ds ckn
fo|ky; esa mifLFkr vf/kxe fu;kZsX; ckydksa dh vko’;drkvksa o leL;kvksa dk mYys[k
djs] vkSj vki f’k{kd gksus ij budh D;k enn~ dj ldrs gSA