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TRANSFORMER: Working principle of transformer

Chapter · May 2019

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Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University

TRANSFORMER:
Working principle of transformer:
A Transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying
electromotive force (e.m.f) or “voltage” in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection between
the two circuits. Faraday’s law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current
electrical energy. A wide range of transformer design is encountered in electronic and
electric power applications.

E.M.F Equation of Transformer:

The primary winding draws a current when it is connected to an alternating voltage

source this sinusoidal current produces a sinusoidal flux Φ that can be expressed as:

ɸ = ɸ𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒘𝒕 ……..(1)
Instantaneous emf induced in the primary winding is:
𝒅ɸ
𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝒕 ……..(2)
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University

Similarly, instantaneous emf induced in the secondary winding is:

𝒅ɸ
𝒆𝟐 = −𝑵𝟐 𝒅𝒕 ……..(3)

Substituting eq.(1) in (2) yields ,

𝒅
𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝒕 (ɸ𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒘𝒕) ……..(4)

𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝒘ɸ𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒘𝒕 ……..(5)

𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝒘ɸ𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒘𝒕 − 𝟗𝟎) ……..(6)

The maximum value of 𝑒1 is:

𝑬𝒎𝟏 = 𝑵𝟏 𝒘ɸ𝒎 ……..(7)

The rms value of the primary emf is:
𝑬𝒎𝟏
𝑬𝟏 = ……..(8)
√𝟐

Substituting eq.(7) into eq.(8) yields,

𝑵𝟏 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎
𝑬𝟏 = ……..(9)
√𝟐

𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒ɸ𝒎 𝑵𝟏 ……..(10)
Similarly the expression of the secondary emf is:

𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒ɸ𝒎 𝑵𝟐 ……..(11)
The primary and secondary voltage can be determined from eq. (10) and (11) if other
parameters are known.

Turns ratio of transformer:

Turns ratio is an important parameters for drawing an equivalent circuit of a transformer.
The turn ratio is used to identify the step-up and step-down transformers. According to
Faraday’s law, the induced emf in the primary (e1) and the secondary (e2) winding are:
𝒅ɸ
𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝒕 ……..(12)
𝒅ɸ
𝒆𝟐 = −𝑵𝟐 𝒅𝒕 ……..(13)

Dividing eq.(12) by eq.(11)

𝒆𝟏 𝑵
= 𝑵𝟏 ……..(14)
𝒆𝟐 𝟐

𝒆𝟏 𝑵
= 𝑵𝟏 = 𝒂 ……..(15)
𝒆𝟐 𝟐
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University

Similarly, dividing eq.(10) by eq.(11) yields,

𝑬𝟏 𝑵
= 𝑵𝟏 = 𝒂 ……..(16)
𝑬𝟐 𝟐

Where a is the turns ratio of a transformer.

In case of 𝑁2 > 𝑁1 , The transformer is called a step-up transformer, whereas for

𝑁1 > 𝑁2 , the transformer is called a step-down transformer. The losses are zero in an
ideal transformer. In this case, the input power of the transformer is equal to output
power and this yields,

𝑽𝟏 𝑰 𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑰 𝟐 ……..(17)
Eq.(17) can be rearranged as :
𝑽𝟏 𝑰
= 𝑰𝟐 = 𝒂 ……..(18)
𝑽𝟐 𝟏

The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is:

𝑰𝟏 𝟏
=𝒂 ……..(19)
𝑰𝟐

Again , the magneto motive force produced by the primary current will be equal to the
magneto motive force produced by the secondary current and it can be expressed as:

𝑵𝟏 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝟐 ……..(21)
𝑰𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝟏
= = ……..(22)
𝑰𝟐 𝑵𝟏 𝒂

From eq.(22) it is concluded that the ratio of primary to secondary current is inversely
proportional to the turns ratio of the transformer.
The input and output power of an ideal transformer is:

𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ɸ𝟏 ……..(23)

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ɸ𝟐 ……..(24)

For an ideal condition, the angle ɸ1 is equal to the angle ɸ2 and output power can be re-
arranged as,
𝑽𝟏
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒂 𝑰𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ɸ𝟏 ……..(25)
𝒂

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ɸ𝟏 = 𝑷𝒊𝒏 ……..(26)

From eq.(26), it is seen that the input and output power are the same in case of an ideal
transformer , similarly the input and the output reactive power are:
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University

𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ɸ𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ɸ𝟏 = 𝑸𝒊𝒏 ……..(27)

From eq.(26) and eq.(27), the input and output power and reactive power can be
calculated if other parameter are known .

Example(1): The number of turns in the secondary coil of a 22KVA , 2200v /220v
single phase transformer is 50, find the :
i. Number of primary turns
ii. Primary full load current
iii. Secondary full load current
Neglet all kinds of losses in the transformer

Solution :
the value of the turns ratio is
𝑉1 2200
𝑎= = = 10
𝑉2 220
(i) The value of the primary turns can be determined as :
𝑁1
𝑎=
𝑁2
𝑁1 = 𝑎𝑁2 = 10 ∗ 50 = 500
(ii) The value of the primary full load current is
22 ∗ 103
𝐼1 = = 10𝐴
2200
(iii) The value of the secondary full load current is

22 ∗ 103
𝐼2 = = 100𝐴
220

Example(1): A 25 KVA single phase transformer has the primary and secondary
number of turns of 200 and 400, respectively the transformer is connected to a 220v,
50Hz source. Calculate the:
I. Turns ratio
II. Mutual flux in the core

Solution:
(i) The turns ratio is :
𝑁1 200
𝑎= = = 0.5
𝑁2 400
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
(ii) The value of the mutual flux can be calculated as :
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓ɸ𝑚 𝑁1

𝑉1 220
ɸ𝑚 = = = 4.95 𝑚𝑊𝑏
4.44𝑓𝑁1 4.44 ∗ 50 ∗ 200

Example(3):single phase transformer, it’s turn ratio is 22/4115 KV, 50 Hz iron cross
sectional area 10000mm2 maximum flux density is 1.3 tesla , calculate primary and
secondary turn.

Solution:
E1=22000
E2=415000
f=50Hz
B= 1.3 tesla
N1 &N2
A=104*10-6
A=0.01
ɸ=B.A =========== ɸ=1.3*10-2

𝒘= 𝟐∗л∗𝒇
𝒘 = 𝟐 ∗ л ∗ 𝟓𝟎

𝒘 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒 rad/sec
𝑵𝟏 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎 𝑵𝟏 ∗𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟒∗ 𝟑𝟏𝟒
𝑬𝟏 = ======= 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 =
√𝟐 √𝟐

𝑵𝟏 = 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟐

𝑵𝟐 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎
𝑬𝟐 =
√𝟐
𝑵𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟑
𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 =
√𝟐
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University

𝑵𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐

Example (4): Ideal Transformer has turn ratio 150/750, it’s primary winding is
connected to the source with voltage of 240v , 50HZ ,secondary winding supply 4A
at 0.8 power factor lagging determine :
(i) Turn ratio
(ii) Primary current
(iii) Magnetic field
(iv) Load power
Solution:

(i) a=150/750
a=0.2

(ii) primary current

𝑰𝟐 𝑵 𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 I1=20A
𝑰𝟏 𝟐 𝑰𝟏

(iii) magnetic field

𝑵𝟏 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎
𝑬𝟏 =
√𝟐

𝟏𝟓𝟎∗ɸ𝒎 ∗𝟐∗л∗𝟓𝟎
240 =
√𝟐
ɸ𝑚 = 7.206 𝑊𝑏

(iv) load power

𝑷𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ɸ

𝑽𝟏 𝑵 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑽
𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟎𝑾
Example(5): The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000 volt ,50Hz , single
phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2 . if the e.m.f per turn is 8 volts
Determine:
Primary and secondary turn & area of the core
 Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University

250/3000 volt , f=50Hz , ɸ𝒎 = 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟐 ,E=8 Volt

Solution :
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑵𝟏 ∗ 𝒆. 𝒎. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅/𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏

𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝑵𝟏 ∗ 𝟖

𝑵𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝟐 = ======= 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝟖
𝑬𝟐 = −𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝒇 ∗ 𝑩𝒎 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑵𝟐

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟑𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 ∗ 𝑨

𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟐

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