An assignment on

STUDY

OF STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES

OF

AIR JET TEXTURED YARN

SUBMITTED TO

R.S Rengasamy

SUBMITTED BY

Anand Singh(2019TTE2092)

Praveen Kumar(2019TTE2103)

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND FIBRE ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Material and methods
3. Properties of air jet textured yarn
4. Results and discussion
5. conclusion
1. Introduction:
The natural fibres cotton, wool, jute etc. have fibres on surface which gives a good feel and
appearance where as man made fibres have smooth and lustrous surface that gives a slippery
feel, poor comfort and aesthetic appearance so to impart these properties that are in natural
fibres one of the methods of achieving this is to cut the continuous filaments in staple fibres
and then spun by the conventional spinning technology but this is a costly and time taking. on
other hand these properties can be imparted by the different texturing processes at lower cost
and time consumption also less compare to previous one.

In general texturing is the process by which luxurious bulk, loft and stretch are introduce in
an otherwise flat filament yarn. Air jet texturing is a type of texturing process. It is a
mechanical process in which compressed air used to produce bulked yarn with low
extensibility; these more closely resemble spun natural fibre yarns in their appearance and
physical characteristics. Yarn textured by the methods based on heat setting during
mechanical distortion have a common characteristic of high extensibility under quite low
loads. This extreme extensibility arises from the very open structures that result in such
“stretch” yarns.

Yarns produced by the air jet technique are totally different structure in that they much more
closely simulate spun yarn structures. Whereas the bulkiness of the stretch decreases with the
degree of tension imposed on them, the form of air textured yarn can be made to remain
virtually unchanged at loads corresponding to those normally imposed in fabric production
and during wearing. This is due to the locked in entangled loop structure attributed to air jet
textured yarn.

The air jet texturing process is the most versatile process in all texturing methods because it
can blend filament together during processing moreover, it’s not necessary the feed yarn
should be thermoplastic yarn.
2. Material and method:
2.1. Air jet texturing process:

It is a process by virtue of which bulked yarns are produced by introducing loops and
entanglements with the help of compressed air.

Fig1. Air jet texturing process

One or more ends of filaments yarns are overfed at a constant rate to a special air jet, which
blows, depending on the amount of overfeed between the inlet and outlet feeds, the yarns into
a continuous string of smaller and larger loops. The individual filaments are compacted by
the air string, which stabilizes the loops. Water is added in front of jet to lubricate the yarn, so
that there is less yarn to jet friction inside the jet and the formation of loops becomes more
efficient. Air textured yarn is very bulky with permanent crimps and loops. Interlacing of
filaments in the jet can cause the loops to be locked into the yarn, so that twist is unnecessary.
Loop frequency, loop dimensions, loop stability and physical bulk are the important
characteristics of air jet textured yarns.

2.2. ATY texturing principle:

2.2.1. Parallel air jet textured yarn:
One or more ends of filament yarn are overfed at a constant rate to a special air jet, which
blows, depending on the amount of overfeed between the inlet and outlet feeds, the yarns into
a continuous string of smaller and larger loops. Similar as in the tangling of yarns the centre
of the air jet textured yarn becomes randomly braided. The individual filaments are
compacted by the air stream, which stabilizes the loops.
Fig2. Air jet texturing process
Water is added in front of the jet to lubricate the yarn, so that there is less yarn to jet friction
inside the jet and the formation of loops becomes more efficient. The water is blown off the
yarn at the jet exit and the yarn is basically dry when it is wound onto a package. The picture
above represents the simplest way to produce air jet textured yarn.

2.2.2. Core effect air jet textured yarn:

Core Effect air jet textured yarn is used widely when high bulk and volume is required. This
is the case for upholstery, furniture and soft luggage yarn. But also, fine denier nylon yarn is
processed as core effect yarn for sportswear.
The core yarn is overfed to the jet with less overfeed than the effect yarn. For example, the
core yarn overfeed to the jet could be 8% and the effect yarn overfeed could be 30 %. Jet
manufacturers are providing different jets for high and low overfeeds. The final denier also
influences the jet design.
Loop size and loop stability matter greatly, especially for finer denier yarns. Smaller loops
are more stable and provide a better volume than larger loops. To increase the stability and to
shrink the loops into a smaller size air jet textured yarn can be heat treated in a setting heater.

Fig3. Core effect air jet textured yarn

3. Properties of air jet textured yarn:

The air jet textured yarns have special characteristics unique surface structure and greater
bulk as compared to parent yarn. The fabrics made by this yarn have lustre, warmer hand and
thermal insulation and better covering power but the tenacity and initial modulus are
substantially reduced and there is a certain amount of instability present in the structure of
yarn. some of the important properties of air jet textured yarn are described below:

 Instability
 Physical bulk
 Hot water shrinkage
 Surface characteristics
 Tenacity
 Extension at break
 Modulus
3.1. Instability:

If the load is applied on air jet textured yarn during processing the loops are pulled out, the
yarn bulk will be reduced if the yarn bulk reduces in the sections of yarns, it increases the
irregularity in the yarn. It is also depending on the integrity of the core structure, which in
turn may be dependent on the level of intermixing of the yarn, fibre-to-fibre frictional
relationship and the extent of removal of the surface finish. Therefore, air jet yarns are tested
for stability test. The measurement of instability of air jet yarn is done by Du Pont method.

The specimen of 100cm is subjected to a load of 0.33 gf/denier for 30 seconds the permanent
increase in length of specimen is measured after 30 sec after the load has been removed. The
permanent increase in length in percentage is taken as a measure of instability.

Instability (%) = [(L2 -L1)/L1] ×100

Where L1 is the yarn length under the load of 0.01 gpd, and L 2 is the length (under the load of
0.01 gpd) after 30 sec after removal of heavier load (0.33 gpd).

3.2. Physical bulk:

Physical bulk of air jet textured yarn also measured by Du Pont method, measurement is done
based on comparative densities or specific volume of package of parent yarn and textured
yarn. Winding is done on a same winding machine and winding tension also constant during
package formation of parent and textured yarn. Weight of the yarn measured which wound on
both packages and calculated volume from the diameter measurements, then formula for
physical bulk:

Physical bulk (%) = [(density of parent yarn package)/ (density of textured yarn package)]
*100

3.3. Hot water shrinkage:

Shrinkage in hot water of air jet textured yarn gives an idea about the dimensional stability of
fabric made from these yarns. the length of air textured yarn is measured under a very low
load of 0.0025gpd and the yarn is dipped in a hot water having constant temperature of 95℃
for 25 minutes. Then the yarn is removed from the bath, allowed to dry for 24 hours at room
temperature and then yarn length measured under the same load of 0.0025gpd and the
shrinkage can be calculated from the following formula:

Hot water shrinkage (%) = [(L1 – L2)/L1] *100

Where L1 is the yarn length measured under load of 0.0025 gpd at room temperature and L 2 is
the yarn length measured after dipping in hot water for 25 minutes after 24hours at the room
temperature.

3.4. Surface characteristics:

The structure of air jet textured yarns consists of distinct core with filament loops on the
surface, the core diameter is obtained by using projection microscope and quantitative
evaluation of loop size and no. of loops the yarn is placed between two glass slides and the
diameter of core is measured at different places. Average Loop size is calculated by
measuring individual loop height for all the loops in each section projected on the screen. The
number of loops is also counted on the screen and depending on the projected yarn section
length.

Loop height (µm) = (h1 + h2 + h3 + h4…...hn)/n

Loop frequency = [n/l] *1000 loops/meter

Where h is height of loops, n is no. of loops and l is the chosen section length (mm).
 Fig4. Structure of air jet textured yarn

3.5. Tensile characteristics:

The tensile tests are performed on any constant rate of traverse tensile tester i.e., Instron. The
peak load during a tensile test is regarded as the breaking load and corresponding elongation
is taken as breaking elongation. The load elongation curve can be transformed to the stress
strain curve and the tenacity, initial modulus and breaking extension can be calculated. The
tenacity of air jet textured yarn may be significantly less than that of parent yarn because
large no. of filaments may not be contributing towards them resistance to motion at some
stage so may be good no. of filaments are tranversed to the direction of force so the tensile
strength may go down and breaking extension also.

Modulus of air jet textured yarn is also less than the parent yarn.
4. Results and Discussion:
5. Table 1 shows the effect of overfeed, air pressure and heater temperature on the properties
of air jet textured yarns. Increase the overfeed % increases the physical bulk, core
diameter and loop frequency but at the same time instability and loop size also increase.
There is also significant reduction in tenacity and modulus and increase in breaking
extension with the increase in overfeed. As we know that the physical bulk increases as
the overfeed increases at a higher level but after a certain level the other quality feature
like stability reduces these factors put a limit to the level of overfeed that can be used.

Physical bulk and loop frequency increases and the instability and loop size reduces with
increase in air pressure. However, with the increase in air pressure tenacity reduces and the
textured yarns become stiffer as indicated by higher value of initial modulus.

The increase in heat setting temperature, the instability of the yarn decreases, and the residual
hot water shrinkage reduces tremendously depending upon the temperature, that also reduce
the loop size of air jet textured yarns and the tenacity does not change significantly and the
breaking extension decreases but the initial modulus increases significantly although still
very much lower than the parent yarn.

Figure represents the effect of overfeed, air pressure and heat setting temperature on the
properties of air jet textured yarn like instability, physical bulk etc. A higher slope (either
positive or negative) indicates greater dependence of the property on that parameter while
relatively lower slopes indicate lesser dependence of the property on that process parameter.
Positive and negative slopes indicate opposite effects of process parameters on a property.
Fig5. effect of overfeed, air pressure and Fig6. effect of overfeed, air pressure and
heater temperature on properties of air jet heater temperature on properties of air jet
textured yarn: (a) instability, (b) physical textured yarn: (a)core diameter, (b) loop
bulk, and (c) hot water shrinkage. size, and (c) loop frequency.

These figures indicate that changes in overfeed, in general, have greater effect on the
properties of air jet textured yarns in comparison to the other two processing parameter, viz.
air pressure and heat setting temperature. Fig 5a, fig 5c and fig 6a indicate that heat setting
temperature reduces instability, hot water shrinkage and core diameter of the yarn. Increase in
physical bulk with the increase in all three-process parameter(fig5b) may be explained as
follows. With the increase in overfeed core diameter and loop frequency (fig6a and 6c)
increases as result of which physical bulk increases. The increase in physical bulk with
increase in air pressure and heat setting temperature, on the other hand, is mainly due to
reduction in loop size (fig 6b) as smaller loops much more rigid.

Fig7.effect of overfeed, air pressure and heater temperature on properties of air jet textured
yarn: (a) tenacity, (b) breaking extension, and (c) initial modulus.

The tenacity of air jet textured yarn decreases with increase in all three process variables (fig
7a). breaking extension increases considerably with increase in overfeed (fig 7b) due to the
lower stability of yarns produced with higher overfeed however, the heat setting tends to
reduce the breaking extension considerably. The lower initial modulus of the yarns produced
with higher overfeed (fig 7c) is also due to the lower structural stability of these yarns.
Increase in air pressure and heat setting temperature increases structural stability, thus
producing yarns of higher initial modulus.
6. Conclusion:

Air jet textured yarn properties like instability, physical bulk, hot water shrinkage, core
diameter, loop size, loop frequency, breaking extension, tenacity and initial modulus are
affected by process parameters such as overfeed, air pressure and heat setting temperature.
the effect of various processing parameters on the properties of air jet textured yarns indicate
that overfeed has much greater effect than the other two processing parameter, viz. air
pressure and heat setting temperature.
References:

1. Demir A, Acar M, Wray GR. Instability tests for air-jet textured yarns. Textile research journal.
1986 Mar;56(3):191-202.
2. Kothari VK, Timble NB. Air-jet texturing: Effect of jet type and some process parameters on
properties of air-jet textured yarns.
3. Demir A, Acar M, Wray GR. Air-jet textured yarns: The effects of process and supply yarn
parameters on the properties of textured yarns. Textile Research Journal. 1988
Jun;58(6):318-28.
4. Rengasamy RS, Kothari VK, Patnaik A. Effect of process variables and feeder yarn properties
on the properties of core-and-effect and normal air-jet textured yarns. Textile Research
Journal. 2004 Mar;74(3):259-64.