LAB MANUAL

Internal Combustion Engine

ME-411L
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Sir. Usman
SUBMITTED BY:
Muhammad Haziq Sajjad
2016-ME-125

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology,
Lahore
List of Experiments
1. To draw the valve timing diagram of a 4- stroke Petrol engine.

2. To draw the valve timing diagram of a 4- stroke Diesel engine.

3. To draw the valve lift diagram of a 4- stroke Petrol engine.

4. To draw the Port diagram of a 2- stroke Petrol engine.

 Lab session:01

To draw the valve timing diagram of a 4-stroke Petrol

engine
Experiment No. 1
To draw the valve timing diagram of a 4-stroke Petrol engine

1.1 Equipment required

 Petrol Engine Model
 Measuring Tape
 Scale
 Thread
1.2.Theory
4 stroke cycle is a thermodynamic cycle in which a cycle is completed by 4 strokes of piston of 2
revolutions of crankshaft. The graphical demonstration of the opening and closing of inlet valve
and exhaust valve is called Valve Timing Diagram.
The movement of piston from TDC to BDC control the valve opening and closing. We can draw
valve timing diagram by drawing two circles showing direction of rotation of crankshaft and the
opening and closing of I.V and E.V. are shown relative to crank angle.
Inlet valve:
Due to inertia effect and time required in full opening of valve, Inlet Valve Open somewhat 10°
before piston reaches to Top Dead Center so that when piston reaches TDC valve is fully open to
induce maximum charge. When piston moves from TDC to BDC the suction stroke take place and
Air/Fuel mixture comes in the cylinder and inlet valve not close when piston at BDC but closes
after BDC so that in order to get advantage of momentum of moving maximum charge inside the
cylinder because the charge bears considerable resistance to flow through air cleaner, Inlet and
ports. When piston moves upward for compression inlet valve still open some of the charge may
be sent back to induction pipe but theoretically, it is possible to induce more charge than the
volume capacity of the combustion space due to ramming effect produce by the air fuel mixture
(or air). The Inlet Valve Closes 40-45° after BDC.
Ignition:
The spark plug produce spark before piston reaches TDC so that complete ignition(combustion)
of charge take place. Spark take place 20-40° before TDC and this condition is fully advanced
spark condition if spark take place at TDC then this is fully Retarded condition.
So due to the combustion High Pressure and High Temperature Product gases are produced and
located in clearance volume when piston at TDC. The 1st revolution of crankshaft completed.
Exhaust Valve:
The product gases will expand behind the piston to give the product output and the piston travels
from TDC to BDC and it is power stroke. The exhaust valve open before piston reaches to BDC
and pressure of product gases is about 3.5 bar which is higher than the pressure of the atmosphere
and about 60% of the product gases will go to the atmosphere before expansion stroke completed
and the Exhaust Valve Open angle is about 50° before BDC. Due to inertia of crankshaft, the
piston moves from BDC to TDC and cylinder volume will be cleared from product gases to intake
fresh charge to initiate next cycle and this stroke is Exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve closes after
TDC and since the Inlet valve open also before TDC the kinetic Energy of the fresh charge is
utilized to assist in the maximum exhausting cylinder. Thus, the scavenging period (period
available for discharge of burnt gases) is obtained at the cost of the power from expansion stroke
and the Exhaust Valve Closes 20° after TDC.
Note:
The value of the angular positions of the valves opening and closing quoted above are average
ones and considerably difference exist with different engines.

Figure 1 Actual Valve Timing Diagram Of 4-stroke Petrol Engine

1.3.Formula
𝐷∗360
Required Angle =
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where D is the valve opening and closing position marked on the flywheel with respect to their
dead center.

1.4.Procedure
1. First the TDC and BDC of the engine are found correctly by rotating the flywheel and the
position are marked on the flywheel.
2. Now the circumference of the flywheel is found by using the measuring tape.
3. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve start opening is found out,
and its position is marked on the flywheel.
4. Similarly, the position at which it closes is noted.
5. The distances are marked by using the thread with respect to their dead centers and
converted into angles
6. The same procedure is repeated for exhaust valve also
1.5.Table
Observations and Calculations.
Circumference of flywheel = 83.6 cm = 32.91339 in
Event Distance from dead center Valve position
inch Degree
Inlet valve open 0 in Before T.D.C. 0° Before T.D.C.

Inlet valve close 5.24 in After B.D.C. 57.27° After B.D.C.

Exhaust valve open 3.15 in Before B.D.C. 34.45° Before B.D.C.

Exhaust valve close 2.24 in After T.D.C. 25.55° After T.D.C.

1.6.Diagram

Figure 2 Theoretical 4-Stroke Petrol Engine Valve Timing Diagram

1.7.Comments
 Lab session:02

To draw the valve timing diagram of a 4-stroke Diesel

engine
Experiment No. 2
To draw the valve timing diagram of a 4-stroke Diesel engine

2.1. Equipment required

 Diesel Engine Model
 Measuring Tape
 Scale
 Thread
2.2. Theory
A 4-stroke internal combustion engine that utilizes four distinct piston strokes (Intake,
Compression, Power and Exhaust) to complete one operating thermodynamic cycle by 2
revolutions of crankshaft. The main difference between the 4-stroke diesel and petrol engine are:
 In petrol engine the air and petrol are mixed in Carburetor and it enters into the cylinder.
In diesel engine the fuel is first fed into the cylinder by a fuel injector and then gets mixed
with air inside the cylinder.
 In petrol engine first the compression of air and petrol is done and then it is ignited by an
electric spark. In diesel engine only the charge of air is compressed, and ignition is done
by the heat of compressed air.
 The compression ratio in petrol engine is low as compared with the diesel engine.
Valve Timing Diagram:
Similarly, in petrol engine, Inlet Valve Open up to 25° before TDC at because opening of valve
takes some time and to induce maximum air in the cylinder and Inlet Port Closes after BDC so that
maximum amount of air present and 1st stroke completed at BDC i.e. suction stroke and
compression stroke started and air is compressed ad after BDC Inlet Valve Closes up to 30° after
BDC and before 20-35° fuel is injected and combustion take place because the temperature of
compressed gas is more than the fuel injected and the product gases of high temperature and
pressure produces. The fuel injection closes 25° after TDC. The expansion strokes start which in
turn releases the pressure inside the combustion chamber and provide rotation to the crank shaft,
the piston moves from TDC to BDC during expansion stroke (Power stroke) and Exhaust Valve
Open 45-50° before BDC and most of the product gases whose has done work goes out of the
cylinder and due to inertia motion of crankshaft the piston moves to TDC to start new cycle and
Exhaust Valve Closes 15° after TDC.
 Figure 3 Actual 4 Stroke- Diesel Engine Cycle Valve Timing Diagram

2.3. Formula
𝐷∗360
Required Angle =
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where D is the valve opening and closing position marked on the flywheel with respect to their
dead center.

2.4. Procedure
1. First the TDC and BDC of the engine are found correctly by rotating the flywheel and the
position are marked on the flywheel
2. Now the circumference of the flywheel is found by using the measuring tape
3. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve start opening is found out and
its position is marked on the flywheel
4. Similarly, the position at which it closes is also found out
5. The distances are marked by using the thread with respect to their dead centers and
converted into angles
6. The same procedure is repeated for exhaust valve also.
2.5. Table
Observations and Calculations.
Circumference of flywheel = 83 cm = 32.68 in
Event Distance from dead center Valve position
inch Degree
Inlet valve open 0 in Before T.D.C. 0° Before T.D.C.

Inlet valve close 3.54 in After B.D.C. 39.03° After B.D.C.

Exhaust valve open 4.06 in Before B.D.C. 44.67° Before B.D.C.

Exhaust valve close 1.42 in After T.D.C. 15.61° After T.D.C.

2.6. Diagram

Figure 4 Theoretical 4-Stroke Diesel Engine Valve Timing Diagram

2.7. Comments
 Lab session:03

To draw the valve lift diagram of a 4-stroke Petrol engine

Experiment No. 3
To draw the valve lift diagram of a 4-stroke Petrol engine

3.1. Equipment required

 Petrol Engine Model
 Measuring Tape
 Scale
 Thread
 Dial indicator
3.2. Theory
The distance the valve raised from its seated position (i.e. when it is fully closed) to the position
when it is fully opened. The valve opening and closing is controlled by the valve springs which
allow a maximum safe valve lift of 9.9 mm only. Valve opening speed, valve lift of the valve seat
and how long the valve stays open is controlled by the camshaft. The height and shapes of the cam
lobes correspond the valve lift height and duration. It is basically duration and listed in degrees of
crankshaft rotation.
Manufactures often listed 2 different valve lift duration:
Advertised Duration:
It is the degrees of crankshaft that the lifter is raised more than a predetermined amount.
Duration at 0.050”:
The degrees of rotation of crankshaft between when lifter is raised 0.050” and when it is 0.050”
from its resting position.
Valve lift affects Performance
When engine operated at high RPM then there is longer intake duration filling the cylinder by
allowing more exhaust to escape. This causes more power because more fuel burnt. That’s why
the camshaft’s RPM Range based on valve lifting duration. Long duration camshaft may also
create more valve overlap, at high rpm it will promotes scavenging effect.
When engine operated at low at low RPM then, the pumping pressure of the piston reduces. This
result in lower cylinder pressure and less-low end power. At low rpm, valve lifting promotes
Exhaust Reversion.
The timing (or phase) of opening and closing of the intake (inlet) and exhaust (outlet) valves is
determined by the valve lift profiles. In a conventional engine this timing is fixed at a value that
represent the best compromise between conflicting requirements for idle speed quality, fuel-
economy, low-speed torque, and power. Normally, the exhaust valve opening (EVO) occurs before
the end of the power stroke to allow earlier release of the hot exhaust gas that is resulting in reduced
pumping losses during the subsequent exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve closes just after the
cylinder reaches the top dead center (TDC) at the end of the exhaust stroke. (VVT) burn and hence
it influences the engine power and the fuel efficiency. When this amount changes to more or less
then it will affect the power and load of the engine.
 Figure 5 Opening, closing timing and lift of intake and exhaust valves

Dial indicator
Also known as lever arm test indicator has a smaller measuring range than a standard dial indicator.
A test indicator measures the deflection of the arm, the probe does not retract but swings in an arc
around its hinge point. Dial indicators typically measure ranges from 0.25 mm to 300 mm (0.015in
to12.0in),with graduations of 0.001 mm to 0.01 mm (metric) or 0.00005 in to 0.001 in.
3.3. Procedure
1. Find the following points TDC, BDC, IVO, IVC, EVC and EVO by repeating the
procedure in experiment 1.
2. Then find the valve lift of the intake valve and the exhaust valve.
3. The lift of the valve is found using the dial gauge.
4. Place the dial gauge on the desired valve while the engine is running, the lift will be
calculated by reading the valve shown in the dial gauge.
3.4. Results
It is obvious that the maximum valve lift will take place exactly between the two events i.e. valve
opening and valve closing.
Inlet valve opens (bTDC) = 0 in
Inlet valve closes (aBDC) = 5.24 in
Exhaust valve opens (bBDC) = 3.15 in
Exhaust valve closes (aTDC) = 2.24 in
Maximum valve lift of intake valve = 2.854 in
Maximum valve lift of exhaust valve = 13.37 in
3.5. Diagram
3.6. Comments
 Lab session:04

To draw the port timing diagram of a 2-stroke engine

Experiment No. 4
To draw the port timing diagram of a 2-stroke engine

4.1. Equipment Required

 2-Stroke Petrol engine model
 Measuring Tape
 Scale
 Thread
4.2. Theory
2-stroke petrol engine is a type of internal combustion engine in which 2 strokes of the piston
completed one power cycle during only one rotation of crankshaft. The first commercial 2 stroke
engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk. All the
4 processes suction, compression, expansion & exhaust in only 2 strokes of piston. The piston
itself through the ports in the cylinder control the opening and closing of the Inlet and Exhaust
port. In 2 stroke we are getting power 2 times of 4 stroke theoretically because it fires once every
revolution, giving it twice the power of a four stroke, which only fires once every other revolution.
The inlet and exhaust valves are not present in 2 stroke engines. Instead, the slots are cut on the
cylinder itself at different elevation and they are called ports and there are 3 ports:
1. Intake Port
2. Transfer Port
3. Exhaust Port
The Inlet and Exhaust Ports are linked with atmosphere while transfer port not. The main
difference between two-stroke and four stroke engines is in the method of filling the fresh charge
and removing the burnt gases from the cylinder.
Port Timing Diagram:
The diagram which shows the position of crank at which the above ports are open and close are
called as port timing diagram
To draw a port timing diagram, we must take some reference point and these references linked
with TDC or BDC position. When piston is at BDC exhaust and transfer port both are open and
opening and closing of transfer port is linked with BDC. The exhaust and transfer port closing
after BDC. Similarly, the opening of Transfer port and exhaust port are before BDC. Inlet port
open before TDC and closes after TDC.
The air or charge is drafted into the crankcase through the spring-loaded inlet port when the
pressure in the crankcase is reduced due to the upward motion of the piston during compression
stroke. After compression and ignition, expansion takes place in the usual way. During the
expansion stroke the charge in the crankcase is compressed. Near the end of the expansion stroke,
the piston uncovers the exhaust ports and the cylinder pressure drops to atmospheric pressure as
the combustion products leave the cylinder. Further movement of the piston uncovers the transfer
port, permitting the slightly compressed charge in the crankcase to enter the engine cylinder. The
average values are:
IPO = 50° Before TDC
IPC = 50° After TDC
EPO = 60° Before BDC
EPC = 60° After BDC
TPO = 45° Before BDC
TPC = 54° After BDC

Figure 3 Practical Port Timing Diagram of 2 Stroke Petrol Engine

Fixing the Dead Centers

For fixing up the dead centers a chalk mark is made on the piston. The flywheel is rotated. When
the chalk mark coincides with the end of the cylinder, mark position on the flywheel and it
represents TDC.
Now the flywheel is again rotated and the position at which the piston reaches the lower most
position is noted on flywheel and it represents the BDC.
Identification of Ports
The port which has more area and is nearer to TDC is the exhaust port and the other is the inlet
port.
Direction of Rotation
As the port opening and closing are symmetrical about the dead center any arbitrary direction of
rotation may be selected.
4.3. Formula
𝐷∗360
Required Angle =
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where D is the valve opening and closing position marked on the flywheel with respect to their
dead center.

4.4. Procedure
1. The flywheel is rotated in any arbitrary direction.
2. During the downward transverse position when it just uncovers a port it is marked as the
opening of the port on the flywheel.
3. The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its upward travel.
4. A mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark. This gives the closing of the port.
5. The same procedure is repeated for the other ports also.
4.5. Table
Observations and Calculations.
Circumference of flywheel = 36.8cm = 14.09 in

Position w.r.t
Event Distance Angle
dead centers
inch degree
IPO TDC 1.9 in (before TDC) 46.96°
IPC TDC 2.48 in (after TDC) 61.63°
EPO BDC 3.38 in (before BDC) 84.13°
EPC BDC 3.38 (after BDC) 84.13°
TPO BDC 2.6 in (before BDC) 64.66°
TPC BDC 2.45 in (after BDC) 60.65°
4.6. Diagram

Figure 4 Theoretical Port Timing Diagram of 2-Stroke Petrol Engine

4.7. Comments