The Handbook

theHANDBOOK
Welding Consumables
Table of contents
Products list ........................................................................................ 6 Welding Notes ............................................................................ B10
● For Mild & High Tensile Strength Steel Use ........................................ A1 Products Introduction ................................................................. B11
▍SMAW Electrodes for Nickel Steel (low temperature use)
● For Mild & High Tensile Strength Steel Use Welding Notes (including consumables selection) ..................... B15
▍Materials General Review ..................................................................... A2 Products Introduction ................................................................. B17
▍SMAW Electrodes ▍Flux Cored Wire for Nickel Steel (low temperature use)
Welding consumables selection ................................................ A5 Welding Notes ............................................................................ B20
Welding Notes ............................................................................ A6 Products Introduction ................................................................. B21
Products Introduction ................................................................. A7
Table of contents
Table of contents
▍MAG wire ▍SMAW Electrodes for Weathering Steel

Welding consumables selection ................................................. A20 Welding Notes (including consumables selection) ..................... B25
Welding Notes ............................................................................ A21 Products Introduction ................................................................. B26
Products Introduction ................................................................. A23 ▍Flux Cored Wire for Weathering Steel
▍TIG Rod Welding Notes ............................................................................ B28
General Description And Welding Notes .................................... A29 Products Introduction ................................................................. B29
Products Introduction ................................................................. A30 ▍SMAW Electrodes for High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steels
▍SAW Wire / Flux Welding Notes ............................................................................ B31
Welding Consumables Selection ............................................... A33 Products Introduction ................................................................. B32
Welding Notes ............................................................................ A34 ▍Flux Cored Wire for High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steels
Products Introduction ................................................................. A36 Welding Notes ............................................................................ B35
▍Flux Cored Wire (FCW) Products Introduction ................................................................. B36
Welding consumables selection ................................................. A39
Welding Notes ............................................................................ A40 ● Stainless Steel
Products Introduction ................................................................. A41 ▍Material General Review ....................................................................... C2
▍Welding Consumables Selection ........................................................... C5
● Low Alloy Steels ▍SMAW Electrodes
▍Materials General Review ..................................................................... B2 Welding Notes ............................................................................ C8
▍Chromium-Molybdenum (heat resistant use) Steel Products Introduction ................................................................. C9
Welding Consumables Selection ............................................... B3 ▍MIG．TIG Wire/Rod
▍SMAW Electrodes for Chromium-Molybdenum Low Alloy Steels Welding Notes (MIG) .................................................................. C18
Welding Notes ............................................................................ B5 Welding Notes (TIG) .................................................................. C19
Products Introduction ................................................................. B6 Products Introduction ................................................................. C20
▍Flux Cored Wire for Chromium-Molybdenum Low Alloy Steels ▍SAW – Submerged Arc Welding Wire
2 3
Welding Notes ............................................................................ C28 Welding Notes ............................................................................ E6
Products Introduction ................................................................. C29 Products Introduction ................................................................. E7
▍Flux Cored Wire ▍MIG．TIG Wire/Rod
Welding Notes ............................................................................ C31 Welding Notes ............................................................................ E13
Products Introduction ................................................................. C32 Products Introduction ................................................................. E14
● Hardfacing and Wear Resistant Use ● Cast Iron

▍Hardfacing General Review .................................................................. D2 ▍Material General Review ....................................................................... F2
▍Welding consumables selection ........................................................... D4 ▍Welding consumables selection ............................................................ F3
Table of contents
Table of contents
▍Welding Notes ....................................................................................... D6 ▍Welding Notes ....................................................................................... F4

▍Hardfacing and Wear Resistant SMAW Electrodes ▍SMAW Electrodes
Welding Notes (SMAW Electrodes) ........................................... D9 Products Introduction ................................................................. F6
Products Introduction ................................................................. D9
Strong impact and abrasion resistant ........................................ D9 ● Others
Buffer layer and welding repairs ................................................. D11 ▍Gouging or groove preparation use
Metal to metal abrasion resistant ............................................... D12 Products Introduction ................................................................. F10
Metal to sand abrasion resistant ................................................ D15
Severe abrasion resistant .......................................................... D18 ● Reference
High temperature fatigue and corrosion resistant ...................... D22 ▍DeLONG Diagram ................................................................................ G2
▍Hardfacing and Wear Resistant Flux Cored Wire ▍WRC-1992 Diagram ............................................................................... G3
Welding notes (Flux Cored Wire and SAW Flux Cored wire) ..... D24 ▍Conversions ........................................................................................... G4
Strong impact and abrasion resistant ........................................ D25
Buffer layer and welding repairs ................................................. D27
Metal to metal abrasion resistant ............................................... D30
Metal to sand abrasion resistant ................................................ D36
Severe Abrasion resistant .......................................................... D42
High temperature fatigue and corrosion resistant ..................... D51
● Nickel Base Alloy

▍Material General Review ....................................................................... E2
▍Cross Table for Nickel base alloys vs stainless steel, carbon steel,
low alloy steel welding consumable ...................................................... E3
▍SMAW Electrodes
4 5
SMAW Electrodes
(2)
Product Specication
Steel Category (1) (3)
Page
name AWS JIS
Equivalent to A5.1M E4313

G03 Z3211 E4303 A7
Equivalent to A5.1 E6013
Products list
NK32 Z3211 E4303 A7
A5.1M E4310
G10 Z3211 E4310 A8
A5.1 E6010
A5.1M E4311
G11 Z3211 E4311 A8
A5.1 E6011
A5.1M E4313
K120 Z3211 E4313 A9
A5.1 E6013
SMAW Electrodes
A5.1M E4313
G13 Z3211 E4313 A9
A5.1 E6013
A5.1M E4313
G13VD Z3211 E4313 A10
A5.1 E6013
Products list ND150L

A5.1M E4319
Z3211 E4319U A10
A5.1 E6019
Mild & High
A5.1M E4319
Tensile Strength D200 Z3211 E4319U A11
A5.1 E6019
Steel Use
A5.1M E4327
G27 Z3211 E4327 A11
A5.1 E6027
A5.1M E4327
EX7 Z3211 E4327 A12
A5.1 E6027
A5.1M E4916
GL52 Z3211 E4916UH10 A12
A5.1 E7016
A5.1M E4918
GL5218 Z3211 E4918H10 A13
A5.1 E7018
A5.1M E4924
GL24 Z3211 E4903 A13
A5.1 E7024
A5.1M E4924
GL524 Z3211 E4924 A14
A5.1 E7024
A5.1M E4928
GL5226 Z3211 E4928UH15 A14
A5.1 E7028
A5.1M E4928
GL528 Z3211 E4928UH15 A15
A5.1 E7028
7
SMAW Electrodes S M AW E le c t r o d e s
Product Specication(2) Product Specication(2)

Steel Category Page Steel Category Page
name(1) AWS J I S (3) name(1) AW S J IS (3)
A5.1M E4948 A5.5M E6218M

EX55V Z3211 E4948H10 A15 GL98M Z3211 E6218-N3M1 B32
A5.1 E7048 A5.5 E9018M
A5.5M E5516-G A5.5M E6918M

Products list
Products list
GL55＊ Z3211 E5716H10 A16 High Tensile GL108M Z3211 E6918-N3M2 B32
A5.5 E8016-G A5.5 E10018M
and High Yield
A5.5M E6216-G A5.5M E7618M
Mild & High GL60＊ Z3211 E5716H10 A16 Strength Steel GL118M Z3211 E7618-N4M2 B33
Tensile Strength A5.5 E9016-G A5.5 E11018M
Steel Use A5.5M E6916-G Equivalent to Z3211 A5.5M E8318M
GL70＊ A17 GL128M Z3211 E8318-N4C2M2 B33
A5.5 E10016-G E6916-N4M3 A5.5 E12018M
A5.5M E7616-G
GL80＊ Z3211 E7816-N4CM2 A17 G307 A5.4 E307-16 Z3221 ES307-16 C9
A5.5 E11016-G
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
A5.5M E8316-G Equivalent to Z3211 G307M A5.4 E307-26 Z3221 ES307-26 C9

GL100＊ A18
A5.5 E12016-G E8318-N4C2M2
G308 A5.4 E308-16 Z3221 ES308-16 C10
GL76A1／ A5.5M E4916（8）-A1 G308L A5.4 E308L-16 Z3221 ES308L-16 C10
Z3223 DT1216 B6
GL78A1 A5.5 E7016（8）-A1
G308M A5.4 E308-26 Z3221 ES308-26 C11
GL86B1／ A5.5M E5516（8）-B1 Z3223 DT2316（8）
B6
GL88B1 A5.5 E8016（8）-B1
G309 A5.4 E309-16 Z3221 ES309-16 C11
Chromium – GL86B2／ A5.5M E5516（8）-B2
Z3223 DT2316(8) B7 G309L A5.4 E309L-16 Z3221 ES309L-16 C12
Molybdenum GL88B2 A5.5 E8016（8）-B2
(heat resistant GL96B3／ A5.5M E6216（8）-B3 G309MoL A5.4 E309LMo-16 Z3221 ES309LMo-16 C12
use)Steel Z3223 DT2416(8) B7 Stainless Steel
GL98B3 A5.5 E9016（8）-B3
G310 A5.4 E310-16 Z3221 ES310-16 C13
GL86B6／ A5.5 M E5516（8）-B6
－ B8 G312 A5.4 E312-16 Z3221 ES312-16 C13
GL88B6 A5.5 E8016（8）-B6
GL86B8／ A5.5M E 5516（8）-B8 G316 A5.4 E316-16 Z3221 ES316-16 C14

－ B8
GL88B8 A5.5 E8016（8）-B8
G316L A5.4 E316L-16 Z3221 ES316L-16 C14
GL86C1／ A5.5M E5516（8）-C1
Z3211 E5516(8)-N5 B17 G317 A5.4 E317-16 Z3221 ES317-16 C15
GL88C1 A5.5 E8016（8）-C1
Nickel Steel (low GL86C2／ A5.5M E5516（8）-C2 G347 A5.4 E347-16 Z3221 ES347-16 C15
Z3211 E5516(8)-N7 B17
temperature use) GL88C2 A5.5 E8016（8）-C2
G410 A5.4 E410-16 Z3221 ES410-16 C16
GL86C3／ A5.5M E5516（8）-C3
Z3211 E5516(8)-N2 B18
GL88C3 A5.5 E8016（8）-C3 G2209 A5.4 E2209-16 Z3221 ES2209-16 C16
A5.5M E4918-W1
GL78W1 Z3214 DA5016G B26
A5.5 E7018-W1
Weathering Steel
A5.5M E5518-W2
GL88W2 Z3214 DA5816W B26
A5.5 E8018-W2
8 9
SMAW Electrodes S M AW E le c t r o d e s
Ste el Product Specif i c a t i on ( 2 ) Product Specication(2)

Page Steel Category Page
C a te gory name(1) AWS JIS (3) name(1) AW S J IS (3)
GH13M — Z3251 DFMA-250B D9 High temperature

fatigue and GH13Cr-4 — — D22
Strong impact — — corrosion resistant
HARDMANG1 D10
Products list
Products list
resistant
— — GNC 132 A5.11 ENiCrFe-1 Z3224 DNiCrFe-1 E7
HARDMANG3 D10
GNC 133 A5.11 ENiCrFe-2 Z3224 DNiCrFe-2 E8

—
GH300 Z3251 DF2A-300B D11
Buffer layer and Nickel base alloy GNC 182 A5.11 ENiCrFe-3 Z3224 DNiCrFe-3 E9
welding
GH300R — Z3251 DF2A-300R D11 GNC 112 A5.11 ENiCrMo-3 Z3224 DNiCrMo-3 E10
GNC 277 A5.11 ENiCrMo-5 Z3224 DNiCrMo-5 E11
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
GH350R — Z3251 DF2A-350R D12

GC100 A5.15 ENi-CI Z3252 DFCNi F6
GH450 — Z3251 DF2A-450B D12
Metal to metal GC55 A5.15 ENiFe-CI Z3252 DFCNi Fe F6
GH450R — Z3251 DF2B-450R D13
abrasion
GCO A5.15 ESt Z3252 DFCFe F7
GH600 — Z3251 DF3C-600B D13
Cast Iron
GCI-1 A5.15 ENi-CI Z3252 DFCNi F7
GH600R — Z3251 DF3B-600R D14
GCI-2 A5.15 ENiFe-CI Z3252 DFCNi Fe F8
GH750 — Z3251 DF3C-700B D15
GCI-3 A5.15 ESt Z3252 DFCFe F8
GH900 — Z3251 DF5A-700B D15
Metal to sand GGC — — F10
abrasion HARD D — — D16 Gouging
resistant or groove Gouging
GH900W — D16 preparation use Carbon — — F10
HARD 31 — — D17
M A G． T IG w ir e / r o d
HARD 35 — — D18
A5.18M ER48S-G
GH800 — — D18 S-G Z3312 YGW11 A23
A5.18 ER70S-G
GH900Mn — — D19 S-4 A5.18M ER48S-4

— A23
Severe abrasion GW16 A5.18 ER70S-4
GH950Nb — — D19 Mild & High
resistant A5.18M ER48S-6
Tensile Strength S-6 Z3312 YGW12 A24
GH950 — — D20 A5.18 ER70S-6
Steel Use
GH950C — — D20 A5.18M ER48S-G
GW11 Z3312 YGW11 A24
A5.18 ER70S-G
GHCW — — D21
A5.18M ER48S-6
GW12 Z3312 YGW12 A25
A5.18 ER70S-6
10 11
MAG．TIG wire/rod TIG

name(1) AWS JIS (3) name(1) AWS JIS (3)
GTN82 A5.14 ERNiCr-3 Z3334 YNiCr-3 E14

GW15 — Z3312 YGW15 A25 Nickel base
alloys
Mild & High GTN625 A5.14ERNiCrMo-3 Z3334 YNiCrMo-3 E14
Products list
Products list
A5.28M ER62S-G
Tensile Strength GW18＊ Z3312 YGW18 A26
A5.28 ER90S-G
Steel Use We ld in g wir e / M IG
A5.28M ER62S-G
GW19＊ Z3312 G55A0UM19 A26 GM307 A5.9 ER307 — C20
A5.28 ER90S-G
GM308 A5.9 ER308 Z3321 YS308 C20
TIG
A5.18M ER48S-6 GM308L A5.9 ER308L Z3321 YS308L C21

GT50 Z3316 YGT50 A30
A5.18 ER70S-6
． TIG wire/rod
． TIG wire/rod
GM309 A5.9 ER309 Z3321 YS309 C21

A5.18M ER48S-G
Carbon steel use GT52T — A30 GM309L A5.9 ER309L Z3321 YS309L C22
A5.18 ER70S-G
A5.28M ER55S-G Stainless Steel GM310 A5.9 ER310 Z3321 YS310 C22
GT60 — A31
A5.28 ER80S-G
GM312 A5.9 ER312 Z3321 YS312 C23
MAG
MAG
GT308 A5.9 ER308 Z3321 YS308 C20

GM316 A5.9 ER316 Z3321 YS316 C23
GT308L A5.9 ER308L Z3321 YS308L C21
GM316L A5.9 ER316L Z3321 YS316L C24
GT309 A5.9 ER309 Z3321 YS309 C21
GM347 A5.9 ER347 Z3321 YS347 C24
GT309L A5.9 ER309L Z3321 YS309L C22
GM410 A5.9 ER410 Z3321 YS410 C25
GT310 A5.9 ER310 Z3321 YS310 C22
GMN82 A5.14 ERNiCr-3 Z3334 YNiCr-3 E14
Nickel base
GT312 A5.9 ER312 Z3321 YS312 C23
alloys
Stainless Steel GMN625 A5.14 ERNiCrMo-3 Z3334 YNiCrMo-3 E14
GT316 A5.9 ER316 Z3321 YS316 C23
S AW / F lu x
GT316L A5.9 ER316L Z3321 YS316L C24
GA78×GS8 A5.17 F7A2-EL8 Z3183 S502-H A36
GT347 A5.9 ER347 Z3321 YS347 C24
Carbon steel use GA78×GS12K A5.17 F7A2-EM12K Z3183 S502-H A36
GT410 A5.9 ER410 Z3321 YS410 C25
GA86×GS12K A5.17 F7A4-EM12K Z3183 S502-H A37
GT430 A5.9 ER430 Z3321 YS430 C25
GT630 A5.9 ER630 — C26
12 13
SAW / Flux Flux Cored Wire / FCAW

name(1) AWS JIS (3) name(1) AWS JIS (3)
GS308/ A5.9 ER308 Z3324 YS308 A5.29M E551T1-Ni1C

C29 GMX811Ni1 — B21
GS308L A5.9 ER308L Z3324 YS308L A5.29 E81T1-Ni1C
Nickel Steel
Products list
Products list
Stainless Steel C29 (low temperature GMX811Ni2 — B22
use)
C29 GMX911Ni2 — B23
Flux Cored Wire / FC AW A5.29M E551T1-W2C

Weathering Steel GMX811W2 — B29
A5.29 E81T1-W2C
A5.20M E490T-1C Z3313 T49J2T1-
GMX70 A41
Flux Cored Wire / FCAW

A5.20 E70T-1C 0CA-H10
High Tensile
A5.20M E491T-1C Z3313 T49J2T1- A5.29M E691T1-K3C
GMX71 A42 and High Yield GMX101K3 — B36
A5.29 E101T1-K3C
SAW / Flux
A5.20 E71T-1C 1CA-H10 Strength Steel

A5.20M E491T-1M Z3313 T49J2T1-
Carbon steel use GMX71M A43
A5.20 E71T-1M 1MA-H10 MXW
— — D25
Strong impact MANG1
A5.20M E491T-9C
GMX71Ni — A44 resistant MXW
A5.20 E71T-9C — — D26
MANG3
A5.18M E48C-6M
MXC76M — A45 MXW BU-O — — D27
A5.18 E70C-6M
Buffer layer and MXW BU-G — — D28
GMX308L A5.22 E308LT1-1 Z3323 TS308L-FC1 C32 welding repairs
MXW
— — D29
GMX308L-O A5.22 E308LT0-3 Z3323 TS308L-FN0 C33 K104-S
GMX309L A5.22 E309LT1-1 Z3323 TS309L-FC1 C34 MXW SUPER

— — D30
Stainless Steel BU-G
GMX309L-O A5.22 E309LT0-3 Z3323 TS309L-FN0 C35
MXW BB-G — — D31
GMX309LMo A5.22 E309LMoT1-1 Z3323TS309LMo-FC1 C36
Metal to metal MXW 102-G — — D32
GMX316L A5.22 E316LT1-1 Z3323 TS316L-FC1 C37 abrasion
resistant MXW K102-S — — D33
A5.29M E551T1-A1C
GMX811A1 — B11 MXW K105-S — — D34
A5.29 E81T1-A1C
Chromium –
Molybdenum A5.29M E551T1-B2C MXW K107-S — — D35
GMX811B2 — B12
(heat resistant A5.29 E81T1-B2C
use)Steel
A5.29M E621T1-B3C —
GMX911B3 B13
A5.29 E91T1-B3C
14 15
Flux Cored Wire and Submerged arc welding wire / FCAW and SAW
Product Specication(2)
Steel Category Page
name(1) AWS JIS (3)
Note :
MXW DD-G — — D36
1.Symbol "＊"the classication of products is according to JIS and ISO.
MXW 969-G — — D37 2.Specications abbreviation :
Products list
CNS=Chinese National Standards

Metal to sand MXW 969-O — — D38 JIS=Japanese Industrial Standards
abrasion
AWS=American Welding Society
resistant MXW M7-G — — D39
The following specications abbreviation may be marked on the product packaging :
MXW D — — D40 ASME=American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ABS=American Bureau of Shipping
MXW R117 — — D41 CR=China Corporation Register of Shipping
LR=Lloyd's Register of Shipping
MXW R100 — — D42 NK=Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
FCAW and SAW
BV=Bureau Veritas
MXW R101 — — D43
3. is dened as the product meets the JIS specications, and obtain the permission of JIS
MXW R100D — — D44 MARK.
MXW
— — D45
R100SHD
Severe abrasion
MXW 62-O — — D46
resistant
MXW 63-O — — D47
MXW 65-O — — D48
MXW 66-O — — D49
MXW 70-O — — D50
GMX
— — D51
410NiMo
High temperature MXW

— — D52
fatigue and K410NiMo-S
corrosion MXW
resistant — — D53
K420-S
MXW
— — D54
K423-S
16
For Mild & High Tensile Strength Steel Use
Materials General Review
Steels are categorized by the base of the amount of carbon content but not by silicon
(Si), manganese (Mn) or other elements. If we review many different steel specications,
we will see Si or Mn contents are much more than Carbon, but they are not used for steel
categorizing, why?
As we know, almost of carbon (but may not be all) in steels are converted into Fe3C
which is a very hard and high strength compound material we called it as cementite, the
amount of cementite is the major factor to decide steel properties such as hardness and
tensile strength.
Let us see the molecular Fe3C in detail, the atomic weight of C is 12 and the Fe is
about 55.8, the weight of 3 Fe atoms plus 1 C atom is about 179.5, C occupies weight rate

is only about 6.68%. In other words, the weight of 1 atom C can make 15 times weight of
cementite. For 0.3% carbon steel as an example, suppose all 0.3% carbon is converted
into Fe3C, the weight of Fe3C rate can be about 4.5%. Cementite weight ratio can vary 15
times by slightly varying of C content. This is a very important understanding to know why
there is a big change of steel mechanical properties only by small amount change of C
content.
In general, steels with C content ≦ 0.3% are mild or low carbon steels; > 0.3% but ≦
For Mild & High Tensile 0.5% are medium carbon steels; > 0.5% are high carbon steels.
Strength Steel Use The hardening of Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) is a major detriment factor to a
weldment, and the degree of HAZ hardening tendency can be used to evaluate the weld
ability of steel. It is not only affected by C content but also by Mn, Si and other elements
those have different affection level as C does. The Carbon Equivalent is the summary of
Carbon content plus other alloy elements each of those is divided by a specic number
due to different hardening affection level as compared to carbon. The higher the Carbon
Equivalent, the poor the weld ability a steel is ( high possibility of cold cracking induced by
high hardening tendency ), so it is a very common and useful data to determine whether a
steel is easy or difcult to weld and can be the welding control base to give necessary pre-
heating and inter-pass temperature.
The Carbon Equivalent calculation formula is shown as following :

Ceq.= C + Mn / 6 + Si / 24 + Ni / 40 + Cr / 5 + Mo / 4 + V / 1 4 (%) (JIS)
or
Ceq.= C + Mn / 6+1/5 (Cr+Mo + V) + 1/15 ( Ni + Cu ) (IIW, International Welding Institute) ( % )
The value of Ceq., C, Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Mo, V etc. are weight percentage of a steel.
When Ceq. ≦ 0.4% and HV< 350, the steel has good weld ability and seldom
welding crack happened. It is absolute necessary to preheat before welding when Ceq and
Hardness are over above values.
The relation between Ceq. and HAZ hardness can be approximately calculated by following
formula :
HV max = 1200 x Ceq - 200
A2
For Mild & High Tensile Strength Steel Use
The relationship between HAZ Max. Hardness and preheat / PWHT requirement
HV Max. Hardness Preheat inter-pass and PWHT Temperature

≦ 200 Not necessary
201~ 250 Proper preheat recommended
251~ 325 Preheat over 150°C and 650°C PWHT
> 325 Preheat over 150°C and 650°C PWHT or full annealing
Remark: A proper preheat and PWHT for a weld can effectively prevent HAZ hardening
which may induce cold crack. The above description is mainly to tell the important
concept of Ceq. and the mentioned preheat / PWHT temperature is only for
reference, all actual work shall consider the size and thickness of work to give
necessary adjustment such as to increase preheat / PWHT temperature or extend

holding time etc.
The followings are general notes in relation to preheat and inter-pass temperature:
a. Nowadays the structure steel for common use is low carbon steel, the AWS D 1.1 (AWS
Structural Welding Code) Table 3.2 tells preheat and inter-pass temperature are mainly
related with work thickness.
b. A steel which has very good weld ability when Ceq. ≦ 0.4%; the weld ability is getting SMAW Electrodes
a little bit poor when Ceq. 0.4% ~ 0.5%; Once Ceq. > 0.5%, the weld ability will be very
poor.
c. The medium carbon content steels have Ceq. between 0.45 ~ 0.6%, if the work size is
big, heavy thickness and complicated in shape, crack will be very easy to occur due to
abnormal high residual stress. 250°C preheat and 650°C PWHT or full annealing are
strongly recommend in welding these steels.
d. To weld medium or high carbon content steels, variables will include the work size,
preheat / PWHT requirement, ller metal selection, etc.
Base metal may have excess phosphorous or sulfur content to have abnormal
precipitation, it can induce hot cracking during welding, check material chemical analysis
report in detail is strongly recommended before welding for determining right welding
procedure.
Proper bevel angle and good t up gap for the before welding preparation will also be
necessary to prevent other defects such as incomplete fusion, high stress restriction and
cracking, etc.
A3
Welding Consumables Selection SMAW Welding Notes
AWS specication E6010 E6013 E6019 E6027 E7016 1. Keep electrodes in dry condition to prevent blow hole, coating damage, spatter
— E7018 E7024 E7028 E7048
（A5.1） E6011 increasing, poor arc re-starting ability, poor current standing ability and detrimental to
E4310 E4916U E4918 E4924 E4928U E4948 weld metal mechanical properties, etc.
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
JIS specication E4303
E4311 E4313 E4319 E4327 H10 H10 H15 H10
high low- low- 2. Electrodes’ baking condition shall follow the recommendation described in each product
lime- high high iron Low hydrogen iron hydrogen Low
Covered category titania cellulose titania ilmenite oxide, Hydrogen potassium, powder, potassium, Hydrogen features of this catalogue. The baking temperature range is 70~100°C x 1 hr for mild
potassium potassium iron Type iron titania iron Type steel electrodes and 300~350°C x1 hr for low hydrogen electrodes.
powder powder powder
Welding
performance 3. All base metal surface dirt, grease, rust etc., shall be full removed before welding in order
crack resistant to prevent diffusible hydrogen increasing and weld metal poor mechanical properties.
ability ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ☆ ☆ ○ ◎ ☆
Welding Consumables Selection
RT ray detection 4. Proper grinding is necessary to remove surface scales and slag to smooth the coarsen
inspection ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ☆ ☆ ○ ◎ ◎ trace on the base metal cutting edge.
performance
SMAW Welding Notes

Impact
performance ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ☆ ☆ ○ ◎ ◎ 5. Welding parameters such as current, voltage or heat input etc., shall follow the ranges
Operation ability described in Welding Procedure Specification but not over the manufacturer product
recommended range.
Flat
☆ ○ ☆ ◎ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ —
position
Horizontal 6. Preheat inter pass temperature and PWHT can follow the reference in Materials General
llet ☆ ○ ☆ ◎ ☆ ○ ○ ☆ ☆ — Review or related codes requirement.
position
Vertical
upward △ ○ ○ ◎ — ☆ ☆ — — — 7. Proper shelter and gas torch drying on base metal to remove moisture are necessary
welding position when welding in raining/windy environment.
positions
Vertical
downward — ☆ ◎ △ — — — — — ☆ 8. Short arc technique is strongly recommended on welding low hydrogen electrodes. It can
position
prevent nitrogen and oxygen from permeating into the arc which may cause blow holes.
Horizontal
and If weaving is necessary, the width shall be within 3 times of electrode diameter.
△ ☆ ◎ ◎ — ○ ○ — — —
overhead
position
9. Most electrodes can be used for welding by AC and DC(±) polarity, but AC is most
Flat
position ☆ △ ☆ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ — common.
Horizontal
llet ☆ △ ☆ ○ ☆ ○ ○ ☆ ☆ — 10.The polarity illustration:
Bead position DCEP ( DC+ ): Electrode positive or DC reverse polarity (DCRP).
appearance Vertical,
DCEN ( DC– ): Electrode negative or DC straight polarity (DCSP).
overhead
or △ ☆ ◎ ○ — ◎ ◎ — — ☆
horizontal
position
penetration depth ○ ☆ △ ◎ △ ○ ○ △ △ ○
re-arc ability ☆ ☆ ☆ ○ ☆ — — ☆ ☆ △
welding spatter
quantity ○ △ ◎ ○ ◎ ○ ○ ◎ ◎ ○
slag removal
ability ☆ ○ ◎ ○ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ☆
welding speed ◎ △ ○ ○ ◎ ○ ○ ◎ ◎ ☆
good for thin plate ◎ △ ☆ ○ △ △ △ △ △ △
Note: ☆: Excellent, ◎ : Good, ○ : Normal, △: Poor, —: NA
A5 This information is for reference only, welcome to consult us if any further detail require A6
G03 AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013 (Similar)
JIS Z 3211 E4303
G10 AWS A5.1M E4310 / A5.1 E6010
JIS Z 3211 E4310
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all weld metal (wt%) Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all weld metal (wt%)
● Lime titanium oxide type covered ● High cellulose type covered
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn P S
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
electrodes for mild steel. electrode for DC use.
● Easy slag removal and re-arcing 0.07 0.29 0.47 0.018 0.011 ● High arc penetration and 0.09 0.10 0.39 0.018 0.012
property. concentration.
● High current available for Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Easy slag removal. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
increasing welding efciency. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Fast solidication of weld metal,
Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Superior for at position. good for narrow groove root pass.
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
423 466 26 55 464 548 25 61
Applications: Applications:
● Suitable for moderate thickness ● Suitable for moderate thickness
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+
steel structures such as steel work one side butt joint
Products Introduction
shipbuilding, truck frame, Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 high pressure piping root pass. Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400
buildings, bridges, tanks, and

Flat position 80~100 100~140 150~200 230~280 Flat position 60~90 70~110 110~150
other general structures.
Vertical / overhead Vertical / overhead
70~90 90~130 120~170 170~220 50~80 60~100 100~140
position position
◎ Note: Refer to page A6 welding note. ◎ Note: Refer to page A6 welding note.
NK32 AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013

JIS Z 3211 E4303
G11 AWS A5.1M E4311 / A5.1 E6011
JIS Z 3211 E4311
● Lime titanium oxide type covered ● High cellulose type covered
electrodes for mild steel. electrode for mild steel.
● Easy slag removal and re-arcing 0.07 0.27 0.46 0.016 0.013 ● High arc penetration and 0.13 0.12 0.39 0.016 0.010
property. concentration.
● High current available for Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Fast solidification of weld metal, Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
increasing welding efciency. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value good for all positions in limited Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Superior for at and llet horizontal space and especially on vertical
position. and overhead position.
419 460 27 58 429 498 28 57
● Suitable for moderate thickness
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+
●Suitable for moderate thickness
steel structures such as Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 steel work one side butt joint root Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/350 4.8/350
shipbuilding, truck frame, pass.
Flat position 80~100 100~140 150~200 230~280 Flat position 70~110 110~150 160~210
buildings, bridges, tanks, and
other general structures. Vertical / overhead Vertical / overhead
70~90 90~130 120~170 170~220 60~100 100~140 150~200
position position
A7 A8
K120 AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013
JIS Z 3211 E4313
G13VD AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013
JIS Z 3211 E4313
● High titanium oxide type covered ● High titanium oxide type covered
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
electrode for mild steel. electrode special for vertical
● High arc stability and easy to re- 0.05 0.29 0.28 0.019 0.010 downward position with strong 0.07 0.38 0.35 0.018 0.012
arc. arc force and good manipulation.
● Easy slag removal in proper Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good bead appearance and Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
current range. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value easy slag removal for horizontal Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Good bead appearance. llet position.
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J
● High welding performance and ● Good arc concentration and re-
433 474 27 67 471 519 28 78
no undercut occurred. arcing property.
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC±
● Suitable for low current thin plates Diameter / Length 2.0/300 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 ● Suitable for thin plates, light Diameter / Length 2.0/300 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400
welding. structure,vehicles and general

Flat position 50~70 60~90 100~130 150~180 Flat position 50~70 70~100 90~130 160~200
iron ttings.
45~60 60~70 90~120 130~160 45~60 60~90 80~100 140~170
position position
G13 AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013

JIS Z 3211 E4313
ND150L AWS A5.1M E4319 / A5.1 E6019
JIS Z 3211 E4319U
● High titanium oxide type covered ● Ilmenite type covered electrode
type electrode for mild steel. for mild steel is available to
● High arc stability and easy to re- 0.07 0.26 0.37 0.014 0.010 process full positions welding. 0.09 0.08 0.46 0.016 0.010
arc. ● Available for high current welding.
● Easy slag removal in proper Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good slag removal. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
current range. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Good for RT examination, good
● Higher speed fusion rate to mechanical properties.
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
improve deposition efficiency
453 479 28 70 439 475 29 82
than other similar grade products. Applications:
● High current available for ● Suitable for welding of thickness
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC±
increasing welding efciency. ≦20mm steel structures on
Diameter / Length 2.0/300 2.6/350 3.2/350 4.0/400 shipbuilding,vehicles, buildings, Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Applications: bridges, tanks, pressure
● Suitable for thin plates, light vessels and general mechanical
structure, vehicles and general Vertical / overhead structures. Vertical / overhead
45~60 60~70 90~120 130~160 50~70 80~100 120~160 170~220
iron ttings. position position
A9 A10
D200 AWS A5.1M E4319 / A5.1 E6019
JIS Z 3211 E4319U
EX7 AWS A5.1M E4327 / A5.1 E6027
JIS Z 3211 E4327
● Ilmenite type covered electrode ● High iron oxide type covered
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
for mild steel. electrode special for butt at and
● Available for all positions, good 0.11 0.15 0.41 0.018 0.010 horizontal llet joint. 0.08 0.049 0.96 0.03 0.012
crack and porosity resistance. ● Good arc stability and easy to re-
● Easy slag removal. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal arc. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
● Good for RT examination, good ● High deposition efficiency and
Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
mechanical properties. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J less fume than other similar grade N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
● High arc concentration and good products.
454 487 27 76 473 521 26 60
bead appearance. ● Smooth llet appearance and no
surface undercut.
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC–
Applications: ● Suitable for gravity semi auto
5.0 6.0 6.4
● Suitable for welding of thickness Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 welding, easy slag removal.
Diameter / Length
≦20mm steel structures on 550/700 550/700 550/700
Flat position 60~80 100~140 140~190 230~280
shipbuilding,vehicles, buildings, Applications: Flat position 180~230 240~290 260~310
bridges, tanks, pressure Vertical / overhead ●Suitable for at position of Build-
50~70 80~100 120~160 170~220 ◎ Note: Refer to page A6 welding note.
vessels and general mechanical position up type steel beam and girder
structures. ◎ Note: Refer to page A6 welding note. fabrication such as H beam or T
bar.
G27 AWS A5.1M E4327 / A5.1 E6027

JIS Z 3211 E4327
GL52 AWS A5.1M E4916 / A5.1 E7016
JIS Z 3211 E4916UH10
● Iron powder ferric oxide type ● Low hydrogen type covered
covered electrode for mild steel. electrode for high tensile strength
● Good bead appearance and 0.06 0.049 0.96 0.03 0.01 steel. 0.08 0.46 0.91 0.019 0.009
● Suitable for all positions.
easy slag removal.
● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
● High deposition efciency. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
● Smooth llet appearance, no mechanical properties. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value ● Basic type slag, easy to remove.
surface undercut. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
● Suitable for gravity semi auto
517 578 30 140
473 521 26 60 Applications:
welding, easy slag removal.
● Suitable for welding of 490
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC+
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC– N/mm2 high tensile strength
Applications: Diameter /
5.0 6.0 6.4 low alloy steel structures on 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 6.0/450
● Suitable for at position of Build-
Diameter / Length shipbuilding, buildings, bridges, Length
up type steel beam and girder 550/700 550/700 550/700
machinery, heavy thickness steel Flat
fabrication such as H beam or T Flat position 180~230 240~290 260~310 70~100 100~140 140~190 220~300 280~340
castings and pressure vessels. position
bar. ◎ Note: Refer to page A6 welding note. ● Suitable for welding of moderate Vertical /
& high carbon contained steels. overhead 60~90 80~110 120~160 160~200 —
position
A11 ◎ Note: 1.300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. A12
2.Refer to page A6 welding note.
GL5218 AWS A5.1M E4918 / A5.1 E7018
JIS Z 3211 E4918H10
GL524 AWS A5.1M E4924 / A5.1 E7024
JIS Z 3211 E4924
● Iron powder low hydrogen type ● Iron powder Titanium oxide type
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
covered electrode for high tensile covered electrode for high tensile
strength steel. 0.09 0.60 1.32 0.020 0.010 strength steel. 0.07 0.58 1.07 0.016 0.009
● Good for RT examination, good ● High deposition efciency.
mechanical properties and good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good bead appearance Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
crack resistance. ● Easy slag removal, easy re-arc
● High welding performance,
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J and good manipulation. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J
low spatter loss and easy slag ● Suitable for gravity semi auto
removal. 569 638 27 88 556 609 21 62
welding, easy slag removal.
● Good manipulation in vertical
position. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC+ Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC±
Applications:
4.0 5.0 6.0
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 6.0/450 ● Suitable for horizontal fillet
Applications: Diameter / Length

position of Build-up type steel 550 550/700 550/700
● Suitable for welding of 490 Flat position 100~140 140~190 220~300 280~330
beam and girder fabrication such Flat position 160~190 210~250 280~320
N/mm2 high tensile strength
Vertical / overhead as H beam or T bar.
low alloy steel structures on 80~110 120~160 160~200 — ◎ Note: 1. 100~150°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
position
shipbuilding, buildings, bridges, 2. Refer to page A6 welding note.
machinery, heavy thickness steel ◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
castings and pressure vessels. 2. Refer to page A6 welding note.
● Suitable for welding of moderate
& high carbon contained steels.
GL24 AWS A5.1M E4924 / A5.1 E7024

JIS Z 3211 E4903
GL5226 AWS A5.1M E4928 / A5.1 E7028
JIS Z 3211 E4928UH15
● Iron powder Titanium oxide type ● Iron powder contained available
covered electrode for high tensile for high deposition efciency.
strength steel. 0.09 0.22 0.64 0.020 0.009 ● Good bead appearance. 0.05 0.38 0.87 0.024 0.010
● High arc stability and easy to re- ● Good re-arcing property and
arc. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal manipulation. All weld metal mechanical properties (sample)
● High welding efciency and good ● Suitable for gravity semi auto
manipulation ratio. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J welding, easy slag removal. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
● Acid type slag, easy to remove. ● Available for high current welding.
470 514 29 80 496 540 26 53
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC+
●Suitable for welding of thickness ● Suitable for horizontal llet
≦25mm, 490 N/mm2 high tensile Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 position of Build-up type steel 4.0 5.0/5.5 6.0 6.4
Diameter / Length
strength steel structures on beam and girder fabrication such 450 550/700 550/700 550/700
Flat position 85~140 130~190 150~220
shipbuilding,vehicles, buildings, as H beam or T bar. Flat position 160~200 200~240 250~280 280~310
bridges, tanks, pressure vessels Vertical / overhead
60~120 100~160 120~180 ◎ Note: 1. 100~150°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
and general mechanical steel position
2. Refer to page A6 welding note.
structures. ◎ Note: 1. 100~150°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
A13 A14
GL528 AWS A5.1M E4928 / A5.1 E7028
JIS Z 3211 E4928UH15
GL55 AWS A5.5M E5516-G / A5.5 E8016-G
JIS Z 3211 E5716H10
● Iron powder contained available ● Low hydrogen type covered
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn Ni
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
for high deposition efciency. electrode for 550 N/mm2 grade
● Good bead appearance. 0.05 0.38 0.87 0.024 0.010 high tensile strength steel. 0.07 0.66 1.24 0.03
● Good re-arcing property and ● Suitable for all positions.
manipulation. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
● Suitable for gravity semi auto mechanical properties.
welding, easy slag removal. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J ● Low hydrogen content in weld
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
● Available for high current welding. metal, good crack resistance.
496 540 26 61 558 623 28 170
● Suitable for horizontal llet
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC+ Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC+
●Suitable for welding of 550 N/
4.0 5.0 6.0 6.4 mm2 high tensile strength steel
position of Build-up type steel Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 6.0/450
Diameter / Length
beam and girder fabrication such 450 550/700 550/700 550/700 main structures on buildings and
Flat position 100~140 150~190 200~270 280~350
as H beam or T bar. Flat position 160~200 200~240 250~280 280~310 pressure vessels.
Vertical / overhead
◎ Note: 1. 100~150°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. 80~110 120~160 160~190 —
position
◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
EX55V AWS A5.1M E4948 / A5.1 E7048

JIS Z 3211 E4948H10
GL60 AWS A5.5M E6216-G / A5.5 E9016-G
JIS Z 3211 E5716H10
● Low hydrogen type covered ● Low hydrogen type covered
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn Ni Mo
electrode for high tensile strength electrode for 620 N/mm2 grade
steel special in vertical downward 0.09 0.42 0.79 0.019 0.009 high tensile strength steel. 0.05 0.38 0.79 0.97 0.26
position. ● Suitable for all positions.
● Easy slag removal and good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
manipulation. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value mechanical properties. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Good bead appearance. ● Low hydrogen content in weld
● Good mechanical and crack metal, good crack resistance.
489 562 30 68 588 665 27 110
resistance properties.
Applications:
Applications: ●Suitable for welding of 620 N/
● Suitable for vertical downward Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 mm2 high tensile strength steel Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 6.0/450
steel structures on shipbuilding, main structures on buildings and
Flat position 110~140 170~190 240~280 Flat position 100~140 150~190 200~270 280~340
bridge, steel structure and pressure vessels.
pressure vessels. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. Vertical / overhead
80~110 120~160 160~190 —
2. Keep arc length as short as possible. position
3. Refer to page A6 welding note. ◎ Note: 1.300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
A15 A16
GL70 AWS A5.5M E6916-G / A5.5 E10016-G
equal to JIS Z3211 E6916-N4M3
GL100 AWS A5.5M E8316-G / A5.5 E12016-G
equal to JIS Z3211 E8318-N4C2M2
● Low hydrogen type covered ● Low hydrogen type covered
C Si Mn Ni Mo C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
electrode for 690 N/mm2 grade electrode for 830 N/mm2 grade
high tensile strength steel. 0.07 0.47 1.18 0.95 0.47 high tensile strength steel. 0.06 0.38 1.41 2.00 0.58 0.43
● Suitable for all positions. ● Suitable for all positions.
● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
mechanical properties. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation mechanical properties. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation
● Low hydrogen content in weld ● Low hydrogen content in weld
N/mm2 N/mm2 % N/mm2 N/mm2 %
metal, good crack resistance. metal, good crack resistance.
677 724 24 821 899 21
●Suitable for welding 690 N/ ●Suitable for welding of 830
mm2 high tensile strength steel N/mm2 high tensile strength steel
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 6.0/450 Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
structures on pressure vessels structures on pressure vessels

and steel constructions. and steel constructions.
80~110 120~160 160~190 — 50~80 80~110 120~150 160~190
position position
◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Refer to page A6 welding note. 2. Refer to page A6 welding note.
GL80
AWS A5.5M E7616-G / A5.5 E11016-G
JIS Z3211 E7816-N4CM2
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all weld metal (wt%)

● Low hydrogen type covered
C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
electrode for 760 N/mm2 grade
high tensile strength steel. 0.07 0.59 1.54 1.97 0.28 0.41
● Suitable for all positions.
● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
mechanical properties. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation
● Low hydrogen content in weld
N/mm2 N/mm2 %
metal, good crack resistance.
767 860 21
Applications:
●Suitable for welding 760 N/
mm2 high tensile strength steel Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 6.0/450
structures on pressure vessels
Flat position 100~140 150~200 220~270 280~340
and steel constructions.
Vertical / overhead
80~110 120~150 160~190 —
position
A17 A18
Product Specication
Shielding gas Property description
． MIG wire/rod
name AWS JIS
Better deoxidation effect than

CO2 or mixing gas
S-4 ER70S-3, no charpy impact ER 70S-4 YGW 12
(note)
requirement.
Available for single and multi-
MAG
CO2 or mixing gas passes, good anti-rust capability,
S-6 ER 70S-6 YGW 12
(note) and good for high current
welding.

Available for single and multi-
CO2 or mixing gas passes, requirements are those
S-G ER 70S-G YGW 11
(note) agreed to by the purchaser and
the supplier.
Contain Ti (or Zr) deoxidation
element, suitable for mild and
GW11 CO2 — YGW 11
490MPa high strength steel
high current welding.
MAG wire Suitable for mild and 490MPa
high strength steel, low current,
GW12 CO2 — YGW 12
thin plate and full position
welding.
Contain Ti (or Zr) deoxidation
element, suitable for mild and
GW15 80%Ar+20%CO2 — YGW 15
490MPa high strength steel high
current welding.
Suitable for mild and 490MPa
high strength steel, low current,
GW16 80%Ar+20%CO2 — YGW 16
thin plate and full position
welding.
Contain Mo and Ti (or Zr)
deoxidation element, suitable
GW18 CO2 for high current high heat input ER 90S-G YGW 18
welding, better mechanical
properties than YGW11.
Contain Mo and Ti (or Zr)
deoxidation element, suitable
GW19 80%Ar+20%CO2 for high current high heat input ER 90S-G YGW 19
welding, better mechanical
properties than YGW15.
Note : when using Ar+CO2 mixing gas, Si and Mn content of weld metal will be increased
by Ar increasing.
A20
Welding Notes
1. The following shielding gases are commonly applied on GMAW : 10.The referenced welding parameters are as follows :
CO2, Ar + CO2 & Ar + O2 , etc.
MIG wire/rod
． MIG wire/rod
Wire size (mm) Welding Current (A) Welding Voltage (V)
2. Shielding gas ow rate: 20 ~ 25 L/min.
3. Proper shelter is necessary on windy area to prevent air (O2 & N2) trapping into arc and 0.6 40 – 80 12 – 18
melting pool.
0.8 60 – 160 15 – 23
4. Ventilation is absolutely necessary when welding inside a limited or restricted partition.
5. Keep welding wire in dry condition even there is an anti rust cooper coated lm on wire 0.9 60 – 200 19 – 27
surface.
MAG
MAG
．
1.0 80 – 230 19 – 29
6. Shielding gas regulator, wire feeder, welding equipment, and other related accessories
shall be function checked carefully before welding to prevent abnormal defects occurred. 1.2 120 – 350 20 – 34
7. Gas mixing rate will affect welding results (Weld metal properties such as tensile strength
1.4 240 – 380 26 – 38
and toughness may be changed from one mixing rate of shielding gas to another). The
mixing rate shall be specied for keeping a constant supply during welding. 1.6 260 – 450 28 – 40
8. Vertical and overhead positions are not recommended on main structural parts.
9. The following diagram is showing how to select arc transfer mode within the suitable
Welding Notes
Welding Notes
corresponding welding current range. 11.The difference between MIG and MAG
MAG: A variation of GMAW, shielding gas can be CO2 , Ar +CO2 or Ar+O2
M I G : A variation of GMAW, shielding gas is 100% inert gas such as Argon or helium or
Ar + He
Arc voltage
12.The polarity illustration:
Short circuit & globular DCEP ( DC+ ): Electrode positive or DC reverse polarity (DCRP).
Short circuit transfer arc lap area DCEN ( DC– ): Electrode negative or DC straight polarity (DCSP).
arc area
Weld wire dia. (mm)

Globular transfer
arc area
Welding current
Plate thickness
Note: the welding current and voltage will affect the arc transfer mode.
A21 A22
S-G AWS A5.18M ER48S-G / A5.18 ER70S-G
JIS Z 3312 YGW11
S-6 AWS A5.18M ER48S-6 / A5.18 ER70S-6
JIS Z 3312 YGW12
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire (%) Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire (%)
MIG wire/rod
． MIG wire/rod
● Suitable for welding of mild and ● Suitable for welding of mild and
C Si Mn P S Ti C Si Mn P S
490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile 490 N/mm2 high tensile strength
strength steel. 0.07 0.80 1.54 0.025 0.013 Bal. steel. 0.08 0.90 1.50 0.016 0.006
● Ti element contained in wire for ● Suitable for thin plate and all
improving oxidation resistance, Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal position welding. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
less spatter loss. ● Higher Si and Mn elements
MAG
MAG
● High welding performance,
．
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J contained in wire for improving N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
suitable for high current welding. oxidation resistance capability.
● High welding speed, deep 505 582 30 81 485 570 28 62
penetration and high welding
Applications:
efciency. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+ Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+
●Suitable for welding of mild and
Diameter 1.2 1.4 1.6 490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile Diameter 0.8/0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6
Applications:
● Suitable for welding of mild and Flat position 120~350 240~380 260~450 strength steel structures on Flat position 60~200 80~230 120~350 260~400
490 N/mm2 high tensile strength Horizontal llet
vehicles, general electrical, light Vertical position 60~100 80~180 120~150 —
120~350 240~380 260~450 steel, pipe, steel constructions,
steel structures on vehicles, position Shielding Gas CO2
machinery, bridges, pressure bridge and shipbuilding.
Shielding Gas CO2
vessels and shipbuilding. ◎ Note: 1. Refer to page A21 welding note.
◎ Note: Refer to page A21 welding note. 2. Not recommend for vertical position (upward
and downward) on structure parts.
S-4  GW16 GW11

AWS A5.18M ER48S-4 / A5.18 ER70S-4 AWS A5.18M ER48S-G / A5.18 ER70S-G
JIS Z 3312 YGW16 JIS Z 3312 YGW11
● Suitable for welding of mild and ● Suitable for welding of mild and
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn P S Ti+Zr
490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile 490 N/mm2 high tensile strength
strength steel. 0.06 0.81 1.49 0.021 0.023 steel. 0.07 0.89 1.60 0.020 0.025 0.2
● Suitable for thin plate and all ● Ti element contained in wire for
positions. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal improving oxidation resistance Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
● High welding performance.
capability ,less spatter loss.
● Available for low to moderate Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value ● High welding performance,
current range, good arc stability, N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
suitable for high current welding.
less spatter loss and good bead 473 567 27 84 ● High welding speed, deep 527 594 28 135
appearance.
penetration and high welding
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+ efciency. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+
Applications:
● Suitable for welding of mild and Diameter 0.9 1.0 1.2 Diameter 1.2 1.4 1.6
490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile Applications:
Flat position 60~200 80~230 120~350 ● Suitable for welding of mild and Flat position 120~350 240-380 260~450
strength steel structures on
vehicles, general electrical, light Vertical position 60~100 80~180 120~150 490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile Horizontal llet
120~350 240-380 260~450
steel, pipe, steel constructions, Shielding Gas CO2 strength steel structures on position
bridge and shipbuilding. vehicles, general electrical, light Shielding Gas CO2
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page A21 welding note. steel, pipe, steel constructions,
2. Not recommend for vertical position (upward bridge and shipbuilding. ◎ Note: Refer to page A21 welding note.
A23 A24
GW12 AWS A5.18M ER48S-6 / A5.18 ER70S-6
JIS Z 3312 YGW12
GW18 AW S A 5 . 2 8 M E R 6 2 S - G / A 5 . 2 8 E R 9 0 S - G
JIS Z 3312 YGW18
MIG wire/rod
． MIG wire/rod
● Suitable for welding of mild and ● Suitable for welding of 620 N/
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn Mo Ti
490 N/mm2 high tensile strength mm2 grade high tensile strength
steel. 0.07 0.86 1.51 0.015 0.018 steel. 0.08 0.88 1.63 0.16 a little
● Suitable for thin plate and all ● Good for high heat input welding.
positions welding. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good mechanical properties. Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
● Higher Si and Mn elements ● Ti element contained for
MAG
MAG
．
contained in wire for improving N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J improving oxidation resistance, N/mm2 N/mm2 % (0°C) J
oxidation resistance capability. less spatter loss.
465 570 28 62 647 704 22.4 157
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+ Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+
●Suitable for welding of mild and ●Suitable for welding of 620 N/
490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile Diameter 0.8/0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 mm2 grade high tensile strength
Diameter 1.2 1.4 1.6
strength steel structures on Flat position 60~200 80~230 120~350 260~400 steel structures on vehicles, light
Flat position 120~350 240-380 260~450
vehicles, general electrical, light Vertical position 60~100 80~180 120~150 — steel, pipe, steel structure, bridge
Horizontal llet
steel, pipe, steel structure, bridge and shipbuilding. 120~350 240-380 260~450
Shielding Gas CO2 position
and shipbuilding.
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page A21 welding note. Shielding Gas CO2
2. Not recommend for vertical position (upward
◎ Note: Refer to page A21 welding note.
GW15 GW19
JIS Z 3312 YGW15 AWS A5.28M ER62S-G / A5.28 ER90S-G
JIS Z 3312 G55A0UM19
Typical chemical composition of wire (%)

Product Features: Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire (%)
● Suitable for welding of mild and C Si Mn P S ● Suitable for welding of 620 N/
C Si Mn Mo Ti
490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile 0.06 0.59 1.45 0.004 0.022 mm2 grade high tensile strength
strength steel. steel. 0.08 0.70 1.81 0.16 a little
● Available for wider welding Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal ● Good for higher heat input
Typical mechanical properties of all weld metal
current range. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value welding.
● Good arc stability, low spatter N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J ● Good mechanical properties. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
loss and good bead appearance ● Ti element contained for N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
475 545 30.4 145
even in very low welding current. improving oxidation resistance, 703 775 22.4 87
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+ less spatter loss.
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) DC+
Applications: Diameter 0.9 1.0 1.2
● Suitable for welding of mild and Applications: Diameter 1.2 1.4 1.6
Flat position 60~200 80~230 120~350
490 N/mm 2 grade high tensile ●Suitable for welding of 620 N/ Flat position 120~350 240~380 260~450
strength steel structures on Vertical position 60~100 80~180 120~150 mm2 grade high tensile strength Horizontal llet
vehicles, general electrical, light Shielding Gas mixed gas steel structures on vehicles, light 120~350 240~380 260~450
position
steel, pipe, steel structure, bridge ◎ Note: 1. Typical all weld metal mechanical properties steel, pipe, steel structure, bridge Shielding Gas mixed gas
and shipbuilding. obtained from 80%Ar+20%CO 2 shielding gas and shipbuilding.
◎ Note: 1. Typical all weld metal mechanical properties
welding test.
2. Refer to page A21 welding note. obtained from 80%Ar+20%CO 2 shielding gas
A25 3. Not recommend for vertical position(upward and welding test. A26
downward) on structure parts. 2. .Refer to page A21 welding note.
The classication level of GW18 & GW19
Some users may feel strange and be interesting in products of GW18 and GW19 (JIS
3312 YGW18 & YGW19). Users may nd the classication level is different between AWS
． MIG wire/rod
and JIS of these two products. According to values of mechanical properties, these two
products can be applied to higher strength than traditional high strength steels on AWS
classication base.
These two classes of wires were developed in Japan based on the Hanshin and
Earthquake experience. To improve the strength of box column or beam joints (building
structure) can improve structure member earthquake resistance level. The mechanical
MAG
properties are mainly affected by weld metal and the weld metal will be mainly affected
by welding parameters such as heat input, preheat and interpass temperature etc. Most
of steel structure welding usually applies high heat input such as increasing welding
The classication level of GW18 & GW19
current and keeping high inter pass temperature (less waiting time for cooling) to improve
efficiency; however, this method will induce coarsen grain structure in weld metal and
cause detrimental mechanical properties (decreasing strength and toughness in weld
metal). Heat input and inter pass temperature are absolute essential control parameters
for getting good results to satisfy related code requirement.
After a long discussion and research among Japanese Architecture Society and
construction companies, new welding wires (filler metals) were developed and new
construction standard was issued in which the weld metal can stand not only high heat input
and high inter pass temperature but also meets required mechanical properties. JIS made
a revision to incorporate these welding materials consequently. GW18 and GW19 were TIG rod
produced in accordance with JIS revised classications and are currently national standard
welding ller metals. These wires are designed so that the weld metal can meet 490MPa
strength requirement with high heat input and high interpass temperature (350C max.).
These wires also can weld higher than traditional high strength grade steels from decreasing
heat input and lowering interpass temperature in order to get higher strength weld metals.
Applicable Steel Welding Condition

Wire Type
Grade Heat Input KJ/cm Interpass Temperature°C
15~40 ≦350
Grade 400MPa YGW11, 15, 18, 19
15~30 ≦150
YGW11, 15 15~30 ≦250
Grade 490MPa
YGW18, 19 15~40 ≦350
Grade 520MPa YGW18, 19 15~30 ≦250
Single Beveled Joint Testing (Sample from GW18)

Tensile Toughness (Charpy
Yield Strength Elongation Heat Input Interpass
Strength Impact Values)
N/mm2 % KJ / cm Temperature
N/mm2 （0°C）J
509 621 26.2 122 40 350°C
From reviewing the above testing data, it is obvious to see how the heat input and
interpass temperature impact the welding result (weld metal mechanical properties).
The above testing results also tells us to get an ideal weld metal strength is not only on
selecting the right ller metal but also how to control the welding parameters (to follow a
A27 qualied welding procedure shall be absolutely necessary).
General Description and Welding Notes GT50 AWS A5.18M ER48S-6 / A5.18 ER70S-6
JIS Z 3316 YGT50
GTAW is a full position welding process, which can produce and keep high stable arc Product Features: Typical chemical composition of rod (wt%)
and produces high quality and good appearance weld metal without spatter occurred. This ● GTAW (TIG) wire available for
low heat input welding process is widely applied on thin work piece or high quality required C Si Mn P S
welding of mild and 490 N/mm2
heavy work piece and pipe joint root pass. 0.07 0.86 1.51 0.015 0.018
high tensile strength steel.
● Good low temperature impact
Welding notes :
toughness, suitable for welding Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
1. Welding Electrode (Tungsten)
TIG rod
TIG rod
of all positions pipe joint root Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
DC– is strongly recommended (Electrode negative can stand much higher welding
pass and thin plates. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
current than positive).
● Shielding gas: Argon (Ar), DC–
493 567 27.0 147
2. Shielding Gas polarity.
General Description and Welding Notes
Argon is a much commercialized type of gas. High purity Argon is recommended to Size(mm) and recommended shielding gas
prevent defects such as pits or blow holes. Applications:
● Suitable for all kinds of mild and Diameter 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2
Proper ow rate : 12~18L/min ( indoor area); 15~20 L/min. with proper shelter to prevent
air trapping into the arc and weld pool (outdoor area). high strength steel structures.
Length 1000 1000 1000 1000
Teon hose or steel pipe is preferred for long distance supply (easy to trap moisture by
rubber or nylon hose ). Shielding Gas Ar
◎ Note: Refer to page A33 Carbon steel TIG Welding

3. Tungsten type (General Description and Welding Notes).
Recommend 1~2% Thorium element Tungsten electrode on DC current. Tip end to be
proper ground irregularly to keep good arc concentration ability. (Tip end is easy burned
from arc heat.).
4. Tungsten electrode stick out

Normal: 4-5mm with arc length 1-3mm
Special: 5-6mm with arc length 2-3mm (deep groove pass) GT52T AWS A5.18M ER48S-G
A5.18 ER70S-G
5. Base metal cleaning Product Features: Typical chemical composition of rod (wt%)
Surface dirt, scale, grease and moisture to be completely removed before welding. ● GTAW (TIG) wire available for
C Si Mn P S Ti
welding of mild and 490 N/mm2
6. Wind Protection high tensile strength steel. 0.07 0.80 1.54 0.025 0.013 0.18
Recommend proper protection from wind for outdoor welding. ● Good low temperature impact
toughness, suitable for welding of Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal

7. Polarity illustration all positions pipe joint root pass Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
DCEP ( DC+ ): Electrode positive or DC reverse polarity (DCRP). and thin plates. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
DCEN ( DC– ): Electrode negative or DC straight polarity (DCSP). ● Ti element contained for
460 560 30.0 110
improving de-oxidation capability,
getting ne grain and good
Size(mm) and recommended shielding gas
mechanical properties of weld
metal Diameter 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2
Length 1000 1000 1000 1000

Applications:
● Suitable for all kinds of mild and Shielding Gas Ar
high strength steel structures. ◎ Note: Refer to page A33 Carbon steel TIG Welding
(General Description and Welding Notes).
A29 A30
GT60 AWS A5.28M ER55S-G
A5.28 ER80S-G
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of rod (wt%)

● GTAW (TIG) wire for welding of
C Si Mn Mo Ti
550 N/mm 2 grade high tensile
strength steel. 0.08 0.88 1.63 0.16 0.2
● Good low temperature impact
toughness, suitable for welding Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal

TIG rod
of all positions pipe joint root Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
pass and thin plates. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
● Ti element contained for improving
517 610 26.0 95
de-oxidation capability.
Size(mm) and recommended shielding gas

Applications:
● Suitable for welding of high Diameter 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2
tensile strength Mn-Mo & Mn-

Length 1000 1000 1000 1000
Mo-Ni Steel.
Shielding Gas Ar
◎ Note: Refer to page A33 Carbon steel TIG Welding

(General Description and Welding Notes).
SAW Wire / Flux
A31
Welding Consumables Selection Welding notes
1. Joint Design
Product name Specication Property description
Different root gap, root face and beveled angle will affect SAW welding result extensively
Agglomerated type ux combined with EL8 wire, such as penetration problem or over heating to the weldment. correct joint design for
SAW Wire / Flux
SAW Wire / Flux

suitable for single and multipass welding, single or SAW acts as a more important role than other welding processes.
GA78×GS8 F7A2-EL8
dual wire, high welding current performance, good
bead appearance and easy slag removal.
The effects of different Joint Design to the dilution of ller metal and base metal
Agglomerated type ux combined with EM12K wire,
suitable for single and multipass welding, single or
GA78×GS12K F7A2-EM12K 80% Base Metal
dual wire, high welding current, good anti-crack
performance and good for RT examination.
20% Filler Metal
Agglomerated type ux, suitable for single and 50% Base Metal
multipass welding, good mechanical properties
GA86×GS12K F7A4-EM12K
especially on Charpy impact toughness, low blow hole 50% Filler Metal
Welding notes
occurred.
10% Base Metal
90% Filler Metal
Recommended welding parameters : [GA78×GS8, GA78×GS12K, GA86×GS12K] 2. Flux scattered amount and re-use of unconsumed ux
Heavy flux scattered will cause poor bead appearance. The proper amount of flux
scattered on welding joint is that a very slight trace of arc light can be seen during
Wire Current (A) welding.
wire Wire
stick Voltage Unused and returned ux shall be mixed with new ux at least 50% for reusing.
diameter consumption
out (V)
(mm) rate 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
(mm) 3. Flux mesh selection
Flux mesh is another important factor to affect welding result. Incorrect selection will
2.4 25~30 18~25 kg/hr 3.6 6.4 9.8 13.9 cause surface pits or other defects. Usually, the higher the welding current range is, the
bigger the mesh shall be in correspondence with and the vise versus.
2.8 25~30 20~28 kg/hr 7.5 10.8 15.1 19.9
3.2 25~30 23~30 kg/hr 6.5 9.4 12.8 16.7 20.8 4. Welding Parameters
Welding parameters listed in WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) such as wire
4.0 25~30 25~32 kg/hr 8.3 11.2 14.5 17.7 21.5
size, welding current range, voltage range and welding speed range etc. shall be totally
4.8 25~30 28~36 kg/hr 10.1 12.8 15.5 18.5 21.4 24.9 followed.
5.6 25~30 30~38 kg/hr 12.6 14.9 17.5 20.6 23.4 26.4
5. Flux storage and baking requirement before using
Flux shall be stored in dry and good ventilation area. For getting a good quality result,
the ux shall be baked to 250 ~ 350°C x1 hr before using.
A33 A34
GA78×GS-8 AWS A5.17 F7A2-EL8
JIS Z 3183 S502-H
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)

6. Wire stick out ● Submerged arc welding wires for
Standard wire stick out: 25~30 mm. C Si Mn P S
mild steel and 490 N/mm2 high
SAW Wire / Flux
SAW Wire / Flux

The following sketch refers the relation between stick out and penetration depth. 0.04 0.19 1.14 0.024 0.011
tensile strength steel.
Increasing stick out can increase deposition rate but may cause incomplete fusion (lack ● Good porosity and crack
of penetration).
resistance. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● Good bead appearance and easy
Wire Stick Out Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
slag removal. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
432 485 32 41.5
Applications:
● Suitable for single or multiple
Typical practice
pass(es) welding of mild and 50
Kg/mm 2 high tensile Strength
Base material Thickness mm Welding process
7. Welding Current and Welding Voltage steel structures on shipbuilding,
Welding notes
Groove weld with backing

See page A37, the recommended welding parameter table. The following 2 sketches machinery, bridges and general
A572 25 single electrode multiple-
are showing how the variation of welding current or welding voltage to change the weld structures.
pass welding
prole (Wire Size for testing: 4.0 mm).
◎ Note: refer to page A38 SAW welding notes.
Welding Voltage xed
Welding Current (A)
Welding Current xed

Voltage (V)
GA78×GS-12K AWS A5.17 F7A2-EM12K
JIS Z 3183 S502-H

● Submerged arc welding wires for
C Si Mn P S
mild and 490 N/mm2 high tensile
strength steel. 0.05 0.58 1.71 0.023 0.015
8. Polarity illustration ● Good porosity resistance and
DCEP ( DC+ ): Electrode positive or DC reverse polarity (DCRP). crack resistance. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
DCEN ( DC– ): Electrode negative or DC straight polarity (DCSP). ● High welding performance,
easy slag removal, good bead N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
appearance and less fume.
497 570 28 53.8
Applications:
Typical practice
●Suitable for single or multiple
pass(es) welding of mild and 50 Base material Thickness mm Welding process
Kg/mm 2 high tensile Strength
steel structures on shipbuilding,
machinery, bridges and general
pass welding
structures.
A35 A36
GA86×GS-12K AWS A5.17 F7A4-EM12K
JIS Z 3183 S502-H

● Good impact toughness and
C Si Mn P S
crack resistance property.
SAW Wire / Flux
● High welding performance, easy 0.07 0.57 1.55 0.025 0.023

slag removal.
Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
Applications: Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
● Suitable for single or multiple
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-40°C) J
pass(es) welding of 490 N/mm2
472 539 30 34
high tensile Strength steel
structures on oil rig, shipbuilding,
Typical practice
pressure vessels and general
structures. Base material Plate thickness Welding Process

pass welding
Flux Cored Wire (FCW)
A37
Gas Shielded Type Flux Cored Wire (FCAW)

Welding Consumables Selection Welding Notes
GOODWELD produces two types of High Tensile Strength Steels using FCAW wire.
Product name Specication Characteristic description
One is GMX which is ux cored type and the other is MXC which is composite type
CO2, DC+, high deposition rate titania type, only for with metal cored. Both types can use either CO2 or CO2 + Ar as shielding gas.
GMX70 E70T-1C The characteristics are described as follows:
at and horizontal llet welding positions.
GMX71 E71T-1C CO2 , DC+, titania type, good for full positions. GMX type :
It is a slag type FCAW wire. Almost flux is converted into slag through welding
operation, high performance characteristics ability such as arc stable and low welding
(75~80%Ar+20~25%CO2) mixing gas, DC+, titania
GMX71M E71T-1M spatter, easy slag removal and good bead appearance no matter CO2 or CO2 + Ar is used
type, good for full positions.
as shielding gas. It is suitable for full positions welding.
CO2 , DC+, titania type, good for full positions (less
GMX71Ni E71T-9C MXC type :

than 1.6mm).
It is a non slag composite type metal cored wire with high deposition efciency; it has
similar high performance characteristics ability such as arc stable and low welding spatter
(75~80%Ar+20~25%CO2) mixing gas, DC+,
Weldi ng Notes
as GMX type wire especially when mixing gas is used. Like solid wire, a slight amount of
MXC76M E70C-6M composite type, good for at and horizontal llet
slag is produced after welding but it is more easy to remove. The application is similar to
welding positions.
solid wire, suitable for all thickness steels and good for at and horizontal positions.
Deposition Rate
For comparing similar mechanical level welding materials, flux cored wire not only
Recommended welding parameters has the deposition rate 1~5 times higher than traditional coated electrodes and 10~20%
Wire diameter (mm) Current (A) Voltage(V) Wire stick out (mm) higher than solid wires, with lower spatters. It is widely preferred by welders.
1.2 120~350 20~30 The following welding notes are references for ux cored wire welding :
1. Flux cored wire is more soft than solid wire; proper adjustment of wire feed roller
1.4 160~380 22~34 20~25 pressure is necessary and important for preventing wire deformation or damage to cause
unstable feeding.
1.6 200~450 24~36 2. Backhand welding technique is recommended for heavy work root pass to get good
penetration. Forehand welding technique is recommended for thin work or when
appearance is important.
3. Vertical downward position is not recommended for heavy work root pass.
4. Welding parameters listed in WPS shall be followed but the range shall be limited to the
product recommended range so as to prevent hot cracking.
5. The selection of proper wire size should be in accordance with work size.
6. The polarity illustration :
DCEP ( DC+ ): Electrode positive or DC reverse polarity.
DCEN ( DC– ): Electrode negative or DC straight polarity.
A39 A40
GMX 70 GMX 71

AWS A5.20M E490T-1C AWS A5.20M E491T-1C
A5.20 E70T-1C A5.20 E71T-1C
JIS Z3313 T49J2T1-0CA- H10 JIS Z3313 T49J2T1-1CA- H10
Product Features: Applications: Product Features: Applications:

● High titania oxide type flux cored arc ●Suitable for welding of mild and 490 N/ ● Titania oxide type CO Gas shield flux ●Suitable for welding of mild and 490 N/
2
welding wire, high deposition efciency. mm2 high tensile strength steel structures cored arc welding wire. mm2 high tensile strength steel structures
● High deposition efficiency and Deep on shipbuilding, buildings, bridges, ● Good bead appearance. on shipbuilding, buildings, bridges,
penetration, suitable for flat butt and machinery, heavy thickness steel castings ● Good crack resistance and mechanical machinery, heavy thickness steel castings
horizontal llet welding. and pressure vessels. properties. and pressure vessels.
● Good crack resistance and mechanical ● Good arc stability, less spatter loss and
properties. easy slag removal.

● Good arc stability, less spatter loss.
● Easy slag removal.
Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%) Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
0.04 0.45 1.45 0.020 0.012 0.04 0.40 1.33 0.020 0.010
Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
551 589 26 33 555 592 26 59
Welding parameters Welding parameters
Diameter (mm) 1.2 1.4 1.6 Diameter (mm) 1.2 1.4 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+

Flat, horizontal llet and Flat, horizontal position 120~350 160-380 200~450
Ampere (A) 120~350 160-380 200~450
horizontal position
Vertical upward position 120~250 150-260 180~280
Ampere (A)
Shielding Gas CO2 CO2 CO2
Vertical downward
200~280 220-280 250~280
position
◎ Note: 1. Wire extension : 15~25mm (standard range).
2. Shielding gas ow rate : 20~25 L/min. Shielding Gas CO2 CO2 CO2
3. Refer to page A40 FCW welding notes.
◎ Note: 1. Wire extension : 15~25mm (standard range).
2. Shielding gas ow rate : 20~25 L/min.
A41 A42
GMX 71M GMX 71Ni

AWS A5.20M E491T-1M AWS A5.20M E491T-9C
A5.20 E71T-1M
JIS Z3313 T49J2T1-1MA-H10 A5.20 E71T-9C

● Titania oxide type flux cored wire for ●Suitable for welding of mild and 490 N/ ● Titania oxide type flux cored wire for ●Suitable for welding of mild and 490 N/
welding with Ar+CO2 mixed shielding gas. mm2 high tensile strength steel structures welding of mild and 490N/mm 2 high mm2 high tensile strength steel structures
● Good bead appearance. on shipbuilding, buildings, bridges, tensile strength steel with Ar + CO2 mixed on shipbuilding, buildings, bridges,
● Good crack resistance and mechanical machinery, heavy thickness steel castings shielding gas. machinery, heavy thickness steel castings
properties. and pressure vessels. ● Good bead appearance. and pressure vessels.
● Good arc stability, less spatter loss and ● Few spatters and easy slag removal.
easy slag removal. ● Ni element contained for improving low
temperature impact toughness and crack

resistance.
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn P S Ni
0.04 0.35 1.28 0.020 0.010 0.04 0.43 1.02 0.015 0.013 0.33
560 591 28.4 71 518 561 28.0 54
Welding parameters Welding parameters
Diameter (mm) 1.2 1.6 Diameter (mm) 1.2 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+
Flat, horizontal position 120~350 200~450 Flat, horizontal position 120~350 200~450
Vertical upward position 120~250 180~280 Vertical upward position 120~250 180~280
Ampere (A) Ampere (A)
Vertical downward Vertical downward
200~280 250~280 200~280 250~280
position position
Shielding Gas 80%Ar+20%CO2 80%Ar+20%CO2 Shielding Gas CO2 CO2
◎ Note: 1. Wire extension : 15~25mm (standard range). ◎ Note: 1. Wire extension : 15~25mm (standard range).
2. Shielding gas ow rate : 20~25 L/min. 2. Shielding gas ow rate : 20~25 L/min.
3. Refer to page A40 FCW welding notes. 3. Refer to page A40 FCW welding notes.
A43 A44
MXC 76M
AWS A5.18M E48C-6M
A5.18 E70C-6M
Product Features: Applications:

● Composite wire for welding of mild and ●Suitable for welding of mild and 490 N/
490 N/mm 2 high tensile strength steel mm2 high tensile strength steel structures
with Ar + CO2 mixed shielding gas. on shipbuilding, buildings, bridges,
● High welding performance, almost no machinery, heavy thickness steel castings
spatter loss. and pressure vessels.
● Very few slag and easy removed, more
higher deposition efciency than similar

strength level solid wires.
● Low hydrogen contained in weld metal
to get good mechanical properties, crack

resistance and impact toughness.
Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
C Si Mn P S
0.06 0.39 1.48 0.010 0.010

N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-30°C) J
482 540 29.2 62
Welding parameters
Diameter (mm) 1.2 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+
Flat, horizontal position 120~350 200~450
Vertical upward position 120~250 180~280

Ampere (A)
Vertical downward
200~280 250~280
position
Shielding Gas 80%Ar+20%CO2 80%Ar+20%CO2
◎ Note: 1. Shielding gas ow rate : 20~25 L/min.

A45
1. Low Alloy Steel Denition

Among alloy steels, when Ni, Cr, Mo, and other alloy elements content consist of less
than 10.5% are dened as low alloy steels.
Low Alloy Steels

2. Company products compatible with low alloy steels
• High heat resistance steel (Chromium- Molybdenum Steel)
• Low temperature use steel (Nickel Steel)
• Weathering Steel
• High yield and high tensile strength steel
3. Low alloy steels general description

• Chromium-Molybdenum Steel :
This low alloy steel series contains 0.5% ~ 9% Cr and 0.5% ~ 1% Mo. Its carbon

content on average is lower than 0.20%, with decent weldability and higher hardening
ability due to its alloy trait. The Cr content improves its anti-oxidization and anti-corrosion
ability, and Mo enhances its strength in high temperature condition; The steel supplying
conditions are generally gone through annealing or normalizing and tempering processes.
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel has been widely used in the areas such as petrol chemical
industry, steam power equipment, and high temperature services.
Low Alloy Steels • Nickel Steel :

The average steel in low temperature environment will have higher strength but
lower elongation and toughness, thus increases the chance for brittle fracture. If the steel
is needed in a low temperature environment, having superior low temperature toughness
is essential. Any suitable steel for this purpose is called low temperature service steel or
Nickel steel. Low Alloy Low Temperature Service Steel is formed by adding 2.5% to 3.5
% of Ni in the carbon steel to enhance its low temperature toughness. Ni can strengthen
ferrite matrix while lowering Ar3 (third transformation temperature) which helps with ne
grain formation. In addition to the normalizing treatment during the production process of
low alloy low temperature service steel, quenching and tempering are also parts of the
mechanical properties improvement treatment.
• Weathering Steel :
Generally there are two categories of rust prevention methods: one type for
instance, is paint coating, electroplate, ceramic coating, or adding layers of anti-corrosion
material, anything to shield the steel surface from corrosive environment. Another type is
to use stainless steel or weather steel, meaning adding anti-corrosion alloy elements into
the steel. Weathering steel is formed by adding small amounts of Cu, Cr, P, Ni, and other
alloy elements into low alloy steel. During the initial application, it will also rust like the
average carbon steel; however, after certain period (usually one year) the rustic surface
will serve as an impermeable protective cover, preventing the further expansion of rust
into inner part of steel.
B2
• High Tensile and High Yield Strength Steel :
This low alloy steel series are added Mn, Ni, Cr, and Mo etc, can increase strength
of ferrite matrix; improve the hardening tendency; and allow better control of grain size.
Low Alloy Steels
This type of steel under as welded condition can meet the demand of high strength,
corrosion resistance, or improve notch toughness and other mechanical properties.
This steel type has good weld ability with the yield strength from 70 to 120 ksi, and
tensile strength from 90 to 150 ksi.
Low Alloy high heat resistant steel (Cr – Mo Steel) Welding Consumables Selection
ASTM / ASME standard
Materials General Review&Welding consumables selection
SMAW Flux Cored

Steel category
Steel Plate Steel Pipe Electrode Wire
A204 Gr. A,B,C A209 Gr.T1

0.5%Mo steel GL76/78A1 GMX 811A1
A336 Gr.F1 A335 Gr.P1
A213 Gr.T2
0.5%Cr-0.5%Mo steel A387 Gr.2 CI.1,2 GL86/88B1
A335 Gr.P2
A387 Gr.12 Cl.1,2 A213 Gr.T11,12

1.25%Cr-0.5%Mo steel A387 Gr.11 CI.1,2 A335 Gr.P11,12 GL86/88B2 GMX 811B2
SMAW Electrodes for Chromium-
A336 Gr.F11 A182 Gr.F11 Molybdenum Low Alloy Steels
A213 Gr.T22
A387 Gr.22 CI.1,2
2.25%Cr-1.0%Mo steel A335 Gr.P22 GL86/88B3 GMX 911B3
A336 Gr.F22
A182 Gr.F22
5.0%Cr-0.5%Mo steel A387 Gr.5 CI.1,2 A335 Gr.P5 GL86/88B6

9.0%Cr-1.0%Mo steel A387 Gr.9 CI.1,2 A335 Gr.P9 GL86/88B8
B3
SMAW Electrodes for Chromium-Molybdenum Low Alloy Steels

GL76A1  GL78A1
AWS A5.5M E4916(8)-A1
Welding Notes A5.5 E7016(8)-A1
JIS Z 3223 DT1216
Similar precautions should be taken when welding Chromium-Molybdenum Steel as Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
with high strength steel. However, the following measures require special attentions: ● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low
Inter-pass temperature, preheat and PWHT-post weld heat treatment. C Si Mn Mo
hydrogen type covered electrode
for low alloy heat resistant steel. 0.06 0.46 0.79 0.49
1. Inter-pass temperature, preheat and PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) ● Approximately 0.5% Mo element
For the preheat and post heat temperatures when welding low alloy Chromium-
contained in all deposited weld Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
Molybdenum steel, please consult the following table. The widths of the affected area
metal. Tensile Post Weld Heat
during preheat and post heat is recommended at 5 times of base metal thickness. After Yield Strength Elongation
welding, post heat annealing treatment is needed in order to eliminate residual stress. 2 Strength Treatment (PWHT)
N/mm %
mechanical properties. N/mm2 °C×1hr
● Low hydrogen contained in weld
Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT temperature requirement 570 615 26 620
metal to get good crack resistance.
Preheat and Inter-pass PWHT Temperature x time
Steel Category Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC+
Temperature (°C) (°C×1hr)
Applications:
0.5%Mo Steel 95~110 620±15 ● Suitable for welding of 0.5% Mo Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Welding notes
grade heat resistant steel, cast Flat position 60~90 100~140 150~190 220~270
0.5%Cr-0.5% Mo Steel steel such as A335-P1,A336-F1.
Vertical / over
1.25%Cr-0.5% Mo Steel 160~190 690±15 50~80 80~110 120~150 —
head position
2.25%Cr-1.0% Mo Steel
◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1hr baking prior to use.
2. Refer to page B5 welding notes.
5.0%Cr-0.5% Mo Steel 180~230 740 ±15
9.0%Cr-1.0% Mo Steel 200~250 740 ±15
GL86B1  GL88B1
. AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-B1
Note : max. inter-pass temperature≦350°C A5.5 E8016(8)-B1
JIS Z 3223 DT2316(8)
2. Short Arc Technique
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel SMAW Electrodes are mostly classied as low hydrogen Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
type; thus, short arc technique should be observed during welding in order to prevent ● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low
C Si Mn Cr Mo
permeation of N2 and O2 into the arc creating blow hole and alloy elements burning loss. hydrogen type covered electrode
If weaving is necessary, the weaving width should not exceed 3 times of the core wire for low alloy heat resistant steel. 0.06 0.31 0.76 0.55 0.48
diameter. During welding, the arc starting point should be 1~2 cm behind the welding ● Very low hydrogen contained in
start point. Once the arc starts, pull it back to the welding start point to begin welding weld metal. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
to avoid the occurrence of blow hole. This is known as the forehand & backhand arc ● All deposited weld metal contains
Tensile Post Weld Heat
starting technique. Yield Strength Elongation
approximately 0.5% Cr- 0.5%Mo Strength Treatment (PWHT)
N/mm2 2 %
alloy elements, good for serving N/mm °C×1hr
3. For more information, please consult page A6 regarding Welding notes of SMAW temperature ≦ 550°C.
Electrode for Mild and High Tensile Strength Steel use. 600 650 26 690
mechanical properties. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC+
Applications: Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450

● Suitable for welding of 0.5%
Flat position 60~90 90~140 150~180 220~270
Cr-0.5% Mo grade steel such as
Vertical / over
A387-Gr.2 C1.1&2. 50~80 80~120 120~150 —
head position
◎ Note: 1.300~350C x 1hr baking prior to use.

B5 B6
2.Refer to page B5 welding notes.

GL86B2  GL88B2 GL86B6  GL88B6
AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-B2 AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-B6
A5.5 E8016(8)-B2 A5.5 E8016(8)-B6
JIS Z 3223 DT2316(8)
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%) Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low ● Low hydrogen/ iron powder type
C Si Mn Cr Mo C Si Mn Cr Mo
hydrogen type covered electrode covered electrode for low alloy
for low alloy heat resistant steel. 0.08 0.62 0.80 1.09 0.43 heat resistant steel. 0.07 0.65 0.81 4.63 0.50
● Very low hydrogen contained in ● Very low hydrogen contained in
weld metal. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal weld metal. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● All deposited weld metal contains Tensile Post Weld Heat ● All deposited weld metal contains
Yield Strength Elongation Tensile Post Weld Heat
Yield Strength Elongation
approximately 1.1%Cr- 0.5%Mo 2 Strength Treatment (PWHT) approximately 5.0%Cr- 0.5%Mo Strength Treatment (PWHT)
N/mm % N/mm 2
%
alloy elements, good for serving N/mm2 °C×1hr alloy elements, good for serving N/mm2 °C×1hr
temperature ≦ 550°C. 623 691 20 690 temperature ≦ 550°C. 527 635 24 740
● Good for RT examination, good ● Good for RT examination, good
mechanical properties. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC+ mechanical properties. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC+
Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
● Suitable for welding of 1.25% Flat position 60~90 90~140 150~180 220~270 ● Suitable for welding of ASTM Flat position 60~90 90~140 150~200 220~270
Cr-0.5% Mo grade steel such Vertical / over A387Gr5 and A335Gr.P5 steel Vertical / over
as A387-Gr.12 C1.1&2; A335- 50~80 80~120 120~150 — and similar grade steels. 50~80 80~110 120~150 —
head position head position
Gr.11&12.
◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1hr baking prior to use.
2. Refer to page B5 welding notes. 2. Refer to page B5 welding notes.
GL96B3  GL98B3 GL86B8  GL88B8

AWS A5.5M E6216(8)-B3 AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-B8
A5.5 E9016(8)-B3 A5.5 E8016(8)-B8
JIS Z 3223 DT2416(8)
● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low ● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low C Si Mn Cr Mo
C Si Mn Cr Mo
hydrogen type covered electrode hydrogen type covered electrode
for low alloy heat resistant steel. 0.07 0.49 0.66 2.28 1.05 for low alloy heat resistant steel. 0.07 0.60 0.63 8.74 0.86
● Very low hydrogen contained in ● Low hydrogen contained in weld
weld metal. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal metal to get good crack resistance. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● All deposited weld metal contains ● All deposited weld metal contains Tensile Post Weld Heat
Tensile Post Weld Heat
Yield Strength Elongation Yield Strength Elongation
approximately 2.25%Cr-1.0% Mo Strength Treatment (PWHT) approximately 9.0%Cr-1.0 %Mo 2 Strength Treatment (PWHT)
N/mm2 % N/mm %
alloy elements, good for serving N/mm2 °C×1hr alloy elements, good for serving N/mm2 °C×1hr
temperature ≦ 550°C. 590 671 22 690 temperature ≦ 550°C. 669 749 20 740
● Good for RT examination, good ● Good for RT examination, good
mechanical properties. mechanical properties. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC+
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC+
Applications: Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 Applications: Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
● Suitable for welding of 2.5% ● Suitable for welding of ASTM Flat position 60~90 90~140 150~200 220~270
Flat position 60~90 90~140 150~180 220~270
Cr-1.0% Mo grade steel such as A387Gr.9 and A335Gr.P9 steel
Vertical / over Vertical / over
JIS STBA24,A387 Gr.22. 50~80 80~120 120~150 — and similar grade steels. 50~80 80~110 120~150 —
head position head position
B7 B8
Flux Cored Wire for Chromium- Molybdenum Low Alloy Steels
Welding Notes
1. Preheat, Inter-pass and Post Weld Heat-Treatment Temperature requirement

Preheat and Inter-pass PWHT Temperature x Time
Product name
Temperature (°C) (°C×1hr)
GMX 811-A1 150±15 620±15
GMX 811B2, GMX 911B3 175±15 690±15
max. inter-pass temperature≦350°C.
2. Welding current polarity: Electrode Positive (DC+)
3. Proper usages of shielding gas and ow rate as below :

Distance between Contact
Type of Shielding Gas Flow Rate L/min
Tube and Work (mm)
Welding Notes
CO2 or 75~80%Ar + CO2 20~25 15~25
4. Recommending low electrical current

Flux Cored Wire for Chromium- To prevent alloy elements burning loss from serious oxidation, welding current should not
exceed suggested product limits.
Molybdenum Low Alloy Steels
5. For more information, please consult page A40 regarding FCW wire Welding notes for
Mild and High Tensile Strength Steel use.
B10
GMX811-A1 GMX811-B2

AWS A5.29M E551T1-A1C AWS A5.29M E551T1-B2C
A5.29 E81T1-A1C A5.29 E81T1-B2C

● Titania oxide type ux cored arc welding ●Suitable for welding of 0.5% Mo grade ● Titania oxide type ux cored arc welding ●Suitable for welding of 1.0%Cr - 0.5%Mo
wire. heat resistant steel. wire. and 1.25%Cr - 0.5%Mo steel, such as
● A l l d eposited weld metal contains ● Al l d e p o s i t e d w e l d m e ta l c o n ta i n s A335-P12, A355-P11 or similar grade
approximately 0.5% Mo elements to get approximately 1.25 %Cr-0.5 %Mo alloy steel.
good mechanical property in elevated elements, good for serving temperature
high temperature. ≦ 550°C.
● Good for RT examination. ● Good for RT examination, good crack
● High deposition efciency. resistance.
C Si Mn Mo C Si Mn Cr Mo
0.04 0.24 1.04 0.51 0.06 0.50 0.70 1.22 0.57
Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Post Weld Heat Treatment
N/mm2 N/mm2 % N/mm2 N/mm2 % °C /hr
611 649 23.3 604 679 20.2 690
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters
Diameter 1.2 1.6 Diameter 1.2 1.6
Ampere (A) Vertical / over head Ampere (A) Vertical / over head
160~220 180~280 160~220 180~280
position position
Shielding Gas CO2 CO2 Shielding Gas CO2 CO2
◎ Note: Refer to page B10 welding notes. ◎ Note: Refer to page B10 welding notes.
B11 B12
GMX911-B3
AWS A5.29M 621T1-B3C
A5.29 E91T1-B3C

● Titania oxide type ux cored arc welding ●Suitable for welding of 2.25%Cr - 1%Mo
wire. steel, such as A387 Gr.22 CI.1&2 or
● A l l d eposited weld metal contains similar grade steel.
approximately 2.25 %Cr-1.0 %Mo alloy
elements, good for serving temperature
≦ 550°C.
● Good for RT examination, good crack
resistance.

C Si Mn Cr Mo
0.05 0.32 0.51 2.01 1.05

Yield Strength
N/mm2
Tensile Strength
N/mm2
Elongation
%
Post Heat Weld Treatment
°C /hr
SMAW Electrodes for Nickel
578 648 21 690
Steel (low temperature use)
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)
Diameter 1.2 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+

Ampere (A) Vertical / over head
160~220 180~280
position
Shielding Gas CO2 CO2
◎ Note: Refer to page B10 welding notes.
B13
SMAW Electrodes for Nickel Steel(low temperature use)

Welding Notes
Nickel Steel is commonly used on LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) carrier, LPG tank, 4. Welding consumables selection
low temperature service equipment, marine structure, and other low temperature required
works. During the welding process, inter-pass temperature needs to be under 150°C. Steel Category ASTM SMAW Electrode Flux Cored Wire
A537 Cl 1 or 2 GL55Ni
1. Preheat, inter-pass temperature and PWHT process control < 1.0%Nickel Steel GMX811Ni1
A516 Gr70 GL86C3 / GL88C3
If the heat input is high, base metal is too thin, or if the inter-pass temperature is too
high, the cooling speed of the weld metal will be affected and the weld metal toughness 2.5%Nickel Steel A203 Gr.A or B GL86C1 / GL88C1 GMX811Ni2 / GMX911Ni2
will decrease. The process of preheat, inter-pass, and PWHT temperature and all the
3.5%Nickel Steel A203 Gr.D or E GL86C2 / GL88C2 —
welding parameters need to be followed according to the welding procedure specication
depending the specic metal thicknesses and steel types.
5.Nickel Steel usage temperature range chart :
Nickel Steel Preheat, Inter-pass & PWHT temperature requirement
Preheat and Inter-pass PWHT temperature x time < 1.0% Nickel Steel
Product name -46°C
Nickel Steel
temperature (°C) (°C×hr)
2.5% Nickel Steel
Welding Notes
Welding Notes
GL55Ni, GL86/88C3 95~120 No need -60°C
GL86/88C1 95~110 605±15 3.5% Nickel Steel
-100°C
GL86/88C2 95~110 605±15
Note:1.The duration of PWHT temperature should be adjusted base on the thickness of the
weldment according to the contract or related codes.
2.PWHT temperature must be tightly controlled; otherwise, the impact toughness will 6. For more information, please consult page A6 regarding Welding notes of SMAW
be reduced. Electrode for Mild and High Tensile Strength Steel use.
2. Recommending low electrical current (low heat input)

Nickel steel mostly has gone through mechanical properties improvement treatment or
normalization heat treatment. Welding parameters must be rigidly controlled using low
heat input welding to ensure proper weld metal’s alloy element content, strength, impact
toughness, and other good properties.
3.short arc welding technique

Nickel Steel SMAW Electrodes are mostly classied as low hydrogen type; thus, short arc
technique should be observed during welding in order to prevent permeation of N2 and O2
into the arc creating blow hole and alloy elements burning loss. If weaving is necessary,
the weaving width should not exceed 3 times of the core wire diameter. During welding,
the arc starting point should be 1~2 cm behind the welding start point. Once the arc
starts, pull it back to the welding start point to begin welding to avoid the occurrence of
blow hole. This is known as the forehand & backhand arc starting technique.
B15 B16

GL86C1  GL88C1 GL86C3  GL88C3
AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-C1 AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-C3
A5.5 E8016(8)-C1 A5.5 E8016(8)-C3
JIS Z 3211 E5516(8)-N5 JIS Z 3211 E5516(8)-N2
● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low ● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low
C Si Mn Ni C Si Mn Ni
hydrogen type covered electrode hydrogen type covered electrode
for low alloy low temperature 0.05 0.31 0.82 2.38 for low alloy low temperature 0.06 0.60 0.84 0.86
steel (Ni steel). steel (Ni steel).
● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal ● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
mechanical properties. Yield Tensile Impact Post Weld Heat mechanical properties. Yield Tensile Impact Post Weld Heat
● All deposited weld metal contains
Elongation ● All deposited weld metal contains
Elongation
Strength Strength value Treatment Strength Strength value Treatment
% %
approximately 2.5% Ni elements, N/mm2 N/mm2 (-60°C) J °C /1hr approximately 1.0% Ni elements, N/mm2 N/mm2 (-40°C) J °C /1hr
good for serving temperature till 574 653 27.6 44 620 good for serving temperature till 546 620 24.2 80 not defined
-60°C. -40°C.
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC± Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC±
● Suitable for welding of low Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 ● Suitable for welding of low Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
temperature steel (Ni steel), Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270 temperature steel (Ni steel), Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270
serving temperature till -60°C. serving temperature till -40°C.
Vertical / over head Vertical / over head
80~110 120~150 — 80~110 120~150 —
position position
GL86C2  GL88C2
AWS A5.5M E5516(8)-C2
A5.5 E8016(8)-C2
JIS Z 3211 E5516(8)-N7

● Low hydrogen/ iron powder low
C Si Mn Ni
hydrogen type covered electrode
for low alloy low temperature 0.06 0.46 1.12 3.20
steel (Ni steel).
● Good for RT examination, good Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
mechanical properties and crack Yield Tensile Impact Post Weld Heat
Elongation
resistance. Strength Strength value Treatment
● All deposited weld metal contains
%
N/mm2 N/mm2 (-75°C) J °C /1hr
approximately 3.5% Ni elements, 677 742 24 44 620
good for serving temperature till
-75°C. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) AC or DC±
Applications: Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450

● Suitable for welding of low
Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270
temperature steel (Ni steel),
Vertical / over head
serving temperature till -75°C. 80~110 120~150 —
position
◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1hr baking prior to use.

B17 B18
Flux Cored Wire for Nickel Steel (low temperature use)
Welding Notes
1.Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT temperature
Nickel Steel Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Temperature Requirement

Product name Preheat & Inter-pass PWHT Temperature x Time
(°C×1hr) Temperature (°C) (°C×1hr)
GMX 811-Ni1 150±15 No need
GMX 811-Ni2
150±15 No need
GMX 911-Ni2
2. Welding current polarity: Electrode Positive (DC+).
3. Recommended shielding gas and ow rate chart below :

Type of Shielding Gas (es) Flow Rate L/min
Welding Notes
Tube and Work (mm)
CO2 or 75~80%Ar + CO2 20~25 15~25
4.Recommending low electrical current (low heat input)

Flux Cored Wire for Nickel Nickel steel mostly has gone through mechanical properties improvement treatment
or normalization heat treatment. Welding parameters must be rigidly controlled using low
Steel (low temperature use) heat input welding to ensure proper weld metal’s alloy element content, strength, impact
toughness, and other good properties.
5. For more information, please consult page A40 regarding FCW wire Welding notes for
Mild and High Tensile Strength Steel use.
B20
GMX811-Ni1 GMX811-Ni2

AWS A5.29M E551T-Ni1C AWS A5.29M E551T1-Ni2C
A5.29 E81T1-Ni1C A5.29 E81T1-Ni2C

● Titania oxide type gas shield flux cored ●Suitable for welding of low temperature ● Titania oxide type gas shield flux cored ●Suitable for welding of low temperature
arc welding wire. Ni steel such as A226, A235, A236 for arc welding wire. Ni steel such as A226, A235, A236 for
● A l l d eposited weld metal contains LPG tank. ● Al l d e p o s i t e d w e l d m e ta l c o n ta i n s LPG tank.
approximately 1.0% Ni elements, good approximately 2.4% Ni elements, good
for serving temperature till -30°C. for serving temperature till -40°C.
● Good for RT examination, good crack ● Good for RT examination, good crack
resistance. resistance.
C Si Mn Ni C Si Mn Ni
0.04 0.42 0.82 0.95 0.06 0.43 1.05 2.38
618 650 24.0 50 543 608 27.8 78
Size(mm) and recommended welding parameters(A) Size(mm) and recommended welding parameters(A)
Diameter 1.2 1.6 Diameter 1.2 1.6
Ampere (A) Vertical / over head Ampere (A) Vertical / over head
160~220 180~280 160~220 180~280
position position
Shielding Gas CO2 CO2 Shielding Gas CO2 CO2
◎ Note: 1. Proper cleaning and 150C preheat on base metal before welding. ◎ Note: 1. Proper cleaning and 150C preheat on base metal before welding.
2. Welding procedure detail information such as preheat, inter pass temperature 2. Welding procedure detail information such as preheat, inter pass temperature and all
and welding parameters (welding current, voltage, welding speed and base metal welding parameters ( welding current, voltage, welding speed, base metal thickness
thickness etc..) shall be fully followed. etc..) shall be fully followed.
B21 B22
GMX911-Ni2
AWS A5.29M E621T1-Ni2C
A5.29 E91T1-Ni2C

● Titania oxide type gas shield flux cored ●Suitable for welding of low temperature
arc welding wire. Ni steel or LPG tank.
● A l l d eposited weld metal contains
approximately 2.25% Ni elements, good

for serving temperature till -40°C.
resistance.

C Si Mn Ni Mo
0.03 0.40 1.03 2.26 0.18

Yield Strength
N/mm2
Tensile Strength
N/mm2
Elongation
%
Impact value
(-40°C) J
SMAW Electrodes for
659 684 22.6 54
Weathering Steel
Size(mm) and recommended welding parameters(A)
Diameter 1.2 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+

160~220 180~280
position
◎ Note: 1. Proper cleaning and 150°C preheat on base metal before welding.
2. Welding procedure detail information such as preheat, inter pass temperature
and welding parameters (welding current, voltage, welding speed and base metal
thickness etc..) shall be fully followed.
B23
GL78W1
SMAW Electrodes for Weathering Steel
SMAW Electrodes for Weathering Steel

AWS A5.5M E4918-W1 / A5.5 E7018-W1
Welding Notes for Weathering Steel JIS Z 3214 DA5016G
Low Alloy Weathering Steel of Welding consumables selection Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
● Iron powder low hydrogen type
ASTM/JIS G3114 standard C Si Mn Cr Ni Cu
SMAW Electrodes Flux Cored Wire covered electrode for 490 N/
ASTM JIS mm2 grade high tensile strength 0.06 0.65 0.53 0.24 0.29 0.54
low alloy weathering steel.
A709 Gr. 36 SMA 400P ● Weld metal contains Ni, Cr, Cu Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
A709 Gr. 50W SMA 400W elements, good for weathering
GL78W1 Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
A588 SMA 490P
GMX 811-W2 resistance. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
A242 SMA 490W ● Good for RT examination, good
513 604 28.7 114
A588 SMA 570P mechanical properties.
GL88W2
A709 Gr. 50W SMA 570W
Welding Notes for Weathering Steel

Applications:
● Suitable for welding of high Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Precautions for welding weathering steels are similar to high tensile strength steel with
tensile strength weathering
the exceptions of the following points : Flat position 70~100 90~140 150~200 220~270
steels such as COR-TEN 50A,
50B and COR-TEN or SMA 50. Vertical / over
1. Preheat, Inter-Pass, and PWHT temperature 60~90 80~110 120~150 —
head position
For low alloy weathering steel’s welding pre-heat and post heat temperature, please
see chart below. The preheating process for smaller weldment can cover the entire body. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
In a large structure setting, preheat should begin at the welding point covering an area 2. Refer to page B25 welding notes.
about 5 times the weldment thickness using heating equipment for local preheat. Whether
stress relief heat treatment is necessary depends on the contract or the work specications.
GL88W2
Low Alloy Weathering Steel Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Temperature Requirement AWS A5.5M E5518-W2 / A5.5 E8018-W2
JIS Z 3214 DA5816W
Product name Inter-pass Temperature (°C) PWHT Temperature x Time (°C×1hr)
GL78W1
95~120 No need Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
GL88W2 ● Iron powder low hydrogen type
C Si Mn Cr Ni Cu
covered electrode for 550 N/
mm2 grade high tensile strength 0.06 0.49 0.70 0.51 0.55 0.51
To prevent the burning loss of alloy elements due to serious oxidation, welding current low alloy weathering steel.
● Weld metal contains Ni, Cr, Cu Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
should not exceed the product recommended limits.
elements, good for weathering Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
3. Short arc welding technique resistance. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
Weathering Steel SMAW Electrodes are mostly classied as low hydrogen type; thus, ● Good for RT examination, good
570 660 25 102
short arc technique should be observed during welding in order to prevent permeation mechanical properties.
of N2 and O2 into the arc creating blow hole and alloy elements burning loss. If weaving Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) AC or DC+
is necessary, the weaving width should not exceed 3 times of the core wire diameter. Applications:
During welding, the arc starting point should be 1~2 cm behind the welding start point. ● Suitable for welding of 550 N/
Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Once the arc starts, pull it back to the welding start point to begin welding to avoid mm2 weathering steels Flat position 70~100 90~140 150~200 220~270
the occurrence of blow hole. This is known as the forehand & backhand arc starting such as COR-TEN 60 or SMA 58.
Vertical / over
technique. 60~90 80~110 120~150 —
head position
4. For more information, please consult page A6 regarding Welding notes of SMAW ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
Electrode for Mild and High Tensile Strength Steel use. 2. Refer to page B25 welding notes.
B25 B26
Flux Cored Wire for Weathering Steel
Welding Notes
1.Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Temperature
Low Alloy Weathering Steel Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Requirement

Product name Preheat and Inter-pass PWHT Temperature x Time
(°C×1hr) Temperature (°C) (°C×1hr)
GMX 811-W2 150±15 No need
2. Base Metal Surface Cleaning

Grease, dirt, mill scale, and other lthy byproducts on the base metal surface must be
thorough cleaned in order to avoid welding defects such as blow holes or pits formation.
3. Welding current polarity: Electrode Positive (DC+).
4.Suitable shielding gas and ow rate are recommended as below
Welding Notes
Tube and Work (mm)
CO2 or 75~80%Ar + CO2 20~25 15~25
Flux Cored Wire for
Weathering Steel To prevent the burning loss of alloy elements due to serious oxidation, welding current
6. For more information, please consult page A40 FCW wire welding notes for mild
and high tensile strength steel.
B28
Flux Cored Wire for Weathering Steel
GMX 811-W2 AWS A5.29M E551T1-W2C

A5.29 E81T1-W2C

● Titanium oxide type gas shield ux cored ●Suitable for welding of weathering steels
arc welding wire. such as ASTM A588, A242 and other
● Weld metal contains Ni,Cr, Cu elements, weathering steel structures.
good for weathering resistance.
mechanical properties.

C Si Mn Cr Ni Cu
0.05 0.38 0.81 0.49 0.58 0.56

Yield Strength
N/mm2
Tensile Strength
N/mm2
Elongation
%
Impact value
(-30°C) J
SMAW Electrodes for High Tensile
607 650 23.1 34
& High Yield Strength Steels
Size(mm) and recommended welding parameters
Diameter 1.2 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+
Flat / Horizontal position 180~300 200~360

160~220 180~280
position
◎ Note: 1.Proper cleaning and 150°C preheat on base metal before welding.
2.Proper shelter for wind protection.
3.Refer to page B28 welding notes.
B29
SMAW Electrodes for High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steels
Welding Notes GL98M AWS A5.5M E6218M / A5.5 E9018M
JIS Z3211 E6218-N3M1
Special purpose low alloy steel, most commonly in forms of high tensile and high Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
yields strength steels, forms weld metal with extremely low Hydrogen content and excellent ● Iron powder low hydrogen
low temperature impact toughness (-50°C). It is mostly applicable for high strength or C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo
type covered electrode for low
military steel structures such as HY80, HY100, and similar steel types. 0.06 0.74 1.15 0.03 1.59 0.01
alloy high yield and high tensile
strength steel.
1. Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Temperature
● Good arc stability, less spatter Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
For low alloy high tensile and high yield strength steel’s welding pre-heat and post heat
loss and suitable for all positions. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
temperature, please see chart below. The preheating process for smaller weldment can
cover the entire body. In a large structure setting, preheat should begin at the welding N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-50°C) J
point covering an area about 5 times the weldment thickness using heating equipment mechanical properties.
● Low moisture absorption type
613 687 26.4 61
for local preheat.
covered flux to get good crack
Low Alloy High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steel Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Requirement resistance.
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Preheat and Inter-pass PWHT Temperature x Time
Product name Applications:
Welding Notes
Temperature (°C) (°C×1hr) Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270

GL98M , GL108M N/mm2 grade low alloy steel or Vertical / over head
95~120 No need 80~110 120~150 —
GL118M , GL128M similar grade steels on pressure position
vessels and general steel ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Recommending low electrical current (low heat input) structures. 2.Refer to page B31 welding notes.
To prevent the burning loss of alloy elements due to serious oxidation, welding current
3.Short arc welding technique

High tensile and high yield strength steel SMAW Electrodes are mostly classied as low
hydrogen type; thus, short arc technique should be observed during welding in order GL108M AWS A5.5M E6918M / A5.5 E10018M
JIS Z3211 E6918-N3M2
to prevent permeation of N2 and O2 into the arc creating blow hole and alloy elements
burning loss. If weaving is necessary, the weaving width should not exceed 3 times of Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
the core wire diameter. During welding, the arc starting point should be 1~2 cm behind ● Iron powder low hydrogen
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo
the welding start point. Once the arc starts, pull it back to the welding start point to begin type covered electrode for low
welding to avoid the occurrence of blow hole. This is known as the forehand & backhand alloy high yield and high tensile 0.06 0.32 0.91 0.31 1.46 0.27
arc starting technique. strength steel.
● Good arc stability, suitable for all Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
4. For more information, please consult page A6 SMAW Electrode welding notes for positions. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
mild and high tensile strength steel. ● Good for RT examination, good
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-50°C) J
650 715 26 60
resistance.
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Applications:
Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270
N/mm2 grade low alloy steel or Vertical / over head

80~110 120~150 —
similar grade steels on pressure position
structures. 2.Refer to page B31 welding notes.
B31 B32
GL118M AWS A5.5M E7618M / A5.5 E11018M

JIS Z3211 E7618-N4M2

● Iron powder low hydrogen
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo
alloy high yield and high tensile 0.06 0.57 1.61 0.26 1.78 0.41
strength steel.
● Good arc stability, suitable for all Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
positions. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-50°C) J
684 843 21.8 55

resistance.
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Applications:
Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270
● Suitable for welding of 760 N/
mm 2 grade low alloy steels or Vertical / over head

80~110 120~150 —
vessels and general steel ◎ Note: 1.300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
structures. 2. Refer to page B31 welding notes. Flux Cored Wire for High Tensile
& High Yield Strength Steels
GL128M AWS A5.5M E8318M / A5.5 E12018M

JIS Z3211 E8318-N4C2M2

● Iron powder low hydrogen
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo
alloy high yield and high tensile 0.06 0.43 1.67 0.63 2.22 0.43
strength steel.
● Good arc stability, less spatter Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
loss and suitable for all positions. Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-51°C) J
825 958 18.2 62

resistance.
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Applications:
Flat position 90~140 150~200 220~270
● Suitable for welding of 830 N/
mm 2 grade low alloy steels or Vertical / over head

80~110 120~150 —
structures. 2.Refer to page B31 welding notes.
B33
Flux Cored Wire for High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steels
Flux Cored Wire for High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steels
Welding Notes GMX101-K3 AWS A5.29M E691T1-K3C
A5.29 E101T1-K3C
1. Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT Temperature Product Features: Applications:

● Flux cored arc welding wire for low alloy ●Suitable for welding of HY-80 or similar
Low Alloy High Tensile & High Yield Strength Steel Preheat, Inter-pass and PWHT high yield and high tensile strength steel grade steels.
Temperature Requirement
for all positions.
Preheat and Inter-pass PWHT Temperature x Time ● All deposited weld metal contains 2.0%
Product name
Temperature (°C) (°C×1hr) Ni-0.5% Mo elements, good for welding
GMX 101-K3 150±15 No need of low alloy high yield and high tensile
strength steel.
2. Welding current polarity: Electrode Positive (DC+)
resistance.
3. Suitable shielding gas and ow rate are recommended as below
Distance between Contact Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
Tube and Work (mm) C Si Mn Ni Mo
Welding Notes
CO2 or 75~80%Ar + CO2 20~25 15~25

0.05 0.34 1.27 1.89 0.49

4. Recommending low electrical welding current
To prevent alloy elements burning loss due to oxidation, using low welding current Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Impact value
is recommended. N/mm2 N/mm2 % (-20°C) J
736 767 20.3 48
5. For more information, please consult page A40 FCW welding notes for mild and
high tensile strength steel. Size(mm) and recommended welding parameters
Diameter 1.2 1.6
Polarity DC+ DC+
Flat / Horizontal position 180~300 200~350

160~220 —
position
◎ Note: 1. Proper cleaning and 150°C preheat on base metal before welding.
2. Keep proper welding current and inter pass temperature to control the heat input (the
higher the heat input, the poor the impact toughness).
B35 B36
Material General Review
SUS: The first “S” stands for Steel, U stands for “Special Use,” and the last “S”
represents Stainless.
Stainless Steel can resist oxidization because of its surface is covered by a tough lm of
Chromium Oxide. If the Cr content is less than 12%, its effect is reduced due to lack of
Stainless Steel
compact protection lm. In addition, when the C content increases, the risk of oxidization
is augmented because C easily bond with Cr to form Carbonate Chromium precipitation;
which results in lower Cr and hence inferior oxidization resistance. So the typical Stainless
Steel, C content is limited under 0.1%, even under 0.03%.
Stainless steel applications can be categorized according to its usages such as corrosion
resistance, elevated temperature strength decreasing resistance, low temperature
toughness decreasing resistance, and etc.
Going by element contents and metallographic, the common stainless steels can be divided

into the following three categories:
13 Cr Stainless Steel, martensite type, represented by model SUS410, SUS420.
18 Cr Stainless Steel, ferrite type, represented by model SUS430
18-8 Stainless Steel, austenite type, represented by model SUS304
If we examine the oxidization resistance property, austenite stainless steel > ferrite
stainless steel > martensite stainless steel.
Stainless Steel If we go by its strength level, then martensite stainless steel > ferrite stainless steel >
austenite stainless steel.
oxidization elevated low magnetic

quenching weld-
Category resistance temperature temperature induc-
property ability
property strength toughness tance
austenite
none superior superior superior superior none
stainless steel
ferrite
none superior inferior inferior inferior yes
stainless steel
martensite
yes inferior Good inferior inferior yes
stainless steel
• 18-8 series is most popular stainless steel. It has excellent corrosion resistance property,
because it contains 18% Cr and 8% Ni. The lattice between Ni and Fe is very close and
enhance an adhesiveness of Cr oxide lm on to the matrix. If the lattice between Ni and
Fe is space out, this result in poor adhesiveness of Cr oxide.
• When the Ni content reaches 8%, the microstructure will become oxidation resisting
austenite structure. The reason is that austenite has single phase multi-angular grain
structure; thus its grain boundary is impervious to porosity and lead to good oxidation
resistance.
• Austenite structure will form when it is heated to phase transformation temperature or
above; however, adding element Ni allows the microstructure to maintain face centered
cubic austenite structure in room temperature.
C2
The Correlation between Weldability and Microstructure
Martensite Stainless Steel Austenite Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
• SUS410 or SUS 420 types of Martensite Stainless Steel contains about 11~13.5% Cr, • Austenite Stainless Steel contains many beneficial traits such as high corrosion
which is similar to Low Carbon Steel with magnetic inductance characteristic. During resistance, machinability, and weldability, which makes it widely popular. 300 series
welding process, there is concern of arc blow. It is with higher electrical resistance and dominates the usage (with minor demand for 200 series). This stainless steel elemental
lower thermal conductivity coefcient than the normal carbon steel; The brittle structure content contains about 15~32% of Cr, Ni 8~37%, and dominates the overall stainless
will be formed by quick cooling. steel demand with over 90% usage. SUS 304 ( 18Cr – 8Ni steel) is one of the most
common type.
• To prevent HAZ (Heat Affect Zone) to form hard and brittle structure, which means

susceptibility to shrinkage stress and hydrogen inclusion, pre-heating and inter pass • Austenite Stainless Steel can retain proper strength and corrosion resistibility regardless
temperature must be controlled according to the base metal’s carbon content along of low or high temperature with weldment usage in as welded condition.
with the consideration of the size of weldment, the restriction level, and the ller metal
chemical composition. • Austenite Stainless Steel does not suffer from magnetic inductance and arc blow during
• The average weldment needs the treatment of 200~400°C of preheat and sustain inter- welding process. Series 310, 320 and 330 are full austenite structure which means
pass temperature at this level, and 700~800°C of post heat so as to allow a more gradual complete immunity to magnetic inductance; 312 weld metal contains approximately 25%
cooling rate for the weld metal and HAZ which result in less shrinkage stress while ferrite with obvious magnetic inductance; 304 (L), 309 (L), 347 and likes contain low
allowing more atomic hydrogen to escape in order to achieve better elongation of weld amount of ferrite which means low but some magnetic inductance. Austenite Stainless
metal. Steel with lower alloy content, which suffers from full anneling, such as 304 steel, could
have magnetism from cold working.
• Compare to the average carbon steel, low alloy steel or 400 series stainless steel,
Ferrite Stainless Steel
Austenite Stainless Steel has lower melting point, higher electrical resistance and lower
heat conduction coefcient (about 1/3 of average carbon steel); which mean high heat
• SUS 430 Ferrite stainless steel contains about 15~18% Cr, which is much more than concentration in the welding zone, but with heat expansion coefcient 50% over average;
Maternsitic Stainless Steel, and its C content is usually limited under 0.12%. If the C thus is more susceptible to deform due to welding heat and hence requires low heat input
content exceeds 0.20%, it is then classied as AISI 431 Matensite Stainless Steel. welding.
• The positive characters of Ferrite Stainless Steel is its soft texture, good elongation, good
machining-ability and corrosion resistance, no hardening occurrence due to processing or • It has the best weldability because lack of quenching hardening issue. However if the
welding. Besides the similarity with carbon steel and Martensite Stainless steel, there are temperature remains between 550 ~ 800°C, the weldment will lose its oxidation resistance
concerns of the magnetic inductance and arc blow. due to carbonate chromium precipitation. Choosing low carbon content filler metal
when welding in combination of low heat input welding can signicantly lower carbonate
• When HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) is heated to melting point around, that will result in grain chromium precipitation.
coarsening which leads to embrittle ; thus, 150°C of preheat is necessary before welding. In addition to the above described three types, there are precipitation hardened type and
During the welding process, never stay at the range of embrittlement temperature duplex phases type stainless steel.
400~565°C, especially 475°C, and the weldment should not be overheated also.
• No microstructure transformation for Ferrite Stainless Steel due to its composition, so it * Precipitation hardened type stainless steel: Major elements are Cr and Ni (Cr accounted
is impossible to process ne grain treatment. When it is heated over 930°C, the ferrite for 17%; Ni is 4%) under the category of 600 series stainless steel (like SUS 630).
will suffer grain coarsening, and embrittlement because of losing its elongation and Duplex phases type stainless steel: Main elemental components are Cr, Ni, and Mo (22%
toughness. of Cr, 9% of Ni, and 3 % of Mo). Since its microstructure contains ferrite and austenite,
hence the name duplex phases type stainless steel (such as Alloy 2205).
• Ferrite Stainless Steel has few matching standard welding consumables with emphasis
mostly on corrosion resistance property and linear expansion coefcient which means the
selection of 309, 310, 312 and other austenite stainless steel for welding.
C3 C4
Welding Consumables Selection (similar base metal) Welding Consumables Selection (dissimilar base metal)
Classication SAW – Carbon

Covered Flux Cored 317L 409 Steels
Base metal (major element MIG / TIG Submerged arc 201 304 309 310 317 321 410
Electrode Wire Base metal 316L 430 and Low
composition) % welding wire 202 304L 309S 310S 316 347 420
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel
316Ti 446 Alloy
G308 GM308 GMX308L GS308 Steels
304 18Cr-8Ni
G308M GT308 GMX308L-O GS308L
347 308L
201 347 347 347 318 347 309LMo
18Cr-8Ni-low G308L GM308L GMX308L 310 316L 347 309LMo
304L GS308L 202 308L 308L 309LMo 347 309LMo 309L
carbon content NT308L GT308L GMX308L-O 309LMo 347
G309 GM309 GMX309L GS309 347

309S 23Cr-12Ni 347 347 347 309LMo 309LMo
G309L GT309 GMX309L-O GS309L 304 347 309LMo 347
Welding Consumables Selection (dissimilar base metal)

310 318 318 309L 309MoL 309L
Welding Consumables Selection (similar base metal)
304L 308L 308L 308L

GM310 308L 308L 308L
310S 25Cr-20Ni G310 309L
GT310
309LMo
GM312 309LMo 309L
312 30Cr-9.5Ni G312 309 309LMo 318 347 309LMo 309LMo 309LMo
GT312 309L 316L
309S 309L 316 309LMo 309L 309L 309L
310 318
GM316 GMX316L GS316 309L
316 18Cr-8Ni-2.5Mo G316
GT316 GMX316L-O GS316L 316L 316L 309LMo 309LMo 309LMo
310 347
310 318 318 309L 309L 309L
18Cr-8Ni- 310S 310
GM316L GMX316L 310 310 316L 310 310
316L 2.5Mo-low G316L GS316L
GT316L GMX316L-O
carbon content 317 318 316L 347 309LMo 309LMo 309LMo
316 316L 318 316L 309L 309L 309L
18Cr-13Ni- GM317
317 G317 317L
3.5Mo GT317 316L 347 309LMo 309LMo 309LMo
316L
GM347 318 316L 309L 309L 309L
347 18Cr-8Ni-Nb G347 316Ti
GT347
321 309LMo 309LMo 309LMo
347
GM347 347 309L 309L 309L
321 18Cr-8Ni-Ti G347
GT347 409 309LMo
309L 309LMo
GM410 430 309L
410 13Cr G410 309LMo 309L
GT410 446
410
GM430 410 309LMo
309LMo
430 18Cr G430 420 309
GT430 309L
Note : G307 and G307M listed on catalog are mainly used on dissimilar metals between Mn
steel and cast steel or steel forging welding, not available for welding on stainless
steel.
C5 C6
Welding Notes
1. Recommending low electrical current (low heat input and low dilution rate) of avoiding
S MAW E l ectrodes
sensitization due to carbonate chromium precipitation in the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone).
2. To control the welding current within the recommended range for avoiding of core wire
overheat and coating peeling off.
3. Short arc welding technique to prevent N2 and O2 into arc creating blow hole and alloy
elements burning loss, excessive spatter occurrence and detrimental of weld metal
microstructure.
4. To keep weaving width 3 times of core wire diameter as maximum while necessary.
5. Recommending to use jigs, fixtures or proper welding sequence to limit welding

deformation.
Welding Notes
6. 200~250°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. Proper cleaning of welding groove or joint surface
before welding and complete removal of spatter after welding.
7. To follow welding parameter described in welding procedure specication (groove type,

weldment thickness, welding current and voltage range, etc) to guaranty the quality.
SMAW Electrodes
8. Recommending pre-heat and inter-pass temperatures table :
Steel Type Pre-heat Temperature Inter pass Temperature

Austenite Type 15ºC (60ºF) 150ºC (300ºF)
Martensite Type 200ºC (400ºF) 310ºC (600ºF)
Ferrite Type 150ºC (300ºF) 260ºC (500ºF)
9. The polarity illustration :

C8
G307 AWS A5.4 E307-16
JIS Z 3221 ES307-16 G308 AWS A5.4 E308-16
JIS Z 3221 ES308-16
S MAW E l ectrodes
S MAW E l ectrodes
● More higher Mn content than ● Lime Titanium oxide type
C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
308, austenite structure weld stainless steel covered electrode.
metal. 0.08 0.40 4.25 9.8 19.62 0.70 ● All deposited weld metal contains 0.04 0.81 0.77 9.70 19.19 0.03
● High work hardening tendency, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 9 % C r, 9 % N i
no magnetism. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal content elements to get austenite Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● Good crack resistance, easy slag structure.
Tensile Strength Elongation Tensile Strength Elongation
removal and less spatter loss. N/mm2 % ● Easy slag removal and less
N/mm2 %
● High welding performance, good spatter loss.
630 42 576 45.2
arc stability. ● Good crack and corrosion
resistance.
Applications:
● Suitable for dissimilar metal Diameter / Length 2.0/250 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 Applications: Diameter /
2.0/250 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
welding on manganese steel to ●Suitable for welding of SUS304, Length
Flat position 30~50 60~85 85~120 115~150
carbon steel castings or forgings. 302 and 305 stainless steels. Flat
Vertical / overhead 30~50 60~85 85~120 115~150 140~180
30~50 50~75 75~105 95~120 position
position
Vertical /
◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes. overhead 30~50 50~75 75~105 95~130 —
position
◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes.
G307M AWS A5.4 E307-26

JIS Z 3221 ES307-26 G308L AWS A5.4 E308L-16
JIS Z 3221 ES308L-16
● More higher Mn content than ● Low carbon lime Titanium oxide
308, austenite structure weld type covered electrode for low
metal. 0.04 0.53 3.74 9.30 18.80 0.75 carbon content stainless steel. 0.03 0.80 0.66 9.80 19.3 0.02
● Mild steel cored wire for standing ● Good arc stability, easy slag
higher welding current and heat. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal removal and less spatter loss. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● Good crack resistance, easy slag ● Good bead appearance, crack
removal and less spatter loss. N/mm2 % resistance and corrosion N/mm2 %
resistance.
618 40 556 47.7
Applications:
● Suitable for dissimilar metal Applications:
welding on manganese steel to ●Suitable for welding of low
carbon steel castings or forgings. Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 carbon content 18Cr-8Ni Diameter /
2.0/250 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
stainless steel such as SUS304 Length
Flat position 100~140 150~190 200~270
and 304L. Flat
80~110 120~160 160~190 position
position
Vertical /
◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes. ◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding overhead 30~50 50~75 75~105 95~130 —
notes. position
C9 C10
G308M AWS A5.4 E308-26
JIS Z 3221 ES308-26 G309L AWS A5.4 E309L-16
JIS Z 3221 ES309L-16
S MAW E l ectrodes
S MAW E l ectrodes
● High welding efciency, austenite ● All deposited weld metal contains
C Si Mn Ni Cr C Si Mn Ni Cr
structure type stainless steel approximately 23%Cr-13%Ni
covered electrode. 0.05 0.56 0.69 9.80 19.10 elements type covered electrode 0.03 0.72 1.20 13.40 23.70
● Mild steel cored wire for standing for low carbon content stainless
higher welding current and heat. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal steel. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● Good arc stability and good ● Austenite weld metal contains
for at and horizontal welding N/mm2 % adequate ferrite numbers to N/mm2 %
positions. provide low crack sensitivity.
585 42 570 39
● Good heat and corrosion
Applications: resistance.
●Suitable for welding of SUS304,
302,305 stainless steel. Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 Applications: Diameter /
2.0/250 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
● Welding of SUS 309L stainless Length
Flat position 110~150 150~190 200~270
steel. Flat
◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes. ● Welding of Carbon steel or other
40~60 60~85 85~120 115~150 150~200
position
high hardening alloy steels to Vertical /
stainless steel (low carbon). overhead — 50~75 75~105 95~120 —
● Cladding or welding of stainless
position
steel ( low carbon) to carbon
steel or low alloy steel.
G309 AWS A5.4 E309-16

JIS Z 3221 ES309-16 G309MoL AWS A5.4 E309LMo-16
JIS Z 3221 ES309LMo-16
● All deposited weld metal contains ● Lime titanium oxide type covered
C Si Mn Ni Cr C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
approximately 23%Cr-13%Ni electrode for low carbon content
elements stainless steel covered 0.05 0.72 1.20 13.40 23.70 stainless steel 0.03 0.63 1.25 12.94 22.89 2.03
electrode. ● All deposited weld metal contains
● Austenite weld metal contains Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal approximately 2.5%Mo to get Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
adequate ferrite numbers to get Tensile Strength Elongation better strength, acid and heat Tensile Strength Elongation
very low crack sensitivity. N/mm2 % resistance than 309L . N/mm2 %
● Good heat and corrosion ● Adequate Ferrite content to
612 37 650 40
resistance. provide low crack sensitivity.
● Welding of SUS 309S stainless Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350 ● Welding of SUS 309MoL Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
steel. stainless steels.
● Welding of Carbon steel or other ● Cladding or welding of SUS316,
high hardening alloy steels to Vertical / overhead 316L stainless steel to carbon Vertical / overhead
50~75 75~105 95~120 — 50~80 75~105 95~120 —
stainless steel. position steel or low alloy steel. position
● Cladding or welding of stainless ◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes. ◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes.
steel to carbon steel or low alloy
C11 C12
steel.
G310 AWS A5.4 E310-16
JIS Z 3221 ES310-16 G316 AWS A5.4 E316-16
JIS Z 3221 ES316-16
S MAW E l ectrodes
S MAW E l ectrodes
● Lime titanium oxide type ● Lime titanium oxide type covered
stainless steel covered electrode. electrode for 316 stainless steel,
● All deposited full austenite 0.10 0.33 1.63 21.73 27.28 0.07 deposited weld metal contains 0.04 0.70 0.85 12.29 18.0 2.37
structure weld metal contains approximately 18%Cr-12%Ni-
approximately 25%Cr, 20%Ni Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal 2%Mo elements. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
elements to get good corrosion/ Tensile Strength Elongation
● Austenite structure weld metal,
Tensile Strength Elongation
heat resistance, better toughness N/mm2 % good heat, corrosion and crack N/mm2 %
than high hardening tendency resistance.
569 38.8 580 41.2
13%Cr steel. ● Weld metal contains Mo element
to get good crevice corrosion

Applications: resistance.
● Welding of SUS310 stainless Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350 Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
steel. Applications:
● Welding of Cr-Mo steel. ● Suitable for welding of severe
● Welding of 13%Cr steel. Vertical / overhead acid and high heat resistance Vertical / overhead
50~75 75~105 95~130 — 50~75 75~105 95~130 —
position required SUS316 stainless steel. position
◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes. ◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes.
G312 AWS A5.4 E312-16

JIS Z 3221 ES312-16 G316L AWS A5.4 E316L-16
JIS Z 3221 ES316L-16
● All deposited weld metal ● Lime titanium oxide type
contains approximately 29%Cr- covered electrode for 316 low
9%Ni elements with higher ferrite 0.10 0.80 1.11 10.26 28.8 carbon content stainless steel, 0.02 0.71 0.63 12.38 17.91 2.37
content than others. deposited weld metal contains
● Higher Cr content in weld Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal approximately 18%Cr-12%Ni- Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
metal than others to get good Tensile Strength Elongation 2%Mo elements. Tensile Strength Elongation
oxidation and crack resistance. N/mm2 % ● Austenite structure weld metal, N/mm2 %
good heat, corrosion and crack
819 23.3 560 41.7
Applications: resistance, better inter-granular
● Welding of 29%Cr-9%Ni corrosion resistance than 316.
stainless steel castings. ● Weld metal contains Mo element
● Suitable for dissimilar metal Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350 to get good crevice corrosion Diameter /
2.0/300 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
welding of stainless steel to low resistance. Length
Flat position 60~85 85~120 115~150 150~200
alloy steel or high Ni stainless Flat
steels. Applications: position
50~75 75~105 95~130 —
position ● Suitable for welding of severe Vertical /
◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes. acid and high heat resistance overhead — 50~75 75~105 95~130 —
required SUS316L stainless position
C13 C14
steel. ◎ Note: Refer to Page C8 welding notes.
G317 AWS A5.4 E317-16
JIS Z 3221 ES317-16 G410 AWS A5.4 E410-16
JIS Z 3221 ES410-16
S MAW E l ectrodes
S MAW E l ectrodes
● Lime titanium oxide type covered ● Martensite structure weld
C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo C Si Mn Cr
electrode for stainless steel, metal, self-hardening and good
deposited weld metal contains 0.03 0.83 0.69 12.69 19.05 3.81 magnetism at room temperature. 0.09 0.83 0.35 12.83
approximately18%Cr-12%Ni- ● Good oxidation and corrosion
3.5%Mo elements. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal resistance. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● Weld metal contain higher Mo ● 840~870°C Post Weld Heat
to get better pitting,crevice N/mm2 % treatment to improve ductility and N/mm2 %
corrosion and heat resistance good corrosion resistance.
602 51.7 542 29
than 316.
Applications:
Applications: ●Suitable for welding of 13%Cr
● Suitable for welding of SUS 317. Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350 martensite stainless steels such Diameter / Length 2.6/250 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
as SUS410, 420J, 420J2.
50~75 75~105 95~130 — 50~75 75~105 95~130 —
position position
G347 AWS A5.4 E347-16

JIS Z 3221 ES347-16 G2209 AWS A5.4 E2209-16
JIS Z 3221 ES2209-16
● Austenite weld metal contains ● Lime Titanium oxide type
C Si Mn Ni Cr Nb C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo N
adequate ferrite to get low crack covered electrode for duplex
sensitivity. 0.04 0.89 0.79 9.50 19.28 0.49 stainless steel. 0.03 0.58 0.77 9.4 23.4 3.35 0.22
● Weld metal contains Nb element ● Weld metal contains
to get good inter-granular Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal approximately 22% Cr- 9%Ni- Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
corrosion resistance. Tensile Strength Elongation 3% Mo-0.15N elements. Tensile Strength Elongation
● Good high temperature creep ● High tensile strength, good
N/mm2 % N/mm2 %
strength, acid and heat pitting, stress corrosion and
643 37.6 856 26
resistance. crack resistance.
● Welding of SUS321 to 304L, Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350 ● Suitable for welding of duplex Diameter / Length 2.6/250 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
309,309S. stainless steel contains 22%Cr
● Welding of SUS347, 348 to such as SUS 2205.
304L, 308, 309, 310S, 316, 317 Vertical / overhead Vertical / overhead
50~75 75~105 95~130 — 50~75 75~105 95~130 —
and 321, etc. position position
C15 C16
Welding Notes (MIG)
Shielding gas is mainly consist of Ar, He and Ar +He mixing gases etc. Used in the
semi-auto welding process with welding wire as consumable electrode which is normally
． TIG Wire/Rod
called MIG Welding Process. It produces little welding spatter, stable arc, good welding
appearance and good mechanical properties in the weld metal.
1. Electrical Polarity
DC+ (DC Reverse Polarity) : Normally use
DC– (DC Straight Polarity) : Thin work
MIG
2. Shielding Gas
Ar + 1~2% O2 or 5% CO2 is the recommended shielding gas because small amount of
O2 or CO2 allows metal droplet to produces better wetting effect and evener arc heat.
However, due to concern for carbonization, limiting O2 content to 2% or CO2 content to
Welding Notes (MIG)

5% is suggested. Due to the high price of He, it is rarely used unless specied or under
contract.
3. Arc Length
Spray arc transfer on stainless steel MIG welding process can produce the most
appropriate arc length through the idea arc voltage adjustment.
MIG．TIG Wire/Rod 4. Wind protection

Proper shelter for outdoor welding and proper ventilation & air ow exchange for indoor
welding.
5. Pulse Arc Welding

Some welding equipment allows pulsing function, which creates various high or low
interchanging weave formations, during current at pulse peak which becomes spray arc
transfer achieving proper fusion, under the condition of low current in current at base,
the absent of droplet transfer (short arc transfer) allows weld pool to cool off. In the case
of vertical or overhead welding, the metal droplet will not fall which is benecial to full
position welding.
C18
Welding Notes (TIG)
GM307 AWS A5.9 ER307
TIG welding is commonly used in full penetration pipe butt welding at root pass or thin Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire / rod (wt%)
plate welding, producing almost no welding spatter and excellent bead appearance. It is
． TIG Wire/Rod
． TIG Wire/Rod
● Good arc stability and easy to
widely used in high quality or high precision projects. C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
melt together with base metal.
● Good crack resistance, high work 0.09 0.42 4.22 9.70 20.0 085
hardening tendency and none-
Precautionary observable measures during welding :
magnetism. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
1. Electrical Polarity
● Good bead appearance.
DC–: Must use, DCEN (tungsten electrode negative), DC straight polarity Tensile Strength Elongation
MIG
MIG
N/mm2 %
2. Shielding Gas Applications:
660 38
Ar is the commonly used shielding gas with TIG, If higher arc heat is desired, usage ●Suitable for dissimilar metal
of He or a mixture of Ar + He should be considered since the higher He ratio produces welding on manganese steel to
MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+
higher arc heat. carbon steel castings or forgings.
Diameter (mm) 1.0 1.2 1.6
Gas ow rate recommendation :
Welding Notes (TIG)
Welding current 100~200A, ow rate 7~15 L/min Shielding gas :

Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300
Welding current 200~300A, ow rate 12~20 L/min ● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG)
2
● 100%Ar (TIG) ◎ Note: refer to page C18 welding notes.
3. Tungsten electrode extension
4~5 mm in common use, 2~3mm for corner joint or jobs with lesser air ow shielding,
5~6mm for joint with narrow and deep groove.
4. Wind protection
welding.
5. Arc Length GM308  GT308 AWS A5.9 ER308

JIS Z 3321 YS308
1~3mm in normal application.

Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire / rod (wt%)
● Good arc stability and easy to
C Si Mn Ni Cr
melt together with base metal.
● Austenite weld metal contains 0.04 0.34 1.92 9.6 20.10
adequate ferrite numbers to
provide low crack sensitivity. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
N/mm2 %
Applications:
620 42
●Suitable for welding of SUS304,
302, 305.
MIG Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters; DC+
Shielding gas : Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6

● Ar+ 1~2% O2 (MIG)
● 100%Ar (TIG)
TIG rod size diameter/length; DC–
Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2

◎ Note: Refer to Page C18 and C19
C19 welding notes. Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 C20
GM308L  GT308L AWS A5.9 ER308L
JIS Z 3321 YS308L GM309L  GT309L AWS A5.9 ER309L
JIS Z 3321 YS309L
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire / rod (wt%) Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire / rod (wt%)
． TIG Wire/Rod
． TIG Wire/Rod
● Low carbon content in weld ● Low carbon content, Austenite
metal to get good inter-granular weld metal contains adequate
corrosion resistance. 0.03 0.32 1.63 10.10 20.20 ferrite, good heat and crack 0.02 0.34 1.65 13.6 23.40
resistance.
Applications: Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
●Suitable for welding of low Tensile Strength Elongation Applications: Tensile Strength Elongation
carbon content 18%Cr-8%Ni N/mm2 Cladding or welding of stainless N/mm2
MIG
MIG
% ● %
stainless steel (SUS304 or SUS steel to carbon steel or low alloy
600 43 570 43
304L). steel.
MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+ MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+
Shielding gas : Shielding gas :
● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG) Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6 ● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG) Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6
2 2
● 100%Ar (TIG) ● 100%Ar (TIG)
Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300 Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300
TIG rod size diameter/length; DC– TIG rod size diameter/length; DC–
Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2 Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2
Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
◎ Note: Refer to Page C18 and C19 welding notes. ◎ Note: Refer to Page C18 and C19 welding notes.
GM309  GT309 AWS A5.9 ER309

JIS Z 3321 YS309 GM310  GT310 AWS A5.9 ER310
JIS Z 3321 YS310
● Austenite weld metal contains ● Full austenite structure weld
adequate ferrite numbers to metal, good corrosion and heat
provide low crack sensitivity. 0.03 0.32 1.63 13.3 23.70 resistance, better toughness than 0.11 0.30 1.52 20.5 25.4
● Good heat and corrosion
high hardening tendency 13%Cr
resistance. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
steel.
Applications:
● Welding of SUS 309S stainless
N/mm2 % Applications: N/mm2 %
● Welding of SUS310 stainless
steel. 600 43 590 41
● Welding of carbon steel or other steel.
high hardening alloy steels to MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+ ● Welding of Cr-Mo steels. MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+
stainless steel. ● Welding of 13%Cr steel.
Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6 Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6
● Cladding or welding of stainless
steel to carbon steel or low alloy Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300 Shielding gas : Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300
steel. ● Ar+ 1~2% O2 (MIG)
TIG rod size diameter/length; DC– ● 100%Ar (TIG)
Shielding gas :
● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG)
2
● 100%Ar (TIG) Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
C21 ◎ Note: Refer to Page C18 and C19 welding notes. ◎ Note: Refer to Page C18 and C19 welding notes. C22
GM312  GT312 AWS A5.9 ER312
JIS Z 3321 YS312 GM316L  GT316L AWS A5.9 ER316L
JIS Z 3321 YS316L
． TIG Wire/Rod
． TIG Wire/Rod
● Austenite structure weld metal ● Austenite structure weld metal,
contains higher ferrite than other good heat, corrosion and crack
stainless steels. 0.12 0.41 1.37 9.1 30.2 resistance, better inter-granular 0.02 0.39 1.58 12.7 19.2 2.31
● Higher Cr content in weld metal corrosion resistance than 316.
than others to get good oxidation Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal ● Weld metal contains Mo element Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
and crack resistance. Tensile Strength Elongation to get good inter-granular crevice Tensile Strength Elongation
corrosion resistance.
MIG
MIG
N/mm2 % N/mm2 %
Applications:
700 34 560 43
● Welding of 29%Cr-9%Ni Applications:
stainless steel castings. MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+
● Suitable for welding of severe
MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+
● Suitable for dissimilar metal acid and high heat resistance
welding of stainless steel to low Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6 required SUS316 stainless steel. Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6
alloy steels or high Ni stainless Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300 Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300
steels. Shielding gas :
● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG)
TIG rod size diameter/length; DC– 2 TIG rod size diameter/length; DC–
Shielding gas : ● 100%Ar (TIG)
● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG)

2
● 100%Ar (TIG) Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
GM316  GT316 AWS A5.9 ER316

JIS Z 3321 YS316 GM347  GT347 AWS A5.9 ER347
JIS Z 3321 YS347
● Austenite structure weld metal, ● Austenite structure weld metal
C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo C Si Mn Ni Cr Nb
good of heat, corrosion and contains adequate ferrite to get
crack resistance. 0.04 0.40 1.48 13.5 18.8 2.7 low crack sensitivity. 0.06 0.44 1.83 9.7 20.1 0.85
● Weld metal contains Mo element ● Weld metal contains Nb element
to get good inter-granular crevice Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal to get good inter-granular Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
corrosion resistance. Tensile Strength Elongation corrosion resistance. Tensile Strength Elongation
● Good high temperature creep
N/mm2 % N/mm2 %
Applications: strength, acid and heat resistance.
● Suitable for welding of severe
580 38 630 39
acid and high heat resistance Applications:

MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+ MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+
required SUS316 stainless steel. ● SUS321 to 304L, 309, 309S
Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6 ● SUS347, 348 to 304L, 309 Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6
Shielding gas : Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300
● SUS310S, 316, 317, 321
● Ar+ 1~2% O2 (MIG)
● 100%Ar (TIG) Shielding gas :
TIG rod size diameter/length; DC– TIG rod size diameter/length; DC–
● Ar+ 1~2% O2 (MIG)
Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2 ● 100%Ar (TIG) Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2
Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
C23 C24
GM410  GT410 AWS A5.9 ER410
JIS Z 3321 YS410 GT630 AWS A5.9 ER630
． TIG Wire/Rod
． TIG Wire/Rod
● Martensite structure weld metal, ● Precipitation hardening type
C Si Mn Cr C Si Mn Ni Cr Cu Nb
self-hardening and magnetism at stainless steel TIG wire.
room temperature. 0.10 0.35 0.55 13.1 0.03 0.45 0.61 4.59 16.1 3.50 0.19
● Good oxidation and corrosion Applications:
resistance. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal ● Suitable for welding of 17-4 PH Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
● 840~870°C Post Weld Heat type corrosion and abrasion
Tensile Strength Elongation Post Weld Heat Tensile Strength Elongation Post Weld Heat
treatment to improve ductility and resistant steel.
MIG
MIG
N/mm2 % Treatment (PWHT) N/mm2 % Treatment (PWHT)
630 39 850°Cx2hr 1030°C× 1hr Air
Shielding gas :
Temperature
Applications: MIG wire size & recommended welding parameters; DC+ ● 100%Ar
1100 15 +
●Suitable for welding of 13%Cr
Diameter (mm) 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6 620°Cx 4hr Air
martensite stainless steel such
Temperature
as SUS410, 420J, 420J2. Current range (Amp) 70~200 90~250 200~300

Shielding gas : TIG size Wire diameter/length; DC–
● Ar+ 1~2% O (MIG)
2 Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2
Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2
● 100%Ar (TIG)
Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
◎ Note: Refer to Page C18 and C19 welding notes.
GT430 AWS A5.9 ER430

JIS Z 3321 YS430
Product Features: Typical chemical composition of wire / rod (wt%)

● Ferrite structure weld metal.
C Si Mn Ni Cr
● Good high temperature
creep strength, acid and heat 0.05 0.25 0.45 0.45 16.9
resistance.
Applications: Tensile Strength Elongation Post Weld Heat
● Suitable for welding of 16%Cr
N/mm2 % Treatment (PWHT)
stainless steel such as SUS430.
480 34 770°Cx2hr
Shielding gas :
● 100%Ar
Diameter (mm) 1.6 2.0 2.4/2.6 3.2
Length (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000
C25 C26
SAW – Submerged Arc Welding Wire
Welding Notes
SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) is suitable when demanding high quality and high
efcient applications. Depending on the selection of ux, the Si content in stainless steel
SAW weld metal tends to be higher than in other welding process to lead heat shrinkage
or cracking, therefore it is not appropriate for full austenite stainless steel or stainless steel
with ferrite number under 4 FN such as 310.
1. Groove Type
a. Groove type referred to the chart below:
I Groove Y Groove V Groove Double Y Combined Type of Single U

Groove V and U Groove Groove
Welding Notes
b. Double sided groove for thick work to prevent deformation.
c. Proper control welding parameters to result easy slag removal.
2. Welding Parameters
SAW – Submerged Arc a. Welding parameters like welding current and voltage, welding speed, wire diameter shall
proceed according to welding procedure specication. In principle, high electrical current
Welding Wire must be avoided to prevent detriment of weld metal mechanical properties and excessive
deformation etc.
b. When comparing to low carbon steel, stainless steel has lower heat conducting rate,
higher electrical resistance to have 25~30% melting rate and lower melting point along
with deeper penetration when dealing with the same groove type. So its required welding
current is only 80% that of low carbon steel.
c. Wire extension length greatly affects the melting rate, arc stability, bead appearance and
mechanical properties etc; careful scrutiny of tip wear condition is essential in order to
achieve good welding results.
3. Precautionary Measures
To apply low heat input welding for preventing the produce of Chromium Carbide
precipitation resulting hot crack due to sluggish cooling rate.
Proper groove width for better controlling the weld metal Ferrite content (≥ 5FN).
C28
SAW – Submerged Arc Welding Wire
GS308  GS308L AWS A5.9 ER308(L)

JIS Z 3324 YS308(L)
Applications: Typical chemical composition of wire (wt%)

● Suitable for welding of SUS304,
Wire diameter (mm) C Si Mn Ni Cr
302, 305.
308 0.05 0.48 1.95 9.7 19.9
308L 0.03 0.47 1.41 10.2 19.8
◎ Note: refer to page C28 welding notes.
GS309  GS309L AWS A5.9 ER309(L)

JIS Z 3324 YS309(L)

● SUS309S Wire diameter (mm) C Si Mn Ni Cr
● Carbon steels, low alloy steels to
stainless steels. 309 0.06 0.45 1.64 13.5 24.3

● Hardening type alloy steels to
309L 0.03 0.40 1.45 13.4 24.2
Flux Cored Wire
stainless steels.
GS316  GS316L AWS A5.9 ER316(L)

JIS Z 3324 YS316(L)

●Suitable for welding of SUS316/ Wire diameter
316L. C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
(mm)
316 0.05 0.54 1.60 13.3 19.7 2.29
316L 0.03 0.52 1.55 13.2 19.7 2.32
C29
GMX308L
Gas Shielded Type Flux Cored Wire

AWS A5.22 E308LT1-1
Welding Notes JIS Z 3323 TS308L-FC1
Unique characteristics: Product Features: Applications:

1. Stainless steel flux cored wire has deposition rate of 2~4 times of covered electrode. ● Rutile type gas shield flux cored arc ●Suitable for welding of stainless steels
The deposition efciency is about 90%.
welding wire, austenite structure weld such as SUS301, 302, 304, 304L and 305.
2. Easier adjustment of welding parameters than solid wire.
metal.
3. Minimal welding spatter produced, easy slag removal and good bead appearance.
● Smooth arc, low spatter loss and easy
4. High arc stability, easy to pass RT examination.
slag removal.
● Low carbon content in weld metal to get
1. Shielding Gas
CO2 or Ar + 20~25% CO2 mixed gas, depending on wire classication. good crack and inter-granular corrosion
Proper ow rate: 20~25 L/min. resistance.
● Easy to get Smooth llet weld size.

2. Wire Extension
a. Wire diameter 0.9 mm: 15~20 mm
Wire diameter 1.2 & 1.6 mm: 15~25 mm Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
b.Improper extension will cause improper shielding and result blow hole, incomplete fusion
Welding Notes
and other welding defects. C Si Mn Ni Cr

c.For self shield type, please refer to individual product features. 0.03 0.60 1.59 9.87 19.18
3. Wind protection
welding. Tensile Strength Elongation
N/mm2 %
4. Welding Fumes 573 39.3
Users must observe safety regulations and warning signs while follow proper
precautionary procedures.
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters
5. Welding Wire Storage Requirements Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm

Good ventilation storage area for unopened welding wire, plastic bag covered with
Polarity DC+ DC+
desiccant for opened but unnished welding wire.
Flat/ Horizontal position 150~250 200~300
6. Welding parameter and Deposition rate (reference data) Ampere (A) Vertical / overhead
100~140 —
wire dia. welding current welding voltage deposition rate extension position
(mm) (A) (V) (Kg/hr) (mm) Shielding Gas CO2 CO2
150 24~26 2.3
◎ Note: 1.Use general CO2 welding machine with proper feed roller pressure.
180 25~27 3.0
2.Refer to page C31 welding notes.
1.2 200 26~28 3.6
220 27~29 4.2
250 28~30 4.8
15~25
200 28~30 3.0
220 29~31 3.6
1.6 240 29~31 3.9
280 31~33 5.0
300 31~34 5.5
C31 C32
GMX308L-O GMX309L

AWS A5.22 E308LT0-3 AWS A5.22 E309LT1-1
JIS Z 3323 TS308L-FN0 JIS Z3323 TS309L-FC1

● Self shield type ux cored arc welding ●Suitable for welding of stainless steels ● Rutile type gas shield flux cored arc ● Welding of SUS 309L stainless steel.
wire. such as SUS301, 302, 304, 304L and 305. welding wire, austenite structure weld ● Welding of carbon steels or other high
● Smooth arc, low spatter loss and easy metal. hardening alloy steels to stainless steels
slag removal. ● Low spatter loss and easy slag removal. (low carbon).
● Good bead appearance, shallow ● High welding performance, austenite ● Cladding or welding of stainless steels to
penetration, especially suitable for weld metal contains adequate ferrite carbon steels or low alloy steels.
cladding or buildup. numbers to get good crack resistance.
● High deposition efciency. ● Low carbon content in weld metal to get
good inter-granular corrosion resistance.

● Smooth llet weld size.
0.03 0.48 1.50 9.8 19.8 0.04 0.32 1.43 12.70 23.78
N/mm2 % N/mm2 %
563 43 619 35.4
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.4mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm
Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+
Ampere (A) 170~280 200~300 250~450 Flat/ Horizontal position 160~250 200~300
wire extension (mm) 15~30 20~30 25~35 Ampere (A) Vertical / overhead
100~140 —
position
Shielding Gas Self Shield Self Shield Self Shield
2.Refer to page C31 welding notes. ◎ Note: 1.Use general CO2 welding machine with proper feed roller pressure.
C33 C34
GMX309L-O GMX309LMo

AWS A5.22 E309LT0-3 AWS A5.22 E309LMoT1-1
JIS Z3323 TS309L-FN0 JIS Z3323 TS309LMo-FC1

● Self shield type ux cored arc welding ● Welding of SUS 309L stainless steel and ● Rutile type gas shield flux cored arc ● Dissimilar metal welding of SUS316L to
wire. dissimilar metal welding of carbon steels welding wire, austenite structure weld carbon steels or low alloy steels.
● Smooth arc, low spatter loss and easy to stainless steels. metal. ● Cladding of SUS316, 316L to carbon
slag removal. ● Dissimilar metal welding of high ● Weld metal contains Mo element to steels and low alloy steels.
● Smooth and Good bead appearance, hardening alloy steels to stainless steels. get good high temperature strength,
shallow penetration suitable for cladding ● Cladding or welding of stainless steels to good crack and inter-granular corrosion
or buildup. carbon steels or low alloy steels. resistance.
● Low spatter loss and easy slag removal.
0.04 0.32 1.43 12.70 23.78 0.03 0.55 1.55 13.5 23.8 2.42
N/mm2 % N/mm2 %
619 35.4 559 38
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.4mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm
Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+
Ampere (A) 160~250 200~300 250~450 Flat/ Horizontal position 160~250 200~300
wire extension (mm) 15~30 20~30 25~35 Ampere (A) Vertical / overhead
90~130 —
position
Shielding Gas Self Shield Self Shield Self Shield
2.Refer to page C31 welding notes. ◎ Note: 1.Use general CO2 welding machine with proper feed roller pressure.
C35 C36
GMX316L
AWS A5.22 E316LT1-1
JIS Z3323 TS316L-FC1

● Rutile type gas shield flux cored arc ●Suitable for welding of severe acid and
welding wire, austenite structure weld high heat resistance required SUS316
metal. stainless steel.
● Smooth arc, low spatter loss and easy
slag removal.
● High welding performance, weld metal
contains adequate ferrite to get good

crack resistance.
● Low carbon content in weld metal to get
good inter-granular corrosion resistance.

● Good low temperature impact toughness
and corrosion resistance.

C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
0.03 0.50 1.45 12.4 18.9 2.35

N/mm2 %
550 42
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm
Polarity DC+ DC+
Flat/ Horizontal position 150~250 200~300

Ampere (A) Vertical / overhead
90~130 —
position
C37
Hardfacing and Wear Resistant Use
Hardfacing General Review
Hardfacing process is the most economical way to allow a work to achieve maximum
application and usage longevity. As it name suggests, hardfacing is to build up upon the
softer base metals’ surface one or multi-layers of hardfacing alloys according to specic
needs.
There are commonly three types of welding process to restore abrasive of wear out work :
1. Build-up
If the project base metal suffers great abrasion, use the proper ller metal to restore
the base metal back to its original dimension on the working piece prior to hardfacing
welding.
Hardfacing General Review

2. Buttering
When the ller metal for hardfacing layer and the base metal’s mechanical properties
along with physical property have great variation, it is difficult to weld the two together;
hence, it is essential to select the proper ller metal for the project base metal to serve as a
buffer in reducing the incompatibility.
3. Hardfacing
Hardfacing and Wear Hardfacing also known as surface hardening welding is achieved by welding the wear
resistant layer onto base metal or surface layer for the purpose of extending the longevity
Resistant Use of mechanical equipment. It is normally limited to two to three welding layers.
How to select the proper hardfacing ller metal :

Welding ller metal is selected according to the following criteria :
1.Base metal will affect the selection of ller metal for base (root ) layer, for example:
a. Mn Steel: for equipment suffered severe impact condition. Use high Mn content filler
metal to restore the base metal to its original size.
b. Carbon steel or low alloy steel: directly use low alloy hardfacing ller metal to restore its
size.
2. Abrasion types as following :

a. severe abrasion:
Severe abrasion is often accompanied by high stress concentration and low impact
level. The work could possibly involve rolling over rigid minerals or serving as surface
blocking corrosive material. The usages typically are agricultural machinery equipment,
metallic sieve, lter, pulpous material conveyor pump.
b. severe impact:
Severe striking or pounding could cause the metal surface to crack, crush, or cratering.
The usages typically are repair welding on coned mining crusher, hammering crusher,
impactor bars, rail frogs and crossings.
c. metal to metal (friction or stick to) :
Metal to metal spinning or sliding against each other. Usages such as roller, y wheel,
razor, scissors, or bearing surface.
D2

Welding consumables selection
d. metal to sand (impact and abrasion) :
The main cause of wearing is sand which has mild impact character. The wear comes
from simultaneous movement of impact and wearing. Usages are excavator, agriculture Weld Metal
Abrasion
or industrial equipment’s shovel teeth, cutter, etc. Alloy Type Microstruc- Properties Application
Type
e. wearing at elevated temperature: ture
This type of wear is accompanied by high temperature during working. Examples are hot High impact toughness and
forging die, steel milling shop, hot press roller, heat exchanger blade, die tool, continuous superior work hardening
casting guide roller, etc. 13%Mn Steel, crusher
severe im- High Mn austenite ability. As welded condition
hammer, impacter,
f. wearing under corrosion environment (ablation) : pact Steel structure application with no need to
rail coupling.
Chemical corrosion in usages such as chemistry lab apparatus and equipment. Actually measure hardness, and no
many abrasions occur not just due to a singular cause, but possibly two or more welding layers limitation.
simultaneously; thus, the selection of hard facing ller metal must use abrasion type as
the main consideration in determining selection priority. Use as surface layer; serve

as buttering of buffer layer;
gear, shovel roller,
sometime it is used as nal

3.welding process buffer layer bainite chain roller, clutch rod,
low alloy hardfacing layer especially
The main determinant of selecting welding process is based on the restoring and welding + guide roller and
content in good crack resistance
equipment’s measurement and quantity; welding position; available welding equipments; joint repair pearlite buttering for buffer
weld metal or when good
and the necessary frequency of hardfacing; with its common welding processes as the layer.
machining ability is called
following : for.
(1) SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) :
Using stick electrode requires minimum tools, least consideration of welding location metal to To be used for metal to bulldozer y wheel,
and welding position. metal medium and small to large metal friction or sliding (no conveyor connecting
abrasion low alloy quantity of lubrication). Holds medium parts, shovel cutter
(2) Semi Auto Welding :
(sticky content martensite to high hardness and high edge, screw type
Using wire feeder, self shield or gas shield flux cored wire has comparable higher abrasion) wear resistance. conveyor.
deposition efciency than SMAW.
(3) Automatic Welding : Good resistance for metal bulldozer cutter edge,
medium
This requires more complicated welding equipment and pre-welding preparation, but metal to sand medium to sand impact and abra- shovel teeth, impact
alloy
due to its high deposition efciency, the productivity is greatly enhanced which can be abrasion carbonate sion. Contains sufcient hammer, sand agitator
contents
acquired through the methods below : (impact and content carbonate, able to resist blade, sieve, cement
(containing
(A) Neutral ux pairs up with alloyed wire (also commonly known as composite wire). wearing) alloyed type wearing at very low stress agitator , dredge cut-
carbonate)
condition. ter, agriculture shovel.
(B) Alloyed ux matches up with carbon steel wire.
(C) Using partial self-shield ux cored wire, ux may be used or not depending on the Good resistance for metal
need. sand blast nozzle,
to sand stone or rock crush-
coal crusher, crushing
ing or grinding; or use in
4. The polarity illustration : large quantity roller, auger, conveyor
severe severe metal surface wear
carbonate carbonate screw rod, crusher
DCEP ( DC+ ): Electrode positive or DC reverse polarity. abrasion condition. Normally used
alloy parts, agricultural
DCEN ( DC– ): Electrode negative or DC straight polarity. in environment with high
tools, shovel teeth,
press stress and medium to
hot ash elbow.
low impact characteristics.
metal to
heat exchanger n
metal of heat
blade, die tool, turbine
fatigue resis-
13% Cr Holds superior corrosion blade, heat resistant
tant abra- 13% Cr
series stain- resistance and heat fatigue valve gate, chemical
sion ( high martensite
less steel resistance characteristics. containers, equipment
temperature
and continuous
or corrosion
casting rollers.
condition)
D3 D4

Welding Notes
Products To obtain the ideal hardfacing result and minimize cracking, carefully select the proper
alloyed hardfacing ller metal and welding procedure is recommended; Pay attention to the
Hardness SMAW SAW (Submerged Abrasion category following additional points :
Flux Cored wire
HRC Electrode arc welding wire) 1. base metal preparation
Surface corrosive and impure material such as grease, dirt, etc. must be removed;
15 GH13M otherwise blow holes will most likely to occur. In addition, when the base metal has cracked
MXW MANG 1
HARDMANG 1 —
~
MXW MANG 3 already, the weld metal will continue to suffer cracks as well; thus, the defects on the base
50 HARDMANG 3 Rail coupler metal must be removed before welding.
2. Heat input and temperature control
15 GH300 In order to lessen cracking occurring, consult the following guidance :
MXW BU-O a. Pre-heat and inter pass temperature control
GH300R MXW K104-S
~
MXW BU-G
39 GH350R Buffer layers before This is one effective step to avoid cracking. The chart lists base metal’s carbon
hardfacing equivalent (Ceq) and the recommended preheat and inter pass temperature. During
actual welding, the work’s size, thickness, ller metal and welding process should be
GH450 MXW SUPER taken into consideration.
Welding Notes
35 MXW K107-S
GH450R BU-G
MXW K105-S
~
GH600 MXW BB-G Table 1 : base metal carbon equivalent and preheat & inter pass temperature reference value
54 MXW K102-S
GH600R MXW 102-G Crane wheel　Excavator
pre-heat and inter pass
Steel Type Carbon Equivalent
temperature
MXW D ≦0.3 ≦100°C
GH750
MXW DD-G >0.3 but ≦0.4 ≧100°C
GH900
MXW 969-G >0.4 but ≦0.5 ≧150°C
40 GH900W
MXW 969-O MXW R100 Carbon Steel >0.5 but ≦0.6 ≧200°C
HARD D
~
MXW M7-G MXW R101 >0.6 but ≦0.7 ≧250°C

64 HARD 31 Shovel Scraper
MXW R117 teeth cutter >0.7 but ≦0.8 ≧300°C
HARD 35
MXW R100 >0.8 ≧350°C
GH800
MXW R101
No need to pre-heat, but inter pass temperature must be
Mn Steel (13%Mn)
controlled below 260°C.
MXW R100 MXW R100 No need to pre-heat, inter pass temperature is below
Austenite Stainless Steel
HARD 35 MXW R101 MXW R101 150°C.
GH800 MXW R100D MXW R100D
High Alloy Steel
55 GH900Mn MXW R100SHD MXW R100SHD Above 400°C.
(high Chromium Carbide)
GH950Nb MXW 62-O MXW 62-O
~
68 GH950 MXW 63-O MXW 63-O Remark :

GH950C MXW 65-O MXW 65-O Crusher Coal 1. Ceq % = C + Mn / 6 + Si / 2 4 + Cr / 5 + Mo / 4 + Ni / 15.
wheel crusher 2. Post weld heat treatment is needed according to base metal alloy contents or carbon
GHCW MXW 66-O MXW 66-O
wheel
MXW 70-O MXW 70-O equivalent.
3. The 300 series’ austenite stainless steel not included in the high alloy steel section.
35 MXW K410NiMo-S
GH13Cr-4 GMX 410NiMo MXW K420-S b. Post heating after welding
~
55 MXW K423-S Recommending 300~350°C post heating immediately after welding and sustain 10-30
Valve disk minutes to avoid cracking. Do not over heating or might cause hardness decline.
D5 D6
c. Post Weld Heat Treatment

Post weld heat treatment of 550~750°C can effectively avoid cracking, less
deformation and improve weld metal characteristics. Make sure hardness criteria is
reasonable prior to post weld heat treatment.
3. Buffer layer
When base metal requires a layer of extreme hard high alloy content weld metal,
make sure to weld on a layer of lower alloy content buffer layer to avoid cracking.
4. Penetration
During hardfacing welding operation, the weld metal’s characteristics will be changed
according to the degree of penetration from ller and base metal’s mutual dilution. Usually
the filler metal’s chemical composition differs from the base metal; to achieve ideal
hardness and characteristics for the weld metal, use as often as possible multi-passes
technique in order to avoid high penetration and high dilution.
Welding Notes
5. Welding deformation
To decrease work piece’s deformation, use short bead, intermittent technique,
symmetric welding technique, or fasten the work piece into stationary position before
welding.
Hardfacing and Wear
Resistant SMAW Electrodes
D7
Hardfacing and Wear Resistant SMAW Electrode
Hardfacing and Wear Resistant SMAW Electrode

Welding Notes (SMAW Electrodes)
HARDMANG 1 —
1. During welding, the arc starting point should be 1~2 cm behind the welding start point. Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all-weld metal (wt%)
Once the arc starts, pull it back to the welding start point to begin welding to avoid ● Work hardening type covered
the occurrence of blow hole. This is known as the forehand & backhand arc starting C Si Mn Cr
electrode for austenite
technique. 0.79 0.58 14.18 2.92
manganese steel.
● High toughness weld metal to get
2. Use short arc technique to prevent permeation of N2 and O2 into the arc creating blow
fast hardening on high impact Typical hardness of weld metal
hole and alloy elements burning loss.
working condition.
As welded HRC After work hardening HRC
● Suitable for buildup and repair
3. If weaving is needed, the weaving width should not exceed 3 times the core wire
welding of Mn steel. 23 47
diameter.
● Welding of austenite Mn steel to
Mn steel. Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)

Welding Notes (SMAW Electrodes)
4. Consult the individual product notes for baking and cleaning requirement.
Diameter/
Applications: 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
length
● Suitable for repair welding
Flat position 50~80 100~140 140~190 180~230
of coned mining crusher,
hammering crusher, impactor ◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
bars, rail frogs and crossings. 2. Inter pass temperature ≦ 260°C while multiple
passes welding to avoid crack, not necessary
for preheat and post heat.
GH13M JIS Z 3251 DFMA-250B

HARDMANG 3 —
● Work hardening type covered ● Work hardening type covered
C Si Mn Cr C Si Mn Cr Ni
electrode for austenite electrodes for austenite
manganese steel. 0.31 0.20 12.85 0.1 manganese steel. 0.32 0.43 16.24 16.99 0.01
● High toughness weld metal. ● High toughness weld metal to get
● High impact resistance subjected Typical hardness of weld metal fast hardening on high impact Typical hardness of weld metal
to severe abrasion conditions. As Welded HRC After work hardening HRC
work condition. As welded HRC After work hardening HRC
● Welding of Mn steel to carbon
Applications: 19 42 steels. 21 46
●Suitable for welding of 13%
manganese steel ; repair welding Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) Applications: Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)
of crusher hammer, pliers and Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
●Suitable for repair welding Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
buckets; Build up repair of of coned mining crusher,
heavy machinery rail couplers Flat position 100~140 140~190 180~230 hammering crusher, impactor Flat position 100~140 140~190 180~230
subjected to severe impact. ◎ Note: 1. 200~250°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. bars, rail frogs and crossings. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Keep lower welding current to avoid overheating. 2. Inter pass temperature ≦ 260°C while multiple
3. Peening immediately after each welding bead passes welding to avoid crack, not necessary
nished. for preheat and post heat.
D9 D10
Metal to metal abrasion resistant
GH300 GH350R
Buffer layer and welding repairs
JIS Z 3251 DF2A-300B JIS Z 3251 DF2A-350R
● Weld metal typical hardness ● Weld metal typical hardness
approximately HRC31. approximately HRC35.
● High welding performance, low 0.07 0.46 0.99 1.71 0.23 ● High welding performance, low 0.11 0.37 0.86 2.37 0.63
spatter loss and good bead spatter loss and good bead
appearance. Typical hardness of weld metal appearance. Typical hardness of weld metal
● Good cutting workability. As welded HRC 950°C water quenching HRC ● Good cutting workability. As welded HRC layers
31 42.5 35.7 3
● Suitable for repairing welding on ● Suitable for hardfacing repair
Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A) Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)
1st buffer layer of gear, shaft, welding of machinery; carbon
bulldozer's roller/guide roller, rail Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 steel, cast iron and hardenable Diameter/
2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
and wheel, etc. alloy steel repair and fabrication length
Flat position 100~140 140~190 180~230
welding. Flat position 50~80 100~140 140~190 180~230
Vertical / overhead
90~120 120~170 —
position ◎ Note: 1. 100~120C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Keep short arc length while welding.
3.150C preheating temperature on base metal
2. Keep short arc length while welding.
before welding.
3.150C preheating temperature on base metal
before welding.
GH300R JIS Z 3251 DF2A-300R

GH450 JIS Z 3251 DF2A-450B
● Weld metal typical hardness ● Weld metal typical hardness
approximately HRC31. approximately HRC47.
● High welding performance, low 0.13 0.60 1.25 1.10 0.03 ● Martensite structure self- 0.27 0.88 1.09 2.36 0.22
spatter loss and good bead hardening weld metal.
appearance. Typical hardness of weld metal ● Good resistance to moderate
Typical hardness of weld metal
● Good cutting workability. As welded HRC 950°C quenching HRC impact and abrasion conditions. As welded HRC 600°CTempering HRC
31 42.5 46.6 36.5

● Suitable for repairing welding on ● Suitable for buildup, hardfacing
1st buffer layer of gear, shaft, and repair welding of metal to
bulldozer's roller/guide roller, rail Diameter/ metal abrasion worn out machine Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
and wheel, etc. length parts on quarry machine, Flat position 100~140 140~190 180~230
Flat position 50~80 100~140 140~190 180~230 bulldozer chain gear, shovel
bucket, caterpillar band, shovels ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
◎ Note: 1. 100~120C x 1 hr baking prior to use. 2. Keep short arc length while welding.
teeth, and cutters, etc.
2. Keep short arc length while welding. 3.Recommend to apply low hydrogen electrode
3.150C preheating temperature on base metal on buffer layer for high hardenability base metal
before welding. or multiple passes welding.
D11 D12

GH450R JIS Z 3251 DF2B-450R
GH600R JIS Z 3251 DF3B-600R
● Weld metal typical hardness ● Titanium oxide type covered
approximately HRC47. electrode, good for metal-to-
● High welding performance, less 0.35 0.26 0.62 3.50 0.52 metal abrasion resistance. 0.34 0.34 0.62 3.88 0.74
spatter loss and good bead ● High welding performance, less
appearance. Typical hardness of weld metal spatter loss and good bead Typical hardness of weld metal
● Martensite structure weld metal As welded HRC Tempering 600°C HRC appearance . As welded HRC Tempering 600°C HRC
to get good abrasion resistance. ● Weld metal typical hardness
47 36.3 55.7 44.5
approximately HRC55.
Applications: Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)
● Martensite structure weld metal
●Suitable for buildup, hardfacing to get good abrasion resistance.
and repair welding of metal to Diameter/ Diameter/
2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
metal abrasion worn out machine length Applications: length
parts on quarry machine, Flat position 50~80 100~140 140~190 180~230 ● Suitable for build up and repair Flat position 50~80 100~140 140~190 180~230
bulldozer chain gear, shovel welding of high wear resistance
◎ Note: 1. 100~120C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 100~120C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
bucket, caterpillar band, shovels and none-post machining
2. Keep short arc length while welding. 2. Surface dirt such as grease or rust on groove
teeth, and cutters, etc. required worn out machine parts side or repair area to be completely removed
3. Recommend to apply low hydrogen electrode
on buffer layer for high hardenability base metal on quarry machine, shovels before welding.
or multiple passes welding. teeth, crusher, fork lift, dredge,
stone agitator, pump blade,
screw conveyer, etc.
GH600 JIS Z 3251 DF3C-600B

● Martensite structure self-
C Si Mn Cr Mo
hardening weld metal.
● Weld metal typical hardness 0.74 0.89 1.24 5.17 0.02
approximately HRC55.
Applications: As welded HRC Tempering 600°C HRC
●Suitable for build up and repair
55.6 44.5
welding of high wear resistance
and none-post machining
required worn out machine parts
on quarry machine, shovels Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
teeth, crusher, fork lift, dredge, Flat position 100~140 140~190 180~230
stone agitator, pump blade,
screw conveyer, etc. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Surface dirt such as grease or rust on groove
side or repair area to be completely removed
before welding.
D13 D14
GH750 GH900W
Metal to sand abrasion resistant

JIS Z3251 DF3C-700B
—
● Weld metal typical hardness ● We l d m e t a l c o n t a i n s m a n y
C Si Mn Cr Mo Others C Si Mn W Cr Mo
approximately HRC60, less different alloy elements such as
impact toughness than GH450. 0.74 1.53 1.08 5.15 0.03 ≦2.0 Cr, W, Mo to get high hardness 0.65 0.46 0.58 8.86 7.60 2.56
● Not required for post heat carbide structure.
treatment. Typical hardness of weld metal ● High hardness, good wear and Typical hardness of weld metal
● Easy slag removal and less As welded HRC layers impact resistance. As welded HRC layers
spatter loss. ● Martensite structure weld metal.
60.4 3 60 2
●Suitable for build up and repair ● Suitable for hardfacing repair
welding of none-post machining Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 welding of alloy steels, press Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
required worn out machine dies.
Flat/ position 100~140 140~190 180~230 Flat/ position 100~140 140~190 180~230
parts on quarry scraper shovel ● Repair welding of tool steels.
teeth, bulldozer and agricultural ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 200~250C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
machinery, etc. 2. Recommend preheat or post heat to reduce 2. Max. 2 layers.
residual stress for welding high hardness and 3. Min. preheat 250C to reduce cooling rate for
brittleness Martensite base metal. avoiding crack.
GH900 JIS Z 3251 DF5A-700B

HARD D —
● We l d m e t a l c o n t a i n s m a n y ● Less spatter loss, few slag and
C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo W C Si Mn Cr Mo + Others
different alloy elements to get high welding performance.
high hardness carbide structure. 0.90 0.80 0.45 0.03 4.85 7.81 1.99 ● Suitable for all positions. 2.33 1.23 0.54 4.05 2.0
● High hardness over all weld ● Chromium carbide and Chromium
metal surface, less impact Typical hardness of weld metal boride contained in weld metal Typical hardness of weld metal
toughness than GH900W; No As welded HRC layers to get even hardness and good As welded HRC layers
post heat treatment required, wear resistance at elevated high
61 2 60 3
good wear and crack resistance. temperature condition.
● Suitable for repair welding of high Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 ● Suitable for metal-to-hard soil Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
speed steel tools and cutters. Flat/ position 90~140 140~190 180~230 abrasion worn out machine parts Flat/ position 100~140 140~190 180~230
such as propeller blade and
◎ Note: 1.300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use. agitator blade. ◎ Note: 1. 100~160C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Recommend preheat or post heat to reduce 2. Max. 3 layers.
residual stress for welding high hardness and 3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling
brittleness Martensite base metal. damage between base and weld metal.
D15 D16
HARD 31 HARD 35
— —
Severe Abrasion resistant

● Covered electrode, chromium ● Covered electrode, chromium
C Si Mn Cr Mo C Si Mn Cr
carbide precipitation in austenite carbide precipitation in austenite
weld metal. 2.40 0.60 0.60 27.3 1.3 weld metal. 3.40 1.00 0.30 32.0
● Weld metal contains special alloy ● High welding performance and
elements to get good corrosion Typical hardness of weld metal less spatter loss Typical hardness of weld metal
and elevated high temperature Carbon steel HRC Manganese steel HRC layers ● Good bead appearance, very low Carbon steel HRC Manganese steel HRC layers
abrasion resistance. friction coefcient in weld metal
47 45.5 3 59 56 2
● Good bead appearance, very low surface.
friction coefcient in weld metal Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)
● Good for moderate impact and
surface. severe wear condition.
● Good for moderate impact and Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
severe wear condition. Applications:
● Suitable for hardfacing repair
Applications: ◎ Note: 1. 250~300C x 1 hr baking prior to use. welding of worn out machine ◎ Note: 1.250~300C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Max. 3 layers. 2.Max. 2 layers.
●Suitable for hardfacing repair parts subjected to heavy
3.Good for welding on carbon steel, low alloy
welding of agitator blade, abrasion and moderate impact
steel and manganese steel base metal.
metallic sieve, shovels teeth and conditions such as impactor,
4. Abrasion resistant temperature ≦500°C.
agricultural tools, etc. screw rod, wheel wing parts , drill
bit, bulldozer, agitator blade etc.
GH800 —

● Carbon and chromium as major
C Si Mn Cr
elements.
● Chromium carbides precipitation 3.4 0.90 1.00 33
in weld metal to get high hardness
and good wear resistance. Typical hardness of weld metal
As welded HRC layers

Applications:
60 2
● Suitable for machine parts
subjected to heavy metal-to-soil Size (mm) & recommended welding parameters(A)

abrasion and moderate impact
conditions. Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Flat/ position 100~140 140~190 180~230

2. Max. 2 layers.
3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling
damage between base and weld metal.
D17 D18
GH900Mn JIS Z 3251 DFCrA
GH950 —

● Carbon and chromium as major ● High chromium carbide
C Si Mn Cr Mo Nb W V C Si Mn Cr
elements. precipitation type covered
● We l d m e t a l c o n t a i n s m a n y 5.6 0.9 1.13 23.8 5.8 5.5 2.0 1.2 electrode. 4.50 1.20 1.20 31.0
different alloy elements such as ● High hardness and good wear
Nb,V,Mo,W to get high hardness Typical hardness of weld metal resistance. Typical hardness of weld metal
carbide structure. As welded HRC layers ● Wear resistance at elevated high
As welded HRC layers
● Wear resistance at elevated high temperature ≦ 500°C.
63 2 60 2
temperature ≦ 816°C.
● Good corrosion and oxidation Applications:
resistance at elevated high ● Suitable for repair welding of
temperature. Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 heavy metal-to-sand worn out Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
machine parts.
Applications:
● Suitable for hardfacing repair ◎ Note: 1. 200~250C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 200~250C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
welding of blast spray nozzle and 2. Max. 2 layers. 2. Max. 2 layers.
3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling 3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling
agitator blade.
damage between base and weld metal. damage between base and weld metal.
GH950Nb —
GH950C —
● Carbide precipitation type C Si Mn Cr Nb
● High welding performance, less C Si Mn Cr Others
covered electrode, C, Cr, Nb as spatter loss and low dilution ratio.
major elements. 5.7 1.1 0.90 25.0 7.0 ● Large quantity of chromium 5.9 1.10 1.10 33.2 ≦2.0
● Wear resistance at elevated high carbide contained in weld metal.
temperature ≦ 650°C. Typical hardness of weld metal ● Wear resistance at elevated high
● Good for repair welding of As welded HRC layers temperature ≦ 600°C. As welded HRC layers
workpiece subjected to low stress ● Good for severe metal to sand
63 2 61 2
and severe wear condition. abrasion condition.
● Good for impact wear and
Applications: corrosion resistance.
● Suitable for repair welding Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
of wear resistant plates, coal Flat/ position 100~140 140~190 180~230 Applications: Flat/ position 100~140 140~190 180~230
crusher wheel, slag crusher axle ● Suitable for surface repair
tube and breaker, etc. ◎ Note: 1. 200~250C x 1 hr baking prior to use. welding of blast spray nozzle and ◎ Note: 1. 200~250C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Max. 2 layers. agitator blade. 2. Max. 2 layers.
3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling 3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling
damage between base and weld metal. damage between base and weld metal.
D19 D20
High temperature fatigue and corrosion resistant
GHCW —
GH13Cr-4 —
● High Tungsten carbide ● Weld metal contains
C Si Mn W C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
precipitation type covered approximately 13%Cr and
electrode. 4.1 1.85 0.6 42.0 adequate Ni, Mo alloy elements. 0.15 0.60 0.20 4.30 13.0 0.90
● High weld metal hardness to get ● Good impact toughness and
very good wear resistance. Typical hardness of weld metal good heat, corrosion and crack Typical hardness of weld metal
● High welding performance, less As welded HRC layers resistance. As welded HRC layers
spatter loss and low dilution ratio.
65 2 44 3
Applications:
● Suitable for welding of heat
●Suitable for repair welding of exchanger fin blades, dies,
heavy worn out machine parts Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450 watermill blades and various Diameter/ length 3.2/350 4.0/350 5.0/350
such as shovel teeth, drill bit, caster guide roller, etc.
scraper cutter and agitator screw
blades, etc. ◎ Note: 1. 200~250C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 300~350C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Max. 2 layers. 2. Max. 3 layers.
3.Typical stress crack occurred to prevent peeling 3. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for
damage between base and weld metal. preheat and inter pass temperature control.
4. Min.150C preheat on base metal before
welding.
D21 D22
Flux Cored Wire & Submerged arc welding wire
Welding Notes (Flux Cored Wire and SAW Composite Wire)
1. Use DC Electrode Positive (DCEP, DC+, DC Reverse Polarity).
2. Suitable shielding gas and ow rate : see below

shielding gas type shielding gas ow rate L/min
CO2 or 5~20%CO2 + Ar 20~25
none —
3. Recommended welding parameters (Self shield & gas shield ux cored wire)
wire diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.4mm 2.8mm
polarity DC+ DC+ DC+ DC+
welding current 150~250 175~350 200~400 230~450
Welding Notes
welding voltage 24~30 26~32 30~35 32~38
15~25mm 15~25mm 25~40mm 25~45mm
wire extension
gas shielded self shielded
Hardfacing and Wear Note: Consult individual product notes for details.
Resistant Flux Cored Wire

4. Welding parameters and related characteristics :
Description
deposition rate↑
wire feed speed (current-Amp)
penetration depth↑
↑increase
heat input↑
bead width↑
welding voltage (V)
surface atness↑
↑increase
blow hole↑
fusion rate↑
Wire extension
weld spatter↑
↑increase
blow hole↑
5. Recommended welding parameters ( for SAW)

wire diameter 2.8mm 3.2mm
polarity DC+ DC+
welding current (A) 280~350 320~400
welding voltage (V) 28~32 30~36
wire extension (mm) 20~35 25~40
ux neutral type ux neutral type ux
D24
Strong impact and abrasion resistant
Strong impact and abrasion resistant

MXW MANG 1 —
MXW MANG 3 —

● Work hardening type flux cored arc ●Suitable for repair welding of coned ● Work hardening type flux cored arc ●Suitable for repair welding of coned mining
welding wire, austenite structure weld mining crusher, hammering crusher, welding wire, more Cr carbide content in crusher, hammering crusher, impactor
metal. impactor bars, rail frogs and crossings. austenite structure matrix than MANG1. bars, rail frogs and crossings.
● Suitable for buildup and repair welding of ● Suitable for buildup and repair welding of
Mn steel. Mn steel.
● High toughness weld metal to get very ● High toughness weld metal to get very
fast hardening on high impact working fast hardening on high impact condition.
condition.
C Si Mn Cr Ni C Si Mn Cr Ni
0.8 0.3 14.0 3.0 0.5 0.29 0.15 17.3 16.9 0.8
Typical characteristics of weld metal Typical characteristics of weld metal
Hard Hardness HRC Hard Hardness HRC

Tensile Yield Tensile Yield
Abrasion Impact Flame Welding facing Elongation Abrasion Impact Flame Welding facing Elongation
machining Strength Strength machining Strength Strength
Resistance Resistance Cutting layer stress % As work Resistance Resistance Cutting layer stress % As work
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
crack Welded hardening crack Welded hardening
Not 2 or Not 2 or
normal high no good Non 844 562 32 20 52 normal high no good yes 834 565 40 20 53
Available more Available more
Size & recommended welding parameters Size & recommended welding parameters
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm
Ampere 170~230 250~300 Ampere 170~230 250~300
Voltage 24~30 26~32 Voltage 24~30 26~32
Wire extension 15~30mm 20~35mm Wire extension 15~30mm 20~35mm
Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Self Shield (no gas shield ) /
Shielding Gas Shielding Gas
CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control ◎ Note: 1. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control
while multiple passes welding. while multiple passes welding.
2. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test. 2. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test.
D25 D26
MXW BU-O MXW BU-G

— —

● Self or gas shield hardfacing flux cored ●Suitable for repair welding of worn out ● Gas shield hardfacing flux cored arc ●Suitable for repair welding of worn out
arc welding wire. machine parts such as gear transmitter, welding wire. machine parts such as gear transmitter,
● Good for impact and mild abrasion shaft, pump, wheel shaft, coupler and ● Good for impact and mild abrasion shaft, pump, wheel shaft, coupler and
resistances. rails, etc. resistances. rails, etc.
● High welding performance, suitable for ● High welding performance, suitable for all
at position. positions.

● Available for buffer layer. ● Available for buffer layer.
0.08 0.19 0.98 0.77 0.16 0.10 0.50 1.20 1.2 0.30

Adhesive Adhesive
Abrasion Impact Machining Hard facing Hardness Abrasion Impact Machining Hard facing Hardness
Abrasion Welding layer Abrasion Welding layer
Resistance Resistance Ability stress crack HRC Resistance Resistance Ability stress crack HRC
Resistance Resistance
Poor Excellent Good Easy 2 or more Non 29.4 Inferior Excellent Good Easy 2 or more Non 24
Ampere 150~250 175~350 Ampere 150~250 175~350
Voltage 22~26 24~28 Voltage 22~26 24~28
Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Shield Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas
Shield Gas
CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control while multiple passes welding.
while multiple passes welding. 2. All values listed on table obtained from CO2 gas shielded welding test.
2. All values listed on table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test.
D27 D28
MXW K104-S MXW SUPER BU-G
— —

● Submerged arc welding wire to combine ● Repair welding for buffer layer of fly ● Gas shield hardfacing flux cored arc ●Suitable for repair welding of worn out
with neutral flux, low carbon, low alloy wheel (idler) and rollers. welding wire. machine parts such as gear transmitter,
content martensite structure weld metal. ● Hardfacing repair welding of tract rails, ● Good for severe impact and mild abrasion shaft, pump, wheel shaft, bulldozer, etc.
● Easy slag removal. link, journal, chain link, etc. resistance.
● Available for overlay rst buffer layer. ● High welding performance, suitable for all
● Good for impact and elastic fatigue positions.

resistance. ● Available for workpiece subjected to high
● Good for repair welding of workpiece compression stress.

subjected to low abrasion and high
impact condition.
C Si Mn Cr C Si Mn Cr Mo
0.08 0.60 1.8 1.1 0.12 0.44 1.68 1.26 0.30
Abrasion Hard facing stress Adhesive

Impact Resistance Machining Hardness HRC Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness
Resistance crack Abrasion Machining Welding layer
Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC
Resistance
Excellent, available
Inferior Excellent Non 24
for ame cutting Low Good Good Easy 2 or more Non 34
Size & recommended welding parameters

Polarity DC+ DC+
Polarity DC+ DC+
Ampere 280~350 320~400
Ampere 150~250 175~350
Voltage 28~32 30~36
Voltage 22~26 24~28
Wire extension 20~35mm 25~40mm
Flux Neutral Flux Neutral Flux
Shield Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas
◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
while multiple passes welding.
2. All values listed on table obtained from CO2 gas shielded welding test.
D29 D30

MXW BB-G —
MXW 102-G —

● Gas shield hardfacing flux cored arc ●Suitable for repair welding of worn out ● Gas shield flux cored wire for repair ● Suitable for repair welding of worn
welding wire. machine parts such as gear transmitter, welding of hot work tool steel. out machine parts subjected to high
● Good for severe impact and mild abrasion fly wheel, chain block, shaft, caterpillar ● Good for high stress abrasion, heat fatigue compression stress, high impact and
resistance. band, bog bucket, chain link, shovel and and sluggish abrasion resistance. moderate abrasion condition and repair
● High welding performance, suitable for all cutting tools, etc. welding of tool steel.
positions. ● Hardfacing repair welding on carbon and
● Available for workpiece subjected to high low alloy steel machine parts.
compression stress. ● Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of
tractors, overhead crane rollers, gears,

crane y wheels and various rollers, etc.
C Si Mn Cr Mo C Si Mn Cr Mo W V
0.20 0.54 1.18 2.09 0.53 0.29 0.39 1.76 6.8 1.3 1.28 0.2

Adhesive
Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness Abrasion Impact Hard facing
Abrasion Machining Welding layer Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC
Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC Resistance Resistance stress crack
Resistance
Low Good Excellent Easy 3 Non 44 Medium Good Medium 3 Non 52
Ampere 150~250 175~350 Ampere 150~250 175~350
Voltage 22~26 24~28 Voltage 22~26 24~28
Shield Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas Shield Gas 80%Ar + 20%CO2 80%Ar + 20%CO2
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control ◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
2. All values listed on table obtained from CO2 gas shielded welding test.
D31 D32

MXW K102-S —
MXW K105-S —

● Martensite type hardfacing submerged ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of ● Low alloy elements contained submerged ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of
arc welding wire for repair welding of tractors, overhead crane rollers, gears, arc welding wire. tractors, overhead crane rollers, gears,
alloy hot work tool steels. crane y wheels and various rollers, etc. ● Combined with neutral ux. crane y wheels and various rollers, etc.
● Combined with neutral ux. ● Available for workpiece subjected to
● Available for workpiece subjected to metal-to-metal abrasion.

high stress, high impact and moderate ● Easy slag removal.
abrasion condition.
● Easy slag removal.
C Si Mn Cr Mo W V C Si Mn Cr Mo V
0.3 1.2 1.2 6.8 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.20 0.7 2.6 2.8 0.6 0.2
Abrasion Hard facing stress

Abrasion Impact Hard facing Impact Resistance Welding layer Hardness HRC
Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC Resistance crack
Resistance Resistance stress crack
Medium low Good 3 Non 45

Medium Good Medium 3 Non 50
Ampere 280~350 320~400 Ampere 280~350 320~400
Voltage 28~32 30~36 Voltage 28~32 30~36
Flux Neutral Flux Neutral Flux Flux Neutral Flux Neutral Flux
◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control. ◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
D33 D34
MXW K107-S MXW DD-G

— —

● Martensite structure type hardfacing ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of ● High welding performance for all positions. ●Suitable for pump axle sleeve, cement
submerged arc welding wire for repair worn out machine parts such as gears, ● Good for impact and abrasion resistance. agitator, scouring cutter, digging knife
welding of alloy hot work tool steels. cutter, dies, tools and various rollers, etc. ● Available for workpiece subjected to top parts and agitating auger blades and
● Easy slag removal. metal-to-metal or metal-to-soil abrasion. agricultural shovel, etc.
● Available for workpiece subjected to high
stress, high impact and mild abrasion

condition.
0.14 0.4 1.8 2.2 0.3 0.56 0.56 1.42 5.6 0.25

Adhesive
Abrasion Impact Hard facing Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness
Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC Abrasion Machining Welding layer
Resistance Resistance stress crack Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC
Resistance
Low Good Medium � Non 39 Good Good Good Grind only 3 Non 57
Ampere 280~350 320~400 Ampere 150~250 175~350
Voltage 28~32 30~36 Voltage 22~26 24~28
Flux Neutral Flux Neutral Flux Shield Gas CO2 CO2
◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control. ◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control
D35 D36
MXW 969-G MXW 969-O

— —

● Self-hardening martensite structure weld ●Suitable for pump axle sleeve, cement ● Self-hardening martensite structure weld ●Suitable for pump axle sleeve, cement
metal. agitator, scouring cutter, digging knife metal. agitator, scouring cutter, digging knife top
● Good for high stress abrasion, heat fatigue top parts and agitating auger blades and ● Self shield type hardfacing flux cored parts and agitating auger blades, etc.
and sluggish abrasion resistance. agricultural shovel, etc. wire.
● Available for workpiece subjected to ● Good for high stress abrasion, heat fatigue
metal-to-metal or metal-to-soil abrasion. and sluggish abrasion resistance.

● Available for workpiece subjected to
metal-to-metal or metal-to-soil abrasion.
0.6 1.5 1.6 6.6 0.7 0.5 0.24 1.43 6.4 0.59
Abrasion Hard facing stress Abrasion Hard facing stress

Impact Resistance Welding layer Hardness HRC Impact Resistance Welding layer Hardness HRC
Resistance crack Resistance crack
Good Good 3 Non 55 Good Good 3 Non 56
Diameter 0.9mm 1.2mm 1.6mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.4mm
Ampere 100~200 150~250 175~350 Ampere 150~250 175~300 200~380
Voltage 18~22 22~26 24~28 Voltage 22~30 24~32 30~35
Wire extension 10~20mm 15~25mm 15~25mm Wire extension 20~30mm 20~35mm 25~40mm
Shield Gas 80%Ar + 20%CO2 80%Ar + 20%CO2 80%Ar + 20%CO2 Shield Gas No need No need No need
D37 D38
MXW M7-G MXW D

— —

● Weld metal composition similar to high ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of ● Self or gas shield type harfacing ux ● Petroleum industry: oil rig tools, tool
speed tool steel. dies, cutters, scraper, drill parts, mill roller, cored arc welding wire. connectors and drill collars.
● High hardening tendency, good for extruding screw and agriculture tools, etc. ● Good for moderate impact and wear ● Agriculture industry: scrapers, plows,
impact abrasion and high stress severe resistance. hammers.

wear condition. ● Available for workpiece subjected to ● Coal mining industry: drill stems, collars
● Wear resistance at elevated high metal-to-metal or metal-to-soil abrasion. augers, hammer crushers, roll crusher,
temperature ≦ 540°C. ● High welding performance, available for shovel buckets and shovel teeth, etc.
● Martensite structure weld metal contains all positions. ● ceramic industry: augers, feeder shoes,
many different kinds of micro carbide. clay machine paddles and conveyor
● Repair welding of workpiece subjected to screw rod.
high stress condition. ● Architecture: asphalt mixer, paddles,
shovel buckets, shovel teeth and similar

parts.
C Si Mn Cr Mo V W C Si Mn Cr Mo others
0.95 0.73 0.42 4.08 8.43 0.90 1.94 2.0 1.0 0.2 8.0 0.4 0.6

Adhesive Adhesive
Abrasion Impact Abrasion Impact Hard facing
Abrasion Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC Abrasion Welding layer Hardness HRC
Resistance Resistance Resistance Resistance stress crack
Resistance Resistance
Good Good Excellent Grind only 3 62 Excellent Medium Grind Only 3 Yes 64
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm Diameter 0.9mm 1.2mm 1.6mm
Polarity DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+
Ampere 150~250 175~350 Ampere 100~200 150~250 175~350
Voltage 22~26 24~30 Voltage 20~26 24~30 26~32
Wire extension 15~25mm 15~25mm Wire extension 12~20mm 15~30mm 20~35mm
Shield Gas 80%Ar + 20%CO2 80%Ar + 20%CO2 Self Shield / Self Shield / Self Shield /
Shield Gas
CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas
◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
2. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test.
D39 D40
MXW R117 MXW R100
— —
Severe abrasion resistant

● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ●Suitable for repair welding of worn out ● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of
cored arc welding wire. machine parts such as coned crusher cored arc welding wire. coal crushers, crusher rollers, agricultural,
● Good for impact and abrasion resistance. receivers, mantles, hammer crusher, ● High carbon and chromium content in shovel teeth, augers, hot ash elbows and
● Small stress relieve crack on weld metal cane knifes and crusher rollers, etc. weld metal. ventilator screw impellers, etc.
surface. ● Good for mild to moderate impact severe
abrasion resistance.
● Wear resistance at elevated high
2.3 1.2 1.4 9.6 1.2 4.8 1.5 1.5 26.5 1.0

High
Abrasion Resistance Impact Resistance Welding layer Hardness HRC Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness
Temperature Machining Welding layer
Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC
Abrasion
Excellent Excellent 3 45 Low to
Excellent 600°C Grind only 2 Yes 60
Medium

Diameter 1.6mm 2.4mm 2.8mm
Polarity DC+ DC+
Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+
Ampere 150~250 175~350
Ampere 200~350 230~380 300~450
Voltage 24~30 26~32
Voltage 26~32 30~35 32~38
Wire extension 20~30mm 20~35mm 25~45mm
Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Self Shield (no gas shield ) /
Shield Gas
CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas Self Shield / Self Shield /
Shield Gas Self Shield
2. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test. ◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length
10~15mm to avoid peeling damage between base and weld metal.
2. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
D41 D42
MXW R101 —
MXW R100D —

● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ●Suitable for repair welding of worn out ● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of
cored arc welding wire. machine parts such as shove teeth, cored arc welding wire. coal crushers, crusher rollers, agricultural
● High carbon and chromium content in blades, split saw handle, scraper side ● High carbon and chromium content in tools, shovel teeth, augers, hot ash
weld metal. cutters, cutters, shovel bucket insides weld metal. elbows and ventilator screw impellers, etc.
● Good for mild to moderate impact severe and lips, agricultural tools, conveyor ● Good for mild to moderate impact severe
abrasion resistance. screw rods, augers and wood drills, etc. abrasion resistance .
● Wear resistance at elevated high ● Wear resistance at elevated high
temperature ≦ 600°C. temperature ≦ 600°C.
C Si Mn Cr Others C Si Mn Cr Mo
5.11 1.26 0.83 19.41 0.3 5.5 0.64 0.85 27.3 0.04

High High
Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness
Temperature Machining Welding layer Temperature Machining Welding layer
Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC
wear wear
Low to
Excellent 600°C Grind only 2 Yes 61 Excellent Low 600°C Grind only 2 Yes 61
Medium
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.8mm
Polarity DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+
Ampere 150~250 175~350 Ampere 150~250 175~350 300~450
Voltage 24~30 26~32 Voltage 24~30 26~32 32~38
Wire extension 20~25mm 20~30mm Wire extension 20~25mm 20~30mm 25~45mm
Self Shield (no gas shield ) / Self Shield (no gas shield ) /
Shield Gas Self Shield / Self Shield /
CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas Shield Gas Self Shield
◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead technique, stress crack length 10~15mm to avoid peeling
damage between base and weld metal. ◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length
2. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control. 10~15mm to avoid peeling damage between base and weld metal.
3. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test. 2. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
D43 D44
MXW R100SHD —
MXW 62-O —

● Self shield type hardfacing ux cored arc ●Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of ● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ● Suitable for hardfacing repair welding of
welding wire. coal crushers, crusher rollers, agricultural cored arc welding wire. coal crushers, crusher rollers, agricultural
● High carbon and chromium content in tools, shovel teeth, augers, hot ash elbow, ● High carbon and chromium content in weld tools, shovel teeth, augers, fork lift and
weld metal. fork lift and ventilator screw impellers, etc. metal. ventilator screw impellers, etc.
● Good for mild to moderate impact severe ● Wear resistance at elevated high
abrasion resistance. temperature ≦ 600°C.

● We a r r e s i s t a n c e a t e l e v a t e d h i g h ● Big volume of carbides spread evenly over
temperature ≦ 600°C. all weld metal to get very good abrasion

resistance.
C Si Mn Cr C Si Mn Cr Mo V
5.2 1.0 1.48 36.0 5.5 1.0 1.8 23.0 1.2 3.5

High
Abrasion Impact Hard facing Hardness Abrasion Impact Hard facing
Temperature Machining Welding layer Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC
Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC Resistance Resistance stress crack
wear
Excellent Low 600°C Grind only 2 Yes 62 Excellent Low Yes Grind only 2 62
Diameter 2.8mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.8mm
Polarity DC+ Polarity DC+ DC+ DC+
Ampere 300~450 Ampere 150~250 175~350 300~450
Voltage 32~38 Voltage 24~30 26~32 32~38
Wire extension 25~45mm Wire extension 20~25mm 20~30mm 25~40mm

Self Shield / Self Shield /
◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead technique, stress crack length 10~15mm to avoid peeling
damage between base and weld metal.
2. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control. ◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length
D45 D46
MXW 63-O —
MXW 65-O —

● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ● Steel industry: sinter claw breakers, sieve ● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ● Steel industry: sinter claw breakers, sieve
cored arc welding wire. rakes and hot ash elbows. cored arc welding wire. rakes and hot ash elbows.
● Good for elevated high temperature ● Cement industry: screw rod, coned ● Big volume of carbides spread evenly ● Cement industry: screw rod, coned
abrasion, low stress severe abrasion and sintering rollers and high temperature over all weld metal to get very good sintering rollers and high temperature
corrosion resistance. furnace machine parts. hardening effect. furnace machine parts.
● Big volume of carbides spread evenly ● Mining industry: mud delivery pipe, ● Good for elevated high temperature ● Mining industry: mud delivery pipe, basket
over all weld metal to get better abrasion basket shovel teeth and excavator. abrasion, low stress severe abrasion and shovel teeth and excavator.
resistance than 62-O. good corrosion resistance.
● Wear resistance at elevated high ● Wear resistance at elevated high
temperature ≦ 816°C. temperature ≦ 650°C.

C Si Mn Cr Mo Nb W V C Si Mn Cr Nb
5.2 0.55 0.93 19.22 5.20 5.2 2.0 1.10 5.2 1.2 1.8 23.5 6.7
Abrasion Impact Hard facing Abrasion Impact Hard facing

Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC
Resistance Resistance stress crack Resistance Resistance stress crack
Excellent Low Yes Grind only 2 64 ≦ 650C Low Yes Grind only 2 63
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.8mm Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm 2.8mm
Ampere 150~250 175~350 300~450 Ampere 150~250 175~350 300~450
Voltage 24~30 26~32 32~38 Voltage 24~30 26~32 32~38
Wire extension 20~25mm 20~30mm 25~40mm Wire extension 20~25mm 20~30mm 25~40mm
Self Shield / Self Shield / Self Shield / Self Shield /

Shield Gas Self Shield Shield Gas Self Shield
CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas
◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length ◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length
10~15mm to avoid peeling damage between base and weld metal. 10~15mm to avoid peeling damage between base and weld metal.
2. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control. 2. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
3. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test. 3. All values listed on the table obtained from non-gas shielded welding test.
D47 D48
MXW 66-O —
MXW 70-O —

● Self or gas shield type hardfacing flux ● Steel industry: sinter claw breakers, sieve ● Self shield type hardfacing ux cored arc ● Steel industry: sinter claw breakers, sieve
cored arc welding wire. rakes and hot ash elbows. welding wire. rakes and hot ash elbows.
● Chromium carbide and very high V ● Cement industry: screw rod, coned ● Big volume of carbides spread evenly over ● Cement industry: screw rod, coned
element contained to form a big volume of sintering rollers and high temperature all weld metal to get very good hardening sintering rollers and high temperature
micro vanadium carbide in weld metal to furnace machine parts. effect. furnace machine parts.
get very good metal-to-hard soil abrasion ● Mining industry: mud delivery pipe, basket ● Good for elevated high temperature ● Mining industry: mud delivery pipe, basket
resistance. shovel teeth and excavator. abrasion, low stress severe abrasion and shovel teeth and excavator.
● Good for elevated high temperature good corrosion resistance.
abrasion, low stress severe abrasion and ● Wear resistance at elevated high
good corrosion resistance temperature ≦ 650°C.

● Wear resistance at elevated high
C Si Mn Cr V C Si Mn Cr Nb V other
5.5 1.0 1.5 21.0 10.2 5.5 0.5 0.8 11.2 6.6 6.2 < 3.0
High Temperature Impact Hard facing stress Hardness High Temperature Impact Hard facing stress
Machining Welding layer Welding layer Hardness HRC
Abrasion Resistance Resistance crack HRC Abrasion Resistance Resistance crack
≦ 600C Low Yes 2 65

≦ 600C Low Yes Grind only 2 63
Diameter 2.8mm Diameter 2.8mm
Polarity DC+ Polarity DC+
Ampere 300~450 Ampere 300~450
Voltage 32~38 Voltage 32~38
Wire extension 25~40mm Wire extension 25~40mm
Shield Gas Self Shield Shield Gas Self Shield
◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length
◎ Note: 1. Recommend string bead and vertical downward technique, stress crack length
D49 D50

GMX410NiMo AWS A5.22 E410NiMoT1-1
JIS Z 3323 TS410NiMo-FC1
MXW K410NiMo-S —

● Gas shield type hardfacing ux cored arc ● Hardfacing repair welding of caster guide ● Composite type hardfacing submerged ●Hardfacing repair welding of steel mill
welding wire. roller. arc welding wire, martensitic structure roller, heat resistant valve seat and turbine
● Martensite structure weld metal. ● Build-up repair for various guide rollers. weld metal. blade.
● Good crack resistance, high compressive ● Combined with neutral ux.
abrasion resistance and good thermal ● Good for crack resistance and easy slag
fatigue resistance. removal.

● Good thermal fatigue, corrosion and
abrasion resistance.
0.04 0.40 0.50 4.4 11.8 0.6 0.04 0.5 1.0 4.1 12.5 0.55

Tensile
Abrasion Thermal fatigue Crack Elongation Hardness HRC Abrasion Thermal fatigue Hard facing
Strength Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC
Resistance Resistance Resistance % (As Welded) Resistance Resistance stress crack
N / mm2
Tungsten Carbide
Excellent Excellent Excellent 923 18 42 Excellent Good 3 Non 43
tools available
Diameter 1.2mm 1.6mm Diameter 3.2mm
Polarity DC+ DC+ Polarity DC+
Ampere 150~250 200~300 Ampere 320~400
Voltage 22~28 24~30 Voltage 30~36
Wire extension 15~25mm 15~25mm Wire extension 25~40mm
Shield Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas CO2 or Mixed Gas Flux Neutral Flux
◎ Note: 1. Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature ◎ Note: Refer to page D6 welding notes (table 1) for preheat and inter pass temperature control.
control.
2. All values listed on the table obtained from CO2 shielding gas for welding test.
D51 D52

MXW K420-S —
MXW K423-S —

● Composite type hardfacing submerged ●Hardfacing repair welding of steel mill ● Composite type hardfacing submerged ●Hardfacing repair welding of steel mill
arc welding wire, martensite structure roller and y wheel. arc welding wire, martensite structure roller, heat resistant valve seat and turbine
weld metal. weld metal. blade.
● Combined with neutral ux. ● Combined with neutral ux.
● Good thermal fatigue, corrosion and ● Good thermal fatigue, corrosion and
abrasion resistance. abrasion resistance.

● Adequate alloy elements contained in
weld metal to improve crack and abrasion

resistance.
C Si Mn Cr C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo
0.18 0.50 1.2 12.8 0.11 0.40 1.1 2.3 13.5 1.2
Abrasion Thermal fatigue Hard facing Abrasion Thermal fatigue Hard facing Hardness
Machining Welding layer Hardness HRC Machining Welding layer
Resistance Resistance stress crack Resistance Resistance stress crack HRC
Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide

Good Excellent 3 Non 50 Good Good 3 Non 45
tools can be used tools can be used
Diameter 3.2mm Diameter 3.2mm
Polarity DC+ Polarity DC+
Ampere 320~400 Ampere 320~400
Voltage 30~36 Voltage 30~36
Wire extension 25~40mm Wire extension 25~40mm
Flux Neutral Flux Flux Neutral Flux
D53 D54
The categorization of Nickel and Nickel base alloy depends on the alloy’s main
elemental contents of Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe and Mo. The most common ones are Ni, Ni-Cu, Ni-
Mo, Ni-Cr-Fe, Ni-Cr-Mo, Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu, Ni-Fe-Cr, and other alloys. Pure Nickel contains
Nickel Base Alloy

very low amount of other alloys, which is categorized using 200 numeric series; Ni-Cu is
Monel alloy which is categorized as 400 numeric series; among Ni-Cr-Fe alloy series, if Ni
element is higher, then it is under 600 series’ Inconel alloy; if Fe is dominant, then it is of
800 series’ Incoloy alloy; as for Ni-Mo (Fe) and Ni-Cu-Mo (W, Cu), they belong to Hastelloy’
s alloy category.
Note: Our company’s main product is Nickel Base Alloy based; so except for the above
material characteristic introduction, other instructions only use the phrase “Nickel
base.”

There are three main differences when comparing Nickel Base Alloy welding with the
common carbon steel welding as listed below :
a. Welding area cleaning requirements :
The surface of High Nickel alloy when exposed to atmosphere will easily produce
Nickel oxide lm. Commercial grade pure Nickel’s melting point is at 1446C, but Nickel
Oxide’s melting point reaches 2090°C; and thus during welding it will not melt with the
original non-oxidized metal, unlike carbon steel with Fe oxide. When welding high Nickel
Nickel Base Alloy alloy, while the base metal has melted, this oxide is still in solid state, which results in subtle
residue of slag inclusion in the weld metal internally. This condition causes severe impact
to weld metal mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. Thus whether it is before
welding or after welding, it is imperative to verify that base metal contains no existence of
foreign impurities. In addition, the joint area must be cleaned of surface oxide, while heavier
oxide lm must be removed using grinding, machining, or other methods.
b.Sticky and high surface tension force of metal drops

Because of the sticky and high surface extension force of metal drops of Nickel Base
Alloy melting metal is inferior to carbon steel’s metal drops which have higher wetting
effect; welder might have false impression that by raising welding current the metal pool’s
wetting effect will be enhanced. Actually, using strong welding current will not improve the
wetting effect, but instead will create more defects because the high heat will cause the
melting pool’s deoxidizer to evaporate ; which will allow welding groove to form blow holes
more easily.
c. Weld metal shallow penetration

Nickel Base Alloy welding has poorer arc penetration force reaching sometimes only
half of welding of carbon steel, the groove of root face should be thinner.
E2
Welding Consumables Selection (Nickel base and dissimilar base metal)
Base metal Nickel base alloy Base metal Nickel base alloy Stainless Steel
A Carbon steel & low A
Base metal alloy steel (Inconel) Ni-Cr- Mo (Incoloy) Ni-Cr- Fe Base metal (Monel) Ni- Cu Martensite
Nickel Base Alloy
Nickel Base Alloy

Pure Nickel Ferrite series
B alloy (600 series) alloy (800 series) B alloy series
G309, G309L GNC132, GNC112 GNC132, GNC182 GNC132 GNC132 G309, G309L G309, G309L
G309MoL, GNC132, GTN625, GMN625 GTN82, GMN82 GNC132 GNC132
Austenite series GTN82, GMN82 Austenite series

G309, G309L GNC132, GNC112 GNC132, GNC182 GNC132 GNC132 G309
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
GNC132 GTN625, GMN625 GTN82,
Martensite Martensite
GTN82, GMN82 GMN82
series series
G309, GNC132, GNC112 GNC132, GNC182 GNC132 GNC132

G309L GTN625, GMN625 GTN82, GMN82
Ferrite series GNC132 Ferrite series
GTN82, GMN82
GNC132
Nickel base alloy

GNC132 GNC132, GNC112 GNC132, GNC182
GTN82, GMN82 GTN625, GMN625 GTN82, GMN82
pure nickel pure nickel
GNC132 GNC132 GNC132

GTN82, GMN82 GTN625, GMN625 GTN82, GMN82
Monel Ni-Cu
Nickel base alloy
alloy
GNC132, GNC112 GNC132, GNC112

GNC182, GTN625, GMN625
Incoloy Ni-Cr-
GTN82, GMN82 GTN82, GMN82
Fe alloy
GNC132, GNC112
GTN625, GMN625
Inconel Ni- Cr-
GTN82, GMN82
Mo alloy
E3 E4
Welding Notes
1. The ller metal selection must match base metal’s chemical composition.
2. During welding, recommend low welding current in order to avoid covered flux burn.
SMAW Electrodes
If the covered flux suffers serious burn, this will worsen the weld metal mechanical
properties.
3. No preheat necessary and the inter-pass temperature ≦150°C.
4. During welding, the arc starting point should be 1~2 cm behind the welding start point.
Once the arc starts, pull it back to the welding start point to begin welding to avoid
the occurrence of blow hole. This is known as the forehand & backhand arc starting
technique. In addition, keep arc length as short as possible. When performing dissimilar
metal welding, try to avoid as much as possible the over dilution from weld metal and
base metal fusion.
Welding Notes
5. In principle, use mainly at and horizontal welding positions, keep the covered electrode
inclined angle approximately 20° perpendicular to welding line, so as to keep arc at the
front of metal pool.
6. Nickel base alloy has inferior thermal conductivity, so high heat input during welding
SMAW Electrodes will create coarse grain. Ni-Mo and Ni-Cr-Mo alloy should use lower welding current
and string bead. If weaving is desired, its width should be limited to 3 times of core wire
diameter. Proper ll up the crater at arc stopping area.
7. Nickel base alloy might easily get brittle with Pb or S and lead to hot crack. The surface
of weldment base metal must be completely cleaned of all lth like grease, paint, dirt, etc.
8. The polarity illustration:

E6
GNC 132 AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-1
JIS Z 3224 DNiCrFe-1 GNC 133 AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-2
JIS Z 3224 DNiCrFe-2

● Low hydrogen type nickel base covered ● Welding of similar grade of nickel base ● Low hydrogen type nickel base electrode ● Welding of similar grade of nickel base
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
electrode for DC+ only. alloy. for DC+ only. alloy.
● High welding performance. ● Welding of 9% Ni steel. ● High welding performance. ● Welding of 9% Ni steel.
● Good bead appearance and crack ● Welding overlay to carbon, stainless and ● Good bead appearance and crack ● Welding overlay to carbon, stainless and
resistance. Ni steels. resistance. Ni steels.

● Good heat and corrosion resistance. ● Good heat and corrosion resistance.
● Good low temperature impact toughness. ● Good low temperature impact toughness.
● Easy Slag removal. ● Easy Slag removal.
C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Nb Fe Ti C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Nb Fe Ti
0.06 0.42 3.15 71.7 15.3 0.12 2.60 6.45 0.09 0.06 0.52 2.44 69.9 15.2 1.85 2.25 7.63 0.08
Tensile Strength Elongation Tensile Strength Elongation Impact Value
N/mm2 % N/mm2 % (-196°C) J
655 41.2 605 42.5 62
Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
Diameter 2.6 3.2 4.0 Diameter 2.6 3.2 4.0
Flat position 65 ~ 85 70 ~ 110 95 ~ 150 Flat position 65 ~ 85 70 ~ 110 95 ~ 150
◎ Note: 1. 300 ~ 350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 300 ~ 350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Recommend short arc length and low current, electrode positive (DC+). 2. Recommend short arc length and low current, electrode positive (DC+).
3. Full cleaning before welding. 3. Full cleaning before welding.
4. Refer to Page E6 welding notes. 4. Refer to Page E6 welding notes.
E7 E8
GNC 182 AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-3
JIS Z 3224 DNiCrFe-3 GNC 112 AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-3
JIS Z 3224 DNiCrMo-3

● Low hydrogen type nickel base electrode ● Welding of similar grade of nickel base ● Low hydrogen type nickel base electrode ● Welding of similar grade of nickel base
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
for DC+ only. alloy. for DC+ only. alloy.
● High welding performance. ● Welding of 9% Ni steel. ● High welding performance. ● Welding of 9% Ni steel.
● Good bead appearance and crack ● Welding overlay to carbon, stainless and ● Mo and Nb contains in weld metal to get ● Welding overlay to carbon, stainless and
resistance. Ni steels. good heat and corrosion resistance. Ni steels.

● Good heat and corrosion resistance. ● Good low temperature impact toughness.
● Good low temperature impact toughness. ● Easy Slag removal.
● Easy Slag removal.
C Si Mn Ni Cr Nb Fe Ti C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Nb Fe
0.05 0.45 6.12 70.2 13.63 2.02 7.45 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.82 62.70 20.48 8.43 3.45 3.73
Tensile Strength Elongation Impact Value Tensile Strength Elongation Impact Value
N/mm2 % (-196°C) J N/mm2 % (-196°C) J
652 40 88 778 38 65
Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
Diameter 2.6 3.2 4.0 Diameter 2.6 3.2 4.0
Flat position 65 ~ 85 70 ~ 110 95 ~ 150 Flat position 65 ~ 85 70 ~ 110 95 ~ 150
◎ Note: 1.300 ~ 350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use. ◎ Note: 1. 300 ~ 350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.
2. Recommend short arc length and low current, electrode positive (DC+). 2. Recommend short arc length and low current, electrode positive (DC+).
3. Full cleaning before welding. 3. Full cleaning before welding.
4. Refer to Page E6 welding notes. 4. Refer to Page E6 welding notes.
E9 E10
GNC 277 AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-5
JIS Z 3224 DNiCrMo-5

● Low hydrogen type nickel base electrode ● Welding of similar grade of nickel base
SMAW Electrodes
for DC+ only. alloy.

● High welding performance. ● Welding overlay to carbon, low alloy
● Easy slag removal. steel, stainless and Ni steels.

● Mo and W contained in weld metal to
get good elevated high temperature

hardening tendency and strength, acid

C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo W Fe
0.06 0.30 0.44 59.23 15.85 15.45 3.45 5.20

N/mm2 % MIG．TIG Wire/Rod
745 38
Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
Diameter 2.6 3.2 4.0
Flat position 65 ~ 85 70 ~ 110 95 ~ 150
◎ Note: 1. 300 ~ 350°C x 1 hr baking prior to use.

2. Recommend short arc length and low current, electrode positive (DC+).
3. Full cleaning before welding.
4. Refer to Page E6 welding notes.
E11
Welding Notes
GTN82  GMN82 AWS A5.14 ERNiCr-3
JIS Z 3334 YNiCr-3
For GMAW (MIG) Product Features: Typical chemical composition of rod / wire (wt%)
TIG Wire/Rod
TIG Wire/Rod
1. Using pulse arc transfer mode (the preferred method) for welding, even if the welding ● Good heat, corrosion resistance
current is very low will allow stable arc. Welding polarity : DC+ mainly. C Si Mn Ni Cr Nb Fe Ti
and good mechanical properties
of weld metal. 0.03 0.18 3.2 Bal. 18.9 2.45 2.0 0.15
2. Spray arc transfer mode or pulse arc transfer mode requires Ar as shield gas while He
is more tting for short circuit arc transfer mode. The proper shielding gas ow rate is Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
Applications:
20~25L/min.
● Welding of similar grade of nickel Tensile Strength Elongation
．
．
MIG
MIG
base alloy. N/mm2 %
3. Ar-He mixing gas can be also applied to the welding of Nickel base alloy, with the He
● Welding overlay to carbon, low
amount increase, the bead appearance is to get wider, atter and shallower penetration. 680 39
alloy steel, stainless and Ni steels.
4. Short circuit arc transfer mode is recommended for Ni-Mo or Ni-Cr-Mo alloy; furthermore, MIG wire size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
adding about 1% O2 into He-Ar mixing gas can stabilize arc so as to get great weld metal Shielding gas:
● Ar + 0.5~2.0%O (GMAW)
Diameter 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6
soundness. 2
● 100% Ar (GTAW) Current Range 70~180 130~230 180~280
Welding Notes
5. No preheat necessary and the inter-pass temperature ≦150°C.

TIG rod size diameter / length (mm)
6. When applying pulse arc transfer mode, using the suggested lower limited welding
Diameter 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2
current for speedy welding can avoid hot crack occurrence. ◎ Note: Recommend pulse or spray
arc (low current) for RT Length 1000 1000 1000 100
examination purpose.
For GTAW (TIG)
1. Use Ar, He, or Ar-He mixing gas as shielding gas.
2. Welding polarity: DC– (electrode negative);

Shielding gas ow rate :10~15 L/min. GTN625  GMN625 AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-3
JIS Z 3334 YNiCrMo-3
3. During one side welding, the backside must be purged by inert gas to prevent oxidization. Product Features: Typical chemical composition of rod / wire (wt%)
● Mo,Nb element to get good heat
C Si Mn Ni Cr Nb Mo Fe
4. No preheat necessary and the inter-pass temperature ≦150°C. and corrosion resistance, good
mechanical properties. 0.05 0.20 0.25 64.8 21.5 3.75 9.10 0.35
5. Proper adjust arc voltage to keep the arc length within 4~6 mm.
Applications: Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
6. Use low welding current to prevent hot crack occurrence. ● Welding of similar grade of nickel Tensile Strength Elongation
base alloy. N/mm2 ％
● welding of 9% Ni steel.
680 39
● Welding overlay to carbon, low
alloy steel, stainless and Ni steels.

MIG wire size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
Shielding gas: Diameter 0.9/1.0 1.2 1.6

● Ar + 0.5~2.0%O (GMAW)
2
Current Range 70~180 100~230 180~280
● 100% Ar (GTAW)
TIG rod size diameter / length (mm)
Diameter 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2

◎ Note: Recommend pulse or spray
Length 1000 1000 1000 1000
arc (low current) for RT
E13 E14
examination purpose.
1. Any iron alloy containing Carbon content 2.5~4%, Si 0.5%~3.0%, Mn 0.3%~1.2%, P

0.1~0.6%, and S 0.02~0.12% is categorized as cast iron. Certain special applications or
usages may require the addition of Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, V, Ti and other elements.
2. Cast iron is separated into four major categories: Gray cast iron; Malleable cast iron;
Nodular cast iron, and White cast iron depending mostly on its C and Si elemental
Cast Iron
contents.
3. If the metal’s C and Si content is low (C < 3.0%, Si < 2.0%), and is free of dissolute free
graphite, it is categorized as White Cast Iron.
If the elemental contents are higher than above description, it is then categorized as
Gray Cast Iron (there are Ferrite type, Pearlitic type and mixing type depending on the
different content in matrix structure).

If add some Ca, Mg elements during the casting process, that will make graphite to form
spheroidal structure of nodular cast iron, both toughness and ductility are better than
gray cast iron, mechanical properties are equal to general mild steel.
If the white cast iron prolonged heating at 850C ~ 930C temperature range, so that
some micro-structure produce the graphite to form the black heart malleable cast iron.
if the temperature up to 1000C and prolonged heating in the Fe-O (Ferric oxide) powder
will become the white heart malleable cast iron, which mechanical property is better than
Cast Iron gray cast iron.
4. The graphite in cast iron during the solidify process will suffer expansion phenomenon,
which negates the contraction effect of metallic solidication; and thus, the higher the C
and Si content, the less conspicuous is its expansion and contraction process.
5. Due to cast iron’s low melting point, it has the qualification of being easily mold into
complex shapes; it is thus widely used industrially, although it suffers from poor weld-
ability for the following reasons :
a. Welding area may endure secondary hardening effect due to rapid cooling, which
worsens its machining and cutting ability.
b. The welding process will produce large amount of CO2, and create blow hole due to
high carbon content.
c. Poor ductility in conjunction with heat stress during welding process will produce
cracks in the fusion zone.
d. The rich content of cementite will cause cracks if the welding process’s expansion and
contraction variance is too great.
e. Both higher preheat temperature than normal and high welding skill are required.
F2
Welding Consumables Selection Welding Notes
1. The defects on the welding surface of the casting or the repair welding area can be
Color eliminated through the processes of machining, grinding, chipping and etc. Grease, lth,
matching Weld metal & and other detrimental matter on the base metal can be cleaned using solvents; however,
Slag Preheat Wetting Joint Crack Alloy
Products between HAZ Cost if the solvent permeate the base metal due to inclusion by capillary effect, increasing
type temp. °C effect weldability resistance content
base & machinability the temperature to 400°C will resolve this issue. If the grease is overwhelming and it
weld metal infiltrates deeply in the surface of base metal, raising the temperature to 540°C will
Cast Iron
Cast Iron
completely eliminate the grease.
very
GC100 Graphite 100~300 ○ △ ◎ ◎ ◎ Ni:99%
expensive 2. V type groove angle : 60~80;
very U type groove angle : 20~25, root radius : 4.8~13mm (for heavy work use).
GCI-1 Graphite 100~300 ○ △ ◎ ◎ ◎ Ni:99%
expensive
GC55 Graphite 150~350 ○ △ ○ ○ ○ Ni:55% expensive 3. It is recommended to use the lower limit of suggested welding current according to the
welding positions in order to achieve proper fusion with the base metal; furthermore, to
GCI-2 Graphite 150~350 ○ △ ○ ○ ○ Ni:55% expensive obtain a smooth bead appearance, employing skilled welders is highly preferred.
Low alloy
Welding Notes
Low Low 4. Use string bead is mainly. If weaving is desired, the weaving width should not exceed 3
GC0 100~350 ◎ ○ ○ △ △ cheap times the core wire diameter (the weld surface bead width is approximately 4 times of the
hydrogen hydrogen
Fe:Bal. core wire diameter). If weld groove is cavity type, the edge needs grinding in order to get
wider groove face so that the repair surface can be smooth.
C:3.2%
GCI-3 Graphite 350~400 ○ ◎ ○ △ △ cheap
Fe:Bal. 5. If the casting is heavy, in order to achieve even spread of welding heat, intermittent
Note: ◎Excellent，○Good，△Poor welding technique is recommended; in addition, keep the weldment in a constant
lukewarm state during welding.
6. The hardness of HAZ is usually affected by base metal composition and cooling rate.
An appropriate preheat can ease the hardening of HAZ. Dilution level might affect weld
metal hardness which should be controlled by proper welding procedure and parameter,
Normally, the dilution rate of single-pass welding is higher and leads to higher weld metal
hardness.
7. When the weldment is the pressure part and there is big thickness difference between
base metals to be jointed. Proper preheating will even the cooling and achieve better
crack prevention.
8. Peening is appropriate when the weldment still remain at high temperature (about 540°
C) after welding; however, it is inappropriate to apply at the root pass(es) and surface
nishing pass(es).
9. Large weldment’s weld metal cracks easily. Apply stud planting method on the weld
groove face before welding to prevent crack. The stud diameter should be about
6.4~16mm. The planted depth into the base metal groove face should be about the stud
diameter and the protruding part above the weld groove face is about 4.8~6.4mm.
The stud should occupy 25-35% of the weld sectional area.
F3 F4
GC100 AWS A5.15 ENi-CI
JIS Z 3252 DFCNi

● Graphite type nickel base covered
C Si Mn Ni Fe
SMAW Electrodes
electrode for cast iron welding
repair. 0.70 0.90 0.25 Bal. 4.0
● High welding performance and
good arc stability in low current Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
range. Tensile Strength Hardness
● Lower hardness of weld metal N/mm2 HV
to get good machinability, good 412 166
toughness and crack resistance.
Applications:
● Suitable for build up and repair Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350
welding of various kinds of cast Flat position 60~90 90~130 110~160
irons.
◎ Note: Refer to Page F4 Cast Iron Electrode welding
SMAW Electrodes
GC55 AWS A5.15 ENiFe-CI

JIS Z 3252 DFCNiFe

● Graphite type nickel base covered
C Si Mn Ni
electrodes for cast iron welding
and repair. 1.13 0.89 0.61 55
● High welding performance and
good arc stability in low current Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
range. Hardness
● All deposited metal contains HV
approximately 55% Ni, 45%Fe. 180
● Expansion coefficient is similar
to cast iron, easy to machining. Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
Applications: Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350

●Suitable for joint and repair Flat position 65~85 70~110 95~150
welding of various kinds of cast
irons. ◎ Note: Refer to Page F4 Cast Iron Electrode welding
note.
F6
GC0 AWS A5.15 ESt
JIS Z 3252 DFCFe GCI-2 AWS A5.15 ENiFe-CI
JIS Z 3252 DFCNiFe
● Low hydrogen type covered ● Graphite type covered electrodes
C Si Mn P S C Si Mn Ni
SMAW Electrodes
SMAW Electrodes
electrode for cast iron welding for cast iron welding and repair.
and repair. 1.1 0.75 0.56 0.023 0.008 ● High welding performance and 1.13 1.25 0.45 52
● Using GC100 or GC55 for first good crack resistance.
◎ Note: No specic all weld metal chemical composition
layer and GC0 for the others to ● All deposited metal contains Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
on Est, above analysis data is for reference.
save cost. approximately 55% Ni, 45%Fe. Hardness
Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal HV
Applications: Hardness Applications: 180
●Suitable for cast iron welding HV ●Suitable for joint and repair
and repair welding under high 250 welding of various kinds of cast Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)
temperature and non-post irons.
machining required condition. Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350
Flat position 65~85 70~110 95~150
Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
Flat position 60~90 90~140 140~190 150~220

note.
GCI-1 AWS A5.15 ENi-CI

JIS Z 3252 DFCNi GCI-3 AWS A5.15 ESt
JIS Z 3252 DFCFe
● Graphite type covered electrodes ● Low hydrogen Graphite type
C Si Mn Ni Fe C Si Mn P S
for cast iron welding and repair. covered electrode for cast iron
● High welding performance and 0.70 0.81 0.75 Bal. 4.1 welding and repair. 1.8 1.15 0.56 0.023 0.008
good arc stability in low current ● Using GC100 or GC55 for first
◎ Note: No specific all weld metal chemical composition
range. Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal layer, GCI-3 for the others to on Est, above analysis data is for reference.
● Better machinability property Hardness save cost.
than similar level electrodes. HV Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal
166 Applications: Hardness
Applications: ● Suitable for cast iron welding HV
● Suitable for build up and repair and repair welding under high
Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A) 250
welding of various kinds of cast temperature and non-post
irons. Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/350 machining required condition.
Flat position 60~90 90~130 110~160
Diameter / Length 2.6/300 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
note. Flat position 60~90 90~140 140~190 150~220

note.
F7 F8
Gouging or groove preparation use
GGC —
Product Features: Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)[AC]

● High heat concentrated arc and
Diameter / Length 3.2/350 4.0/400 5.0/450
strong spraying gas produced
between electrode rod and Flat position 150~180 230~280 280~330
workpiece to get good groove
◎ Note: 1. Keep the angle between work and gouging
appearance.
electrode about at 10°.
● Easy manuability by using
2. The arc (produced by the tip of gouging
ordinary power source and
electrode to touch the work groove) heat and
welding torch.
melt the base metal.
● No cementation occurred.
3. The melting metal is blown out by gas produced
from electrode to form a gouged groove.
Applications:
4.Baking temperature range is 70~100 °C for
●Back gouging of rst side root
30~60 minutes before use.
pass(es) when welding with
double sided joint. To remove
inside defects for welding repair.
Suitable for cutting of cast iron,
high carbon steel, stainless steel,
high alloy steel and non metallic
Gouging or groove materials when those workpieces
preparation use are difcult cut by ordinary
oxyacetylene cutting process.
GOUGING CARBON GOUGING CARBON
Product Features: Size(mm) & recommended welding parameters (A)[AC]

● High heat arc produced between Diameter /
gouging carbon rod and workpiece 4.0/305 5.0/305 6.5/305 8.0/305
Length
to melt metal and blown off by
Flat position 150~250 200~300 200~350 300~450
high pressure air to get good
gouging groove or cutting surface. Groove Width 6~8 7~9 9~11 10~12
Groove Depth 3~4 3~5 4~6 5~7

Applications:
● Back gouging of rst side root Metal
pass(es) when welding with removed 6 10 15 24
double sided joint. To remove volume (g/cm)
inside defects for welding repair.
◎ Note: 1.Keep the angle between work and gouging rod
Suitable for cutting of cast iron,
about at 10°.
high carbon steel, stainless steel,
2.The arc (produced by the tip of gouging rod to
high alloy steel and non metallic
touch the work groove) heat and melt the base
materials when those workpieces metal.
are difcult cut by ordinary 3.The melting metal is blown out by pressurized
oxyacetylene cutting process. air to form a gouged groove.
F10
Reference
DeLONG Diagram for Stainless Steel Weld Metal

21
20
FN
19 0
2
4
AUSTENITE 5 6
18
8 10
17 12
PRIOR 14 16 18
16 MAGNETIC
PERCENT
FERRITE
15 0% %
2 %
4% 5 %
14 6 %
6
7. 2% .7% .3%
13 9. 10 12
%
.8 %
A+M 13 5.3
12 1
AUSTENITE PLUS FERRITE
Nieq = %Ni + 30×%C + 30×%N + 0.5×%Mn
11
10
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Creq = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5×%Si + 0.5×Nb
G2
DeLONG Diagram Reference

WRC-1992 Diagram Reference
G3
WRC-1992 Diagram for Stainless Steel Weld Metal
18
0
4
16 A 8
2
12 16
6 20 28
10 24
35
14
14
18 22
AF 45
26 30 55
40 50 65
75
60
12
70 85
Nieq = Ni + 35C + 20N + 0.25Cu

FA 80
95
90
0
10
10
18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Creq = Cr + Mo + 0.7Nb
Note: The WRC-1992 Diagram is preferred for 300 series stainless steels and for duplex stainless alloys.
It may not be applicable to compositions having greater than 0.2 percent of Nitrogen and greater
than 10 percent of manganese.
Mass
Force
Stress
Length
Energy
Temperature
1
1
ft
1
1.42233
0.145038
0.001000
0.083330
ft-lbf
0.00328100
0.73753
7.23275
Ksi（=1000psi）
℉=32+9 / 5℃
1
1
in
12
psi
1000
145.038
1422.33
0.03937
Conversions
0
1
-5
℃
-40
-20
-10
kgf-m
0.101972
0.13825728
1
1
1kg=2.20462 lb
1kgf=9.80665 N
mm
25.4
304.8
kgf / mm2
0.101972
0.000000
0.703070
-4
℉
14
23
32
-40
1
m
9.80665
1.35582
0.001
9.80665
6.89476
0.30479
0.000000
0.025399
N-m（=Joule）
N / mm2 （=MPA）
G4
Conversions Reference

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theHANDBOOK

▍MAG wire ▍SMAW Electrodes for Weathering Steel

● Hardfacing and Wear Resistant Use ● Cast Iron

▍Welding Notes ....................................................................................... D6 ▍Welding Notes ....................................................................................... F4

● Nickel Base Alloy

Equivalent to A5.1M E4313

Equivalent to A5.1 E4313

Products list ND150L

Product Specication(2) Product Specication(2)

A5.1M E4948 A5.5M E6218M

A5.5M E5516-G A5.5M E6918M

A5.5M E8316-G Equivalent to Z3211 G307M A5.4 E307-26 Z3221 ES307-26 C9

GL86B8／ A5.5M E 5516（8）-B8 G316 A5.4 E316-16 Z3221 ES316-16 C14

Ste el Product Specif i c a t i on ( 2 ) Product Specication(2)

GH13M — Z3251 DFMA-250B D9 High temperature

GNC 133 A5.11 ENiCrFe-2 Z3224 DNiCrFe-2 E8

GNC 277 A5.11 ENiCrMo-5 Z3224 DNiCrMo-5 E11

GH350R — Z3251 DF2A-350R D12

GH900Mn — — D19 S-4 A5.18M ER48S-4

Product Specication(2) Product Specication(2)

GTN82 A5.14 ERNiCr-3 Z3334 YNiCr-3 E14

A5.18M ER48S-6 GM308L A5.9 ER308L Z3321 YS308L C21

GM309 A5.9 ER309 Z3321 YS309 C21

GT308 A5.9 ER308 Z3321 YS308 C20

GT630 A5.9 ER630 — C26

Product Specication(2) Product Specication(2)

GS308/ A5.9 ER308 Z3324 YS308 A5.29M E551T1-Ni1C

Flux Cored Wire / FC AW A5.29M E551T1-W2C

Flux Cored Wire / FCAW

A5.20 E71T-1C 1CA-H10 Strength Steel

GMX309L A5.22 E309LT1-1 Z3323 TS309L-FC1 C34 MXW SUPER

CNS=Chinese National Standards

MXW 65-O — — D48

MXW 66-O — — D49

MXW 70-O — — D50

High temperature MXW

Materials General Review

The Carbon Equivalent calculation formula is shown as following :

HV Max. Hardness Preheat inter-pass and PWHT Temperature

necessary adjustment such as to increase preheat / PWHT temperature or extend

SMAW Welding Notes

buildings, bridges, tanks, and

NK32 AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013

welding. structure,vehicles and general

G13 AWS A5.1M E4313 / A5.1 E6013

5.0 6.0 6.4

G27 AWS A5.1M E4327 / A5.1 E6027

Applications: Diameter / Length

& high carbon contained steels.

GL24 AWS A5.1M E4924 / A5.1 E7024

EX55V AWS A5.1M E4948 / A5.1 E7048

structures on pressure vessels structures on pressure vessels

Product Features: Typical chemical composition of all weld metal (wt%)

Better deoxidation effect than

Welding Consumables Selection

Weld wire dia. (mm)

S-4  GW16 GW11

Typical chemical composition of wire (%)

Applicable Steel Welding Condition

Single Beveled Joint Testing (Sample from GW18)

◎ Note: Refer to page A33 Carbon steel TIG Welding

4. Tungsten electrode stick out

toughness, suitable for welding of Typical mechanical properties of all-weld metal

Length 1000 1000 1000 1000