AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT – To determine the

overall heat transfer coefficient for various degrees

of agitation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) An agitated vessel fitted with an electrical heater,
a cooling coil and a variable speed agitator with a
suitable blade for agitating liquid in the vessel.
2 ) Thermometers with 0.1 degree Celsius accuracy.
3) Liquid in glass thermometer to measure the bath
temperature.
4) Tank for water storage.
INTRODUCTION:
In most industrial chemical processes including
reactors, heat is to be added or extracted to control
the process. The addition or removal of heat is done
by passing steam or water through a jacket fitted to
the outside of the vessel. For effective heat
transport and even distribution of heat, the liquid is
continuously agitated.

THEORY:
Thermal resistance to heat transfer arises due to
liquid film on the inside of the vessel. The wall
thickness and due to film formed on the inside of
the jacket wall. In addition, the scale formed on
either side of the jacket wall shall also effect over all
heat transfer coefficient. The over all heat transfer
coefficient (UD) based on the inside jacket area is:

Where,
Uc =hihoi/hi+hoi :neglecting the wall resistance and
Rd is the dirt factor
hi is the inside heat transfer coefficient. hoi is the
heat transfer coefficient for the condensing steam
in the jacket.
hi can be evaluated from Chilton et al correlation
for jacketed vessel.
HiDi /k = 0.36(L2N ρ /µ)2/3(C ρ µ/K)1/3(µ/ µw )0.14 (2)
Where, L is the length of the paddle, N is the
revolution per second, Di is the inside diameter of
the vessel. All other properties may be evaluated at
average fluid temperature and used in consistent
units.
Heat transfer area can be calculated by
considering the bottom to be a flat plate or can
be considered as an elliptical head. For the first
case:
Heat transfer area is : A = πDiZ + π/4Di2 where Z
is the height to which liquid is filled in the tank.
Rate of heat transfer, Q can be calculated from :
UD = Q/(A∆Tlm ) = mC ρ∆T/ A∆Tlm

PROCEDURE:
 The vessel is filled with measured quantity of water (m
kg) to such a level that jacket is below the water level.
Record the height of water in the tank (Z) . Note down
the initial temp. and feed the saturated steam at 1.5 bar
pressure is then admitted to the jacket.
Keep the steam pressure constant throughout . Note
down the temp.of water in the vessel after every one
minute till it starts boiling and the temperature remains
constant . Note down the height of water at the time of
boiling with the help of meter rod . After the
evaporation has taken place for 30 minutes. Again note
down the height .Knowing difference in the two levels ,
the amount of water evaporated can be calculated.
OBSERVATION:-
Diameter of the jacket vessel – 0.293 m
Diameter of impeller – 0.097 m
Height of the water in the vessel – 0.293 m
Initial temp. of water – 29 ◦c
The experiment should be repeated at various values of
N
U can be obtained by following method.
By integral method:
UA(Θ2-Θ1)=mC ρ ln(Ts – T1/ Ts – T2)

By differential method:
mC ρ dT/d Θ = UA(Ts – Tav)

At boiling:
Wλ = UB A(Ts – Tb) , where W is the mass of water
evaporated. Tb is the boiling temp. of water and λ is
the latent heat of vaporization of water.
APPLICATION:
1) Agitated vessels and tanks with heating and
cooling arrangement are frequently used in the
process industries as reactors, liquid, mixers,
crystallisers etc.
2) Various polymeric things are prepared.
3) Emulsion and suspension polymerization are
carried out in agitated vessel.
4) Jacketed vessels can be employed as chemical
reactors to remove the elevated heat of reaction or
to reduce the viscosity of high viscous fluids such as
tar.
NUMERICAL:-
A batch polymerization reactor ,1500 mm in
diameter and 1800 mm high, has a limpet coil of 18
turns .The inner diameter of the half pipe is 52.5
mm and the pitch of the coil is 79.5 mm.In each
batch,2200 kg of the monomer (density=850kg/m3 ;
specific heat=0.45kcal◦c; thermal
conductivity=0.15kcal/h m ◦c) at 25 degree celsius is
charged to the reactor that has to be heated to 80
degree celsius before the initiator is added to start the
polymerization. Heating is done by a thermic fluid
available at 120 degree C (Density=900kg/m3;specific
heat=0.5kcal/kg◦c; thermal conductivity=0.28kcal/h m
◦c).The average viscosity of the heat transfer fluid
may be taken as 4cP, and that of the monomer as
0.7cP. The vessel is provided with a flat blade
turbine agitator (six blade .0.5m diameter) which
rotates at 150 rpm .The volume of the charge is
such that, the liquid surface remains nearly at the
level of the top of the limpetted region. The height
of limpetted section =1464 mm .A Fouling factor of
0.0002 h m3◦c/kcal may be taken for the vessel and
the coil side. Calculated the time required to heat
the change.

Solution:- Pitch of the coil=0.0795 m ; coil

diameter=0.0525 m; outside area of the vessel
covered by the limpetted region =π(1.5)(1
.464)=6.9 m2
Adding 60% of the unwetted area to the wetted
area, the effective outside heat transfer area of the
vessel is

𝐴0 ={0.0525+(0.6)(0.0795-0.0525)/0.0794}(6.9)=5.96 m3

Inside heat transfer area of vessel (same as the outside area, if

the wall thickness is small)
 𝐴𝑖 =6.9 m3
Vessel side transfer coefficient
Agitator diameter =0.5 m ; rpm=150
R𝑒𝑑 =d2Nῥ/µ= 7.59 x 105
Pr=7.56
The heat transfer coefficient (µ/µ𝑟 =1)
Nu=12560 ℎ𝑖 =(Nu)(k/𝐷𝑡 = 1256kcal/h m2 ◦c
Coil side heat transfer coefficient
Take the linear velocity of the heat transfer fluid= 1.5m/s
Flow area of the coil= π/4(0.0525)2=2.165 X 10-3
Flow rate of the fluid= (1.5)(2.165 x 10-3 )(3600)=11.69 m3/h
=(11.69)(850)=9936 kg/h= 𝑊𝑐
Hydraulic diameter of the limpet coil,𝑑𝐻 =(4)(π/4)(𝑑𝑖 )2/𝑑𝑖
+(π/2)𝑑𝑖 ={π/π+2}=0.0321 m

Coil Reynolds number ,Re = (V 𝑑𝐻 ῥ)/µ = 10820

Prandlt number of the coil fluid,Pr= 25.7
The coil side coefficient(take µ/µ_r=1)
Nu = 141 ℎ𝑐 =1230 15kcal/h m2 ◦c
Overall heat transfer the coil coefficient( based on inside or
vessel side area,𝐴𝑖 )

1/𝑈𝑖 = 1/ℎ𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 /ℎ 𝑐 𝐴𝑜 + R di + Rdc

Ui =467 kcal/h m2 ◦c
Calculation of the time of batch heating

β =exp(𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 /WcCpc) = 1.913

putting the value of various quantities , we get
ln = (120-25)/(120-80) = {(9936)(0.56)(1.913-
1)}/(2200)(0.45)(1.913) t
t = 22 minutes