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1. Pokus sa Tagaganap o Aktor (Actor Focus): The subject is the one doing the action expressed by the verb.
The subject is Ate Flor and she is the one who performed the action expressed by the verb nagluto. Ate Flor is the one
doing the cooking. The focus of the verb nagluto is actor focus (pokus sa tagaganap o aktor).
2. Pokus sa Layon o Gol (Goal Focus): The subject is the receiver of the action expressed by the verb. The subject is the
direct object of the verb. The action is being done on the subject.
The subject is the adobong manok and the action niluto was done on the adobong manok. The focus of the verb niluto
is goal focus (pokus sa layon o gol).
3. Pokus sa Ganapan o Lokatib (Locative Focus): The subject is the place or location where the action expressed by the
verb takes place. The “location” can be as large as a park, auditorium, country, or continent, or as small as a table,
container, bucket, or plate.
The subject is the kawali and the action pinaglutuan was done in the kawali. The adobong manok was cooked in the
kawali. The focus of the verb pinaglutuan is locative focus (pokus sa ganapan o lokatib).
4. Pokus sa Tagatanggap o Benepaktib (Benefactive Focus): The subject benefits from the action expressed by the verb.
The subject is Nanay and the action ipinagluto benefits her. Ipinagluto means “cooked for.” Ate Flor cooked the
adobong manok for Nanay. The focus of the verb ipinagluto is benefactive focus (pokus sa tagatanggap o benepaktib).
5. Pokus sa Gamit o Instrumental (Instrumental Focus): The subject is used as the instrument to do the action
expressed by the verb.
The subject is the sandok (ladle) and the action ipinangkuha means that the subject was used to perform the action of
getting the adobong manok. Ginamit ang sandok para makuha ang adobong manok. The focus of the verb ipinangkuha
is instrumental focus (pokus sa gamit o instrumental).
6. Pokus sa Sanhi o Kusatib (Causative Focus): The subject is the cause of the action expressed by the verb.
The subject is pagluto (the act of cooking) and the action ikinasaya means that the subject was the cause of Nanay
becoming happy or masaya. Ikinasaya means “caused to become happy.” Nanay became happy because Ate Floor
cooked (for her). The focus of the verb ikinasaya is causative focus (pokus sa sanhi o kusatib).Hal: Si Nanay ay ipinagluto
ni Ate Flor ng adobong manok.
Note that in all the sample sentences above the subject was mentioned first before the predicate (di-karaniwang ayos ng
pangungusap). In Filipino, the predicate usually comes first before the subject (karaniwang ay
*Naglunsad ng programa ang mga kabataan. (mga kabataan ang tagaganap ng kilos ng
pandiwang naglunsad sa pangungusap)
2. POKUS SA LAYON O GOL- ang paksa ang layon ng pandiwa sa pangungusap. Ito ay sumasagot
sa tanong na “ano”?. Ang mga panlaping maaaring gamitin ay -in-, -i-, -ipa-, ma-, at -an.
*Ginawa niya ang programang ito para sa ikakaunlad ng ating turismo. (ang programa ang
layon o gol ng pandiwang ginawa sa pangungusap)
6. POKUS SA KOSATIB O SANHI- ang paksa ang nagpapahayag ng sanhi ng kilos ng pandiwa. Ito
ay sumasagot sa tanong na “bakit”?. Ang mga panlaping maaaring gamitin ay i-, ika-, ikina-, at
ikapang-.
*Ikinalungkot ng bata ang hindi nila pagkikitang mag-ina. (ang hindi nila
pagkikitang mag-ina ang sanhi ng pandiwang ikinalungkot)
7. POKUS SA DIREKSYUNAL- ang paksa ang nagsasaad ng direksyon ng kilos ng pandiwa. Ito ay
sumasagot sa tanong na “tungo saan/kanino”? Ang mga panlaping maaaring gamitin ay -an, -han, -in,
at -hin.
*Sinulatan niya ang kanyang mga magulang. (mga magulang ang direksyon ng
pandiwang sinulatan)