CHEMISTRY INVIGILATORY PROJECT

NAME: M. Zohaib Hamdulay

CLASS : XII-A
ROLL NO.: 28
 INDIA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this chemistry project work has been successfully
completed by Master M.ZOHAIB HAMDULAY student of class XII-A
under the supervision of Mrs. Reema head of chemistry department.

----------------------- ----------------------
Date of submission Teacher in charge

Submission for All India Senior Secondary Examination(AISSE)

certificate in chemistry at India International School, Mangaf, Kuwait.

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Principal External Examiner
I, M. ZOHAIB HAMDULAY of class XII-A, feel proud to present my
investigatory project in chemistry on the topic "Sterilization of water
using bleaching powder".

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher

Mrs.Reema for her vital support, guidance and encouragement without
which the project would not have come forth. I would also like to
express my gratitude towards my family and friends for their valuable
help
 Water is the major constituent of all living beings. Water is
necessary to sustain all types of life. The water used for drinking
purpose by human beings should fulfill the following conditions:
i. It should be colour-less.
ii. It should posses any smell.
iii. It should not contain any harmful dissolved salts such as nitrates,
nitrites, mercury salts, lead salts.
iv. It should not contain any living organism such as algae, fungi,
bacteria, etc.
In order to obtain water for drinking purposes, water is first treated
with alum whereby clay and other colloidal particles get precipitated
The suspended impurities are then removed by filtration and the clear
water obtained is subjected to some suitable treatment to destroy
harmful germs and bacteria. These bacteria cause many dangerous
diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc.
The process of killing the harmful bacteria by some suitable treatment
of water is called Sterilization of disinfection of water. The common
sterilizing agents are chlorine, ozone, bleaching powder, potassium
permanganate, chloramines etc. Sterilization of water can also be done
by simply boiling the water for about 15 minutes. 9-fowever, this
method can be applied only on small scale. In the present context, we
shall focus on disinfection of water using bleaching powder.
Sl. no. TOPIC PAGE
1 Introduction 2
2 Purification of Water 3
3 Need for Stable Purification Technique 6
4 Bleaching Powder 9
5 Experiment 10
6 Bibliography 16

Page 1
 Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various
metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Haemoglobin
throughout the body. Our body is estimated to be 60-70% of water. It
transports oxygen to our cells, removes wastes and protects our organs.
Every living organism requires water. daily average of 1 gallon per
man is sufficient for drinking and cooking purposes. With the
increasing world population, the demand for drinking water has also
increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to identify
resources of water from which we can use water for drinking
purposes.
Since many available resources of water do not have it in drinkable
form, in order to fulfill the demand of water, it needs to be purified and
supplied in an orderly and systematic way. Either the water contains
excess of Calcium or (Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or
it simply contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe for
drinking.

Page 2
 Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated
water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. The methods
used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and
distillation; biological processes such as slow sand-filters or biologically
active carbon; chemical processes stich as flocculation and chlorination
and the use of electron-magnetic radiation such as ultravoilet light.
Other popular methods for the purification of water, such as:

Boiling is the most commonly used water purification technique

today. It kills bacteria and destroys most organisms present. But boiling
does not remove dirt, minerals or some compounds from water. Another
drawback is that it can be used only for household purposes, not industrial
and large-scale purposes.

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 Filtration involves moving water through barriers that remove
impurities. They are used for city water supplies and drinking water,
applications in which it is important to have clean, safe water to drink.
The drawbacks are that it cannot be used for removing foreign chemicals
and impurities that are miscible with water. Moreover, this method
requires a lot of electricity or fuel and is not practical for domestic use.

In the reverse osmosis process cellophane -like membranes separate

purified water from contaminated water. To be "selective", this
membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores
(holes), but should fallow smaller components of the solution (such as
the solvent) to pass freely. Reverse osmosis will not remove am Page 4
contaminants from water as dissolved gases such as dissolved oxygen
and carbon dioxide not being removed. They remove dirt, minerals and
other impurities that may make water "hard" or undrinkable.

Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from

a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation. Distillation
may result in essentially complete separation(nearly pure components),
or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of
selected components of the mixture. In either case the process exploits
differences in the volatility of mixture's components. In industrial
chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal
importance, but it is a physical-separation process and not a chemical
reaction.

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 Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used
anywhere, and does not require the use of any third party content and
which is also economically feasible on both small and large scale. Hence
we look at the method of purification of water using the technique of
treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as "Chlorination".

But what is bleaching powder and how is it prepared?

The active ingredient in bleaching powder is calcium hypochlorite is
a chemical compound with formula Ca(ClO)2 . This chemical is
considered to be relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than
sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).

Bleaching Powder chemical composition:

Ca(ClO)2CaCl2Ca(OH)2.2H2O
1. Chlorine gas is produced during electrolysis of aqueous sodium
chloride.
2. This chlorine gas is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder.

Calcium hydroxide and chlorine gas reaction

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 Bleaching powder manufacturing process in industrial plant

What are the actual processes involved in disinfecting and purifying

water?

The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking

water treatment worldwide: -
Pre-chlorination
- for algae or any biological growth control.

Aeration
- removal of dissolved iron and manganese.

Coagulation
- for flocculation.
Coagulant aids also known as poly electrolytes
- to improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation.

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Sedimentation
- for solids separation i.e. removal of suspended solids trapped in the
floc.

Filtration
- for removal of carried over floc.

Disinfection
- for killing bacteria out of these processes, the role of Bleaching
powder is only the last step i.e. for Disinfection of water.

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 Bleaching powder is chemical compound with formula
Ca(ClO)2CaCl2Ca(OH)2.2H2O . It is also called Calcium
chlorohypochlorite because it is considered as a mixed salt of
hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid.

(i) as a disinfectant and germicide especially in the sterilization of

drinking water.

(ii) for manufacture of choloroform, for making wool unshrinkable,

as an oxidising agent industry.

(iii) mainly as bleaching agent for cotton, linen and wood pulp.
however, delicate articles like straw, silk, ivory etc., are not bleached by
bleaching powder.

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AIM:
To determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for sterilization
or disinfection of different samples of water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml measuring
flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool.
Bleaching powder, glass wool, 0. IN Na2S203 solution, 10% KI
solution, different samples of water, starch solution.
SAMPLES OF WATER:
→Sample I: domestic waste water
→Sample Il: industrial waste water
→Sample Ill: sand filtered waste water
THEORY:
1. Bleaching powder when dissolved in contains dissolved chlorine,
liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water
CaOCl2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
2. The amount of Chlorine present is determined by treating a known
volume with excess of 10% KI solution, when equivalent amount of 12
is liberated. The 12, thus liberated is then estimated by using starch
solution as indicator
Cl2+2KI+2KC1+I2
I2+2Na2S203 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
3. A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with
a known volume of bleaching powder solution.

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4. From the readings 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of
the given sample of water can be calculated.

PROCEDURE:
l. Preparation ofbleaching poll-cler solution:
Weigh accurately 2.5g bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml
conical flask. Add about 100ml of distilled water. Stopper the flask
and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered
through glass wool and the filtrate is diluted with water to make the
volume 250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder
solution.

2. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stopper conical flask

and add it to 20ml of KI solution. Stopper the flask and shake it
vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0. IN Na2S203 solution
taken in the burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes
light yellow in colour, add about 2ml starch solution. The solution
now becomes blue in colour. Continue titrating till the blue colour
just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of 3 readings.

3. Take 100ml of water sample in a 250ml stopper conical flask and

add it to 10ml of bleaching powder solution. Then add 20ml of KI
solution and stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and titrate
against 0. IN Na2S203 solution as indicator as described in
step2.

4. Repeat the step3 with other samples of water and record the
observations.
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 OBSERVATIONS:

Weight of the bleaching powder dissolved to prepare 250ml of

solution=2.5g.

Titration 1:

Bleaching powder solution against 0.1N Na2S203 solution

Vol. of bleaching powder sol.=20ml

vol. of Kl sol.=20m1
Burette sol.=0. IN Na2S203
Conical flask=bleaching powder
Indicator = starch
End point-yellow blue

S.NO. BURETTE READING FINAL VOL. OF

INITIAL FINAL 0.IN
Na2S203 SOL.USED
1 10.5 10.5
2 10.5 21 10.5
3 21 31.4 10.4
Concordant reading(V1)=10.5

Calculations:-

1 ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder:

2.5/250=0.1g

20ml of bleaching powder solution = 10.5ml of 0.1N Na2S2O3

1 ml of Na2S2O3 sol = 20/10.5 = 1.9ml bleaching powder solution.

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Titration 2:

Sample 1 VS 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution:-

Vol. of water sample I taken for each titration=100ml

Vol. of bleaching powder =20ml
vol. of Kl sol.=20m1
Indicator=starch
End point=yellow blue

S.NO. BURETTE READING FINAL VOL. OF

INITIAL FINAL 0.1N
Na2S203 SOL. USED
1 2.4 2.4
2 2.4 4.8 2.4
3 4.8 7.4 2.4
Concordant reading(V2)=2.4ml

Calculations:-

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water sample

1= (10.5-2.4)ml of 0.1 N sol.
Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water
sample 1= (10.5-2.4)*20/10.5ml.
(VI-V2)20/V ml of bleaching powder sol =(10.5-2.4)*20/10.5*0.1g of
bleaching powder.
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 litre of water sample I
= (10.5-2.4)*1.9*0.1*1000/100g = 15.3g/L.

Page 13
Titration 3:

Sample II versus 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution:-

Vol. of water sample I taken for each titration=100ml

Vol. of bleaching powder =20ml
Vol. of Kl sol.=20m1
Indicator=starch
End point=yellow blue

S.NO. BURETTE READING FINAL VOL. OF

INITIAL FINAL 0.IN Na2S203 SOL.
USED
1 0 4.5 4.5
2 4.5 49 4.5
3 9 13.3 4.3
Concordant reading(V3)=4.5ml

Calculations:

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water sample

11= (10.5-4.5)ml of 0. IN sol.

Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water

sample 11= (10.5-4.5)*20/10.5ml.

(VI -V2)20/V ml of bleaching powder sol.=(10.5-4.5)*20/10.5*0. lg of

bleaching powder.

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 litre of water sample II

=(10.5-4.5)*1.9*0.1*1000/100g == 11.4g/L.

Page 14
CONCLUSION:

Amount of the given sample of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1

litre of water.

Sample I → 15.3g/L

Sample II → 11.4g/L

Sample III → 5.32g/L

Page 15
NCERT XII Chemistry Part I
NCERT XII Chemistry Lab Manual
Class 10th NCERT Science

https://www.chemistryscl.com/advancedlevel/industry/bleaching_powd
er/main.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite

chemistryscl.com (Prepareation of Bleaching powder),

goodscience.com.au (Filtration), pediaa.com (Distilation process),
puretecwater.com (Reverse Osmosis), Wikimedia.com (Bleaching
powder and chemical Structure).

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