Prof.

Velasquez

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF CRIMINOLOGY

• CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
- cause of crime
• SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
- Law as a process of social control
• PENOLOGY
- Criminal punishment
IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSES OF STUDYNG CRIMINOLOGY
1. Criminology can be a source of philosophy of life. The knowledge derived from studying crime is a
good foundation for an individual’s philosophy and lifestyle.
2. Criminology is a profession not only for social service but for legal practice as well.
3. People, study criminology because criminals are legitimate object of interest. They should be
understood in order to know how to control them.
4. Authorities should know a bit of criminology because crime is a very expensive problem of the
society. The value of property lost, medical expenses, insurances, moving costs, and intangible costs of
pain and suffering is too high as a result of victimization.
AIMS OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY
• 1. The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.
• 2. To understand crimes and criminals which is basic to knowing the actions to be done to
prevent them.
• 3. To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.
• 4. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due process of law in the
administration of justice.
5. To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an understanding of one moral
and legal responsibilities to his fellowmen, his community and the
REALITY SPEAKING
• 1. To understand crimes and criminals.
• 2. To prevent the occurrence of crime.
NATURE AND SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
• PAUL TOPINARD - Criminology – krimen (latin)
**criminologia
CRIMINOLOGY
• Applied Science • Nationalistic
• Social Science • Multi-disciplinary study of Crimes
• Dynamic
Multi-disciplinary study of Crimes
• Sociology - behavior
- People and society • Psychiatry
• Psychology - Motives and drives
 Prof. Velasquez

SCOPE of Criminology

A. Making of laws
B. Breaking of Laws
C. reaction towards the breaking of laws
D. Study of other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific methods, such as:
Criminal Demography
Criminal Epidemiology
Criminal Ecology
Criminal Physical Anthropology
Criminal Psychology
Criminal Psychiatry
Victimology
CRIME
Violation of laws
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIME
• Does not respect age, sex, culture, customs and tradition…
• Worldwide phenomenon
• Occurs in all existing economic strata
• Causes are multifarious
• Difficult to eradicate
DIFFERENTIAE OF CRIME
1. An act maybe called crime if there is a certain external consequence or harm. Physical injury is
the most obvious external consequence of an offensive action.
2. The harm must be legally forbidden and prescribed by law.
3. There must be a conduct; that is, there must be an intentional or reckless action that results to
harmful consequence.
4. “Mens Rea” must be present.
5. There must be a fusion or concurrence of mensrea and conduct.
6. There must be a casual relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the voluntary
misconduct.
7. There must be legally prescribed punishment of the misconduct.
Before saying that a crime has been committed,
1. You must have a “personal knowledge” of its actual commission or that you must have caught the
offender “in flagrante delicto”.
2. An act can only be called as crime if there is a law that defines it, prohibit its commission, and
provides punishment for its commission.
3. In a criminal act, there should be malicious intent – a harmful consequence (oppressive outcome of
an act) is an inherent result.
4. There should be a continuity of the criminal act before an offender is criminally charged.
RELATIVITY OF CRIME
1. Most of the existing laws define acts as crimes when some acts were not crimes a few years ago.
 Prof. Velasquez

2. Laws differ from jurisdiction to another and so with acts, which are considered as crimes.
3. Interpretation and implementation of laws vary in terms of:
a. characteristics of crime
b. age
c. status of offenders
d. status of enforcers
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMES
According To Law Violated AS TO ATROCITY
• Felony Grave
• Offense Less grave
• Infractions/Misdemeanor Minor or light
AS TO INTENT
Mala in se
Mala prohibita
AS TO MOTIVE
Economic
Sexual
Political
Miscellaneous
AS TO STATISTICAL PURPOSE AND AS TO PENALTY
Categories under the RPC
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
 Acquisitive • Extinctive
• Seasonal • Continuing
• Situational • Rational
• Episodal • Irrational
• Instant • White Collar
• Static • Blue Collar
• Upper World • Under World
• By Imitation • By passion
• Occupational
OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
Traditional
Crimes due to changing society
Emergency Crimes
VICTIMLESS CRIMES
Do not directly harm others.
Said to be committed by consenting adults in private.
INDEX CRIMES

Violent crimes.
Threats and actual physical harm.
 Prof. Velasquez

Why must members of society be interested in studying crime?

 Crime is pervasive
 Crime is expensive
 Crime is destructive
 Crime is reflective
 Crime is progressive
Advantages of the Existence of Crime
o It promotes solidarity of the people
o It prevents morality from going to the extreme
o It is a notification of a maladjustment
CRIMINAL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS
• BASED ON ETIOLOGY • BASED ON BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM
a. Acute – impulse/fit of passion a. Ordinary – pushed by opportunity
b. Chronic – deliberation/premeditation b. Professional – high degree of skill
• Neurotic c. Organized
• Normal
• BASED ON MENTAL ATTITUDE • OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
a. Active – aggressiveness a. Accidental
b. Passive – reward/promise b. Habitual
c. Socialized Delinquents c. Recidivist

CRIMINALS ACCDG TO LOMBROSO

 Born Criminals
 Criminal by Passion
 Insane Criminals
 Criminaloid
 Occasional Criminals
 Pseudo – criminals
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
• Intentional behavior violating criminal law.
• Beyond normal behavior.
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
- biological explanation
• ANTHROPOLOGICAL – physical • PSYCHOLOGICAL - behavior
characteristics • PHYSIOLOGICAL – physical needs
• MEDICAL – physical and mental • PSYCHIATRIC – mental disease
condition • PSYCHOANALYTICAL - repression
• BIOLOGICAL - genetics
 Prof. Velasquez

OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
- society
• GEOGRAPHIC • ECONOMIC
- topograhy, natural resources… - Financial insecurity
• ECOLOGICAL • SOCIO – CULTURAL
- Biotic grouping of man - Effects of institution
HOLY THREE OF CRMININOLOGY
• CESARE LOMBROSO
- Father of Modern Criminology
• ENRICO FERRI
• RAFFAELE GAROFALO
- Moral anomalies
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
THEORY ADVOCATOR CONCEPT

DEMONOLOGICAL Good and evil spirits

CLASSICAL CesareBeccaria Hedonism

Jeremy Bentham

NEO-CLASSICAL Children and lunatics are

exempted

POSITIVIST RafaeleGarofalo Criminals are sick people

Enrico Ferri
CesareLomroso
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ANOMIE Emile Durkheim Crime is normal and

functional

PSYCHOANALYTICAL Sigmund Freud symbolic expression of

inner tension

SOMATOTYPING William Sheldon Heredity is primary

determinant of one’s
behavior
Body Physique

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION Edwin Sutherland Learned process

STRAIN Robert Merton King frustration

CARTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL AdolpheQuetelet CvsP>summer

CvsPr>winter

GENERAL INFERIORITY Ernest Hooton Criminals are originally

inferior and crime is result
of the impact of
environment

EVOLUTION Carl Marx Humans are parasites

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LABELING Frank Tannenbaum Stigma

Edwin Lemert
Howard Becker

DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY Lloyd Ohlin Society dictates the needs

and wants

HUMAN ECOLOGY Robert Ezra Park Environmental change =

social change

CONTAINMENT Walter Reckless control

SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT AND Karl Marx laws are for the higher
CAPITALISM THEORY Frederick Engel strata

SUBCULTURE Albert Cohen Lower class can’t socialize

NEUTRALIZATION Gresham Sykes rationalization

VICTIMOLOGY
- STUDY OF CRIME TARGETS
WORDS TO REMEMBER
• VICTIMAL – criminal
• VICTIMNITY – criminality
• PENAL COUPLE – relationship between victim and criminal…Benjamin Mendelssohn
 Prof. Velasquez

TYPES OF VICTIM
• The Young • The Mentally Defective
• The Female • The Immigrant
• The Old • The Minorities
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
• The Depressed • The Lonesome
• The Acquisitive / Greedy • The Heartbroken
• The Wanton • The Tormented
OTHER TYPES
• Completely Innocent
• V with minor guilt / those victimized due to ignorance
• V who is as guilty as the offender
• Most guilty victim “who is guilty alone”
• Imaginary victim
DYNAMICS OF VICTIMIZATION
• VICTIMS OF CRIME MODEL
a. Stage of Impact and Disorganization
b. Stage of Recoil
c. Reorganization Stage
• DISASTER VICTIM’S MODEL
a. Pre-impact
b. Impact
c. Post Impact
d. Behavioural Outcome
Factors of Victimization
• Hedonism
• Materialistic Culture
• Sex Values
• Decay of Discipline
• Public Morality
CRIMES OF THE MODERN WORLD
SOMETHING – FOR – NOTHING – COMPLEX PROBLEMS OF SOCIETY
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
• Offense that has an international dimension.
ORGANIZED CRIMES
• Criminal activity by an enduring structure
• Devoted primarily for the pursuit of money thru illegal means
HOW THE OCGs WORK?
• ENFORCER
• CORRUPTER
• CORRUPTEE
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GENERIC TYPES OF OC
 Political Graft
 Mercenary / Predatory OC
 In – Group oriented OC
 Syndicated
WHITE COLLAR CRIMES
 CORPORATE CRIMES
 ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
 OCCUPATIONAL
CONVENTIONAL CRIMES
• Traditional, illegal behavior that most people think of as crime.
VIOLENT CRIMES
• Threat or actual physical harm
• Index crimes, force and intimidation, domestic violence, elder abuse, child abuse
FORMS
• Interpersonal violence
• Political Violence
• Collective Violence
VIOLENT CRIMES
• Murder
a. Serial Murder - killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents over a week, a
month, a year…
b. Mass Murder – killing of 4 or more victims at one location in one event
c. Spree Murder – killing in two or more locations with almost no time break between the murders
• Homicide
• Assault
• Robbery
• Rape
- Fastest growing index crime
CLASSIFICATION OF MEN WHO RAPE
• Anger Rape
• Power Rape
• Sadistic Rape
PROPERTY CRIMES
• Crimes of economic interest
Prof. Velasquez