MINI RESEARCH

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE THAT ENHANCES THE DIVERSITY OF

ARTHROPODS

The lecturer : Dra. Martina Asiati Napitupulu, M. Sc

Complied by :

Dinda Anggita Maysarah

4183141061

Bilingual Biologi Education

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATEMATIC AND SCIENCE 2018

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

 Organic Agriculture that Enhances the Diversity of Arthropods

Organic farming has long been recognized by humans, since the science of farming
is applied by our ancestors. At that time everything was done in the traditional way and
using natural ingredients. In line with the development of agricultural science and the
number of human populations, food needs are also increasing. The time of the green
revolution in Indonesia which provides significant results for meeting food needs. The
use of synthetic fertilizers, planting of high yield variety, use of pesticides,
intensification of land has increased. The use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers
(chemicals) in an effort to meet the needs of rice is still applied excessively and
continuously. The use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers will certainly cause
disruption to the balance of the ecosystem, including the rice field ecosystem. The
disruption of the ecosystem of rice fields due to the use of these chemicals has resulted
in the killing of organisms in the ecosystem of rice fields which are both harmful and
beneficial, including soil arthropods which generally act as predators. agriculture,
namely pollution by chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides due to excessive use
of these materials and has an impact on the deterioration of the quality of the
environment and human health due to the contamination of these synthesis materials.

Soils that are continuously exposed to chemical pesticides will cause the soil to
become contaminated with residues that can disrupt the balance of the environment and
endanger environmental health (Sofia 2001). According to Purwanta, el al. (1997) on
agricultural land that was applied to deltamethrin and profenofos pesticides, there was
a proven decrease in populations of herbivoric (phytophage) and predatory arthropods.
Soil arthropods in the ecosystem of rice fields are arthropods that live and are active
on the soil surface, have an important role in the process of decomposition of soil
organic matter in the supply of nutrients. Arthropods will eat biological material both
as herbivores and as predators which will then be released in the form of dirt Rice
ecosystems include various community groups that interact with each other. The
community of soil arthropods plays an important role in this ecosystem. Collembola
and other arthropods, including labalaba, are the groups most often found in paddy
fields (Settle et al. 1996). Spiders are the natural enemies that play the most role in the
population of brown plant hopper and rice stem borer in the rice field ecosystem.
Predator arthropods that have been shown to be effective in controlling rice pests are
hunter hunters Pardosa pseudoannulata and Carabidae beetles.

Regarding the problems of agricultural development, Indonesia has sought to change

the orientation of the agricultural system, namely from traditional agricultural systems
to modern farming systems. These problems related to the role of fertilizers in farming
activities are very important. The scarcity of fertilizers and the increase in fertilizer
prices will burden farmers as spending on production facilities in farming, so farmers
can carry out practices on alternative farming by making bocation fertilizer which
focuses on the use of inputs from farming in building soil fertility. This was marked by
the development as an agricultural business using organic fertilizers with the aim of
maintaining soil fertility in order to increase food needs, sustainable productivity and
increase farm income. From this description it can be understood that if we talk about
agribusiness, we cannot escape from the role of farmers in meeting healthy food needs
without damaging the agricultural environment itself

Organic fertilizer

1. Fertilizer Cages

In general, every ton of manure contains 5 kg N, 3 kg P2O5 and 5 kg K2O

and other essential nutrients in relatively small amounts The properties of
manure are as follows:

a. Chicken manure contains N three times greater than manure

b. Goat manure contains N and K, each of which is twice as large as cow dung.
c. Pig manure contains twice as much P as cow dung.
 d. Manure from horses or goats undergo fermentation and heat faster than cow
and pig manure. Therefore many farmers call cow and pig manure as cold
manures.
e. In all manure P is always present in solid manure, while most K and N are
present in liquid impurities (urine).
f. The K content in urine is five times more than in solid manure, while the N
content is two to three times more.
g. Nutrient content in chicken manure is the highest, because the liquid part
(urine) is mixed with solid parts. Nutrient content in manure is determined
by the type of food provided. Nutrient content and various decomposed
animal manure.

2. Green Fertilizer

Green manure is defined as young forage and can be an addition to N

and other elements or remnants of plants returned to the soil. Green fertilizer
can be used as a substitute for manure, if the amount of manure is small while
the soil is in need of organic fertilizer. Green manure plants must meet the
following conditions:

a. Fast growing and many produce forage material.

b. Succulent, does not contain much wood.
c. Many contain N.
d. Drought resistance.
e. If as an intercrop, the type that does not propagate is chosen.
Examples of plants that are planted and can be used as green fertilizers include:
a. Orok-orok (Crotalaria sp), shrub plant aged 2 - 4 months.
b. Lamtoro, turi as well as protective plants.
c. Calopogonium, Sentrosema, Mimosa, a shrub plant that is often used
d. as a ground cover plant.
 3. Compost

Compost is organic matter which is decomposed in a place that is protected

from the sun and the rain is regulated by its moisture by watering it when it is
too dry. To speed up the reshuffle can be added lime, so that compost is formed
with a low C / N ratio that is ready to use. Materials for compost can be in the
form of trash or certain plant residues (straw and others).

Strengths and Weaknesses of Organic Agriculture Systems

The advantages of organic farming for farmers are as follows:

a. By implementing an organic farming system, the balance of the soil can

be maintained because it does not use chemical fertilizers and
pesticides, but uses organic fertilizers such as manure, green manure
and crop residues.
b. By avoiding excessive use of pesticides, it can reduce the risk of
poisoning the substance so that people can consume healthy foods.
c. Increasing public awareness will ensure the health of agricultural
products which will increase the amount to be paid for the commodity
so that it can improve the welfare of farmers.
d. Without the use of fertilizers and pesticides can save operational costs.
In addition to processing soil organically, for example minimum tillage
can also reduce operational costs.

While the disadvantages of organic farming systems are as follows:

a. Requires complex land management.

b. At the beginning of the implementation of the organic farming system,
there are often many problems that make farmers desperate.
 c. It takes a long time to get maximum results, because you have to go
through the conversion phase first.
d. If applied to a large scale business, it will be high cost, especially on
labor costs when the environmental ecosystem has not been built.

Opportunities for Organic Agriculture

According to Sutanto (2002), argues that the opportunities for organic farming are as
follows:

1. Increased Biomass. As the main source of organic inputs, it is only possible to do it

in areas that have high rainfall. But there are also many obstacles in relatively dry
temperate regions. The development of fast-growing tree species around the site can
be used as a source to increase organic matter. However, for the collection, processing
and utilization of biomass requires the same view. Enriched compost The basic
ingredients for composting are diversified using locally available ingredients. Methods
that have been tested and improved, including EM technology and other technologies,
are more extensive and socialized to improve the quality of compost.

2. Biofertilizer which has been socialized and enlarged to provide wider opportunities
for farmers to utilize biological fertilizers. Better development for biological fertilizers
is based on the potential of microorganisms in Indonesia. Whereas biological fertilizers
that must be imported need to be developed in Indonesia, including technology transfer.

3. Biological pesticides. There are quite a lot of basic ingredients - plants that can be
used for crop protection which at the moment are very limited in their attention and
use. This opens up greater opportunities in exploring the diversity of our biological
resources to be developed into biological pesticides.

4. Traditional Technology Knowledge. Although there are quite a lot of traditional

technologies that have developed especially in producing plants, protecting plants
against pests and diseases, but still needing to dig back traditional wisdom with a
scientific review and develop technology that is environmentally friendly.

Effect of Fertilization on Soil Fertility

Equivalent use of fertilizers will increase crop production. Increased

production also increases the amount of residues (leaves, stems, roots) that are left
behind or that can be returned to the soil. Nutrient balance about the return of 80% of
plant residues can enrich nutrient reserves, thereby reducing nutrient requirements that
must be added. This treatment if carried out continuously will reduce nutrient
requirements so that sufficient nutrient conditions will be achieved for the growth and
production of high plants without input from outside fertilizers. Returns of the remnants
of these plants will improve soil chemistry and physics, improve storage water,
increasing ease of processing and soil fertility. The main reason that land can be very
hard is the use of a single inorganic fertilizer for a long time. For example, sulfate and
carbonate residues contained in fertilizers and soil can react with soil calcium which
causes difficulty in tillage. Equivalent use of fertilizers avoids soil hardness thereby
increasing plant growth and soil porosity and available soil moisture content.

Organic agriculture is an agricultural cultivation technique based on the use of

natural ingredients without the use of synthetic chemicals. Fertilizers and pesticides
used in organic rice ecosystems are derived from natural materials, control of plant pest
organisms is carried out by utilizing biological agents that do not pollute the
environment (Prabayanti 2010; Sembel 2010). Organic agriculture is expected to be
able to provide food availability in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
Fertilizers and pesticides used do not contain chemical compounds, but use materials
from microorganism decomposition (Suwantoro 2008). The problem is whether there
are differences in the diversity of soil arthropods in the ecosystem of organic rice fields
and inorganic rice fields with minimized use of synthetic chemicals in organic farming.
The aim of the study was to find out how the diversity of soil arthropods in the
ecosystem of organic rice fields and inorganic rice fields. The results showed that soil
arthropods found in the ecosystem of organic rice in general were more numerous than
inorganic rice fields.

In the ecosystem of organic rice fields, the number of arthropod individuals

found during one rice planting season ranged from 30-165 individuals while in the
inorganic rice ecosystem the number of soil arthropods found ranged from 48-76
individuals during one growing season. rice. The number of soil arthropod families
found in organic rice fields ranged from 8-14 families, while in inorganic fields found
5-11 families during one rice growing season. Suheriyanto (2000) reported that on
agricultural land applied synthetic pesticides obtained 40 species with an abundance of
1081 soil fauna. While on agricultural land that is not applied synthetic pesticides, the
number of soil fauna which tends to be more abundant is obtained, which is obtained
43 species with an abundance of 1531 tails. The results also showed that of the 19 soil
arthropod families found in both organic and inorganic fields, 9 families had the role
of predators, 9 families as herbivores and 1 family as pollinators. The predator
arthropod groups are mainly Formicidan and Carabidae families, while the main
herbivorous group is the Grylidae family. In the organic rice ecosystem, the diversity
of soil arthropods also tends to be higher compared to inorganic fields. The diversity
index of soil arthropods in organic fields ranges from 1.02-1.75, which is generally
higher than the diversity index in inorganic fields ranging from 0.96-1.39. The
tendency of lower diversity of soil arthropods in inorganic fields compared to organic
rice fields is due to the continued use of synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers in
inorganic fields, which results in the death and / or displacement of arthropods in these
inorganic fields. This condition will certainly reduce the diversity of its inhabitant
organisms. Odum (1993) states that the diversity of organisms will tend to be lower in
ecosystems exposed to the use of synthetic pesticides, whereas diversity will tend to be
higher in ecosystems regulated by biological mechanisms. The absence of the
application of synthetic chemical pesticides to organic rice fields leads to the
achievement of the balance of the ecosystem, so that the diversity of organisms will
also tend to be high. The high diversity of organisms in an ecosystem, according to
Odum (1993) means that the food chain is formed longer and more symbiotic symbiosis
produces positive feedback that can reduce disturbances in the ecosystem so that a
balanced ecosystem is realized. From the results of the Hutcheson test (t test), it seems
that the diversity of soil arthropods between organic rice fields and inorganic rice fields
at the beginning of the rice planting phase ie vegetative and reproductive phase shows
significant differences, which means there are significant differences in the diversity
of soil arthropods due to organic rice processing systems compared inorganic rice
fields. However, in the phase of maturation and post-harvest of rice plants, the diversity
of soil arthropods did not show a significant difference between organic and inorganic
rice fields. This is presumably because in the phase of rice crop maturation the soil
conditions are relatively drier than in the previous phase, so that the diversity of soil
arthropods will decrease. Likewise, in the post-harvest phase the condition of the rice
fields is still relatively dry and has not been hijacked, so the diversity of soil arthropods
is also reduced. In general, it can be concluded that the diversity of soil arthropod
families found in the ecosystem of organic rice fields tends to be higher compared to
inorganic rice fields, although it does not show significant differences.

The diversity of soil arthropod families in organic rice fields is significantly

different from inorganic rice fields only in the vegetative and reproductive planting
phases, whereas in the phase of rice maturation and post-harvest it does not show
significant differences. The prevalence of soil arthropod populations in organic rice
fields tends to be higher compared to inorganic rice fields. Thus it can be concluded
that even though the ecosystems of organic rice fields and inorganic fields have a
similarity level of more than 50% because both are located side by side, but the
abundance, diversity and even distribution of soil arthropods found in organic rice
fields tend to be higher than inorganic rice fields
 Bibliorgafi

Hadi, Mochamad.et al (2015). Diversity of soil arthropods in organis and inorganic

paddyrice field ecosystem. Jurnal pros sem nas masy biodiv indom. 1(7): 1577-
1581.

Roidah ,Ida Syamsu (2013) Manfaat Penggunaan Pupuk Organic untuk Kesuburan

Tanah. Jurnal Universitas Tulungagung.1(1) : 30-42