Ex No: Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier.

Date: / /

Aim: obtain the output voltage and output current of a single phase full wave controlled Rectifier for
R and R- L load for firing angle of α = 45 and 90 deg. using Simulation.

Apparatus / Elements Require d

Sr. No Name of the Component Specification Quantity

1 Trainer Kit ---- 1
2 Resistive Load (Lamp) 24V, 30W 1
3 Multimeter ---- 1
4 Single phase AC Voltage Source 230V,50HZ ----
5 Connecting Links ---- ---

Theory:
Rectification is a process of converting an alternating current or voltage into a direct current or voltage.
This conversion can be achieved by variety of circuits based on using switching device.The AVCOE
SANGAMNER 2
widely used switching devices are diodes, thyristors, power-transistors etc. The rectifier circuits can be
classified broadly into three classes: Uncontrolled, fully controlled, and Half controlled. An uncontrolled
rectifier uses only diodes and the DC output voltage is fixed in amplitude by the amplitude of AC supply.
The fully controlled rectifier uses thyristor as the rectifying element and the DC output voltage is a
function of amplitude of AC supply voltage and the point on wave at which thyristors are triggered (called
firing angle α). The half controlled rectifier contain a mixture of diodes and thyristors , allowing more
limited control over the DC output voltage level than the fully controlled rectifier.

FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CIRCUIT WITH RESISTIVE LOAD (R LOAD):

The single phase fully controlled bridge circuit with R load is shown in fig. a. In the bridge circuit,
diagonally opposite pair of thyristors are made to conduct and are commuted simultaneously. During the
first positive half cycle SCRs T1 ,T2 are forward biased and if they are triggered simultaneously, then
current flows through the path L-T1 -R-T2 -N. Hence, in the positive half cycle, thyristor T 1 , T2 are
conducting. During the negative half cycle of the A C input, SCRs T3 , T4 are forward biased and if they are
triggered simultaneously, current flows through the path N-T3 -R-T4 -L. Thyristors T1, T2, and T3,T4 are
triggered at a time firing angle alpha in each positive and negative half cycle of the supply voltage,
respectively. When supply voltage falls to zero, the current also goes to zero, Hence thyristor T 1 T2
Circuit Diagram:

Circuit diagram of single phase fully controlled converter with Resistive load.

Circuit diagram of single phase fully controlled converter with RL load.

are in positive half cycle and T3 T4 in negative half cycle turn off by natural commutation.
Derivation for Average output voltage: Average DC output Voltage is obtained as follows: \
Supply voltage Vs = Vmsin ωt.

Thus, by varying α from 0 to π, the Average output voltage can be controlled from 2Vmπfor α = 0, Vmπ for
α=π/2 and 0 for α=π.

Thus, by varying α from 0 to π, the RMS output voltage can be controlled from RMS input voltage V s to
zero.
FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CIRCUIT WITH INDUCTIVE LOAD(R-L LOAD): The
single phase fully controlled bridge circuit with R-L load is shown in fig. b. Conduction does not takes
place until the thyristors are fired and in order for current to flow, thyristor T1 a nd T2 are must be
fired togather as must thyristor T4 and T3 are in the next half cycle. To ensure simultaneous firing
both T1 and T2 are fired using same circuit. Inductance L is used in the circuit to reduce ripple. A
Observation Table

Sr. No Supply Firing Angle Output Voltage Output Voltage RMS Load
Voltage (α) Actual Calculated Voltage

4
large value of inductance will result in a continuous steady current in load. A small value of L will
produce a discontinuous load current for large firing angle.
A) Continuous Load current:
For large value of inductance load current is continuous. The voltage waveforms at the DC terminals
comprise a steady dc component on to which superimposed an ac ripple component, having a
fundamental frequency equals to twice that of AC supply. The input line current has a square
waveform of amplitude Id and the fundamental component of this waveform is in phase with the input
voltage.
At firing angle α thyristor T1 and T2 are triggered. Current flows through the path L-T1-A-L-R-B-T2-
N. Supply voltage from this instant appears across output terminal and force the current t hrough load.
This load current Id is assumed to be constant .This current also flows through the supply and
direction is from line to neutral. This is taken positive along with the applied voltage. Now at instant π,
voltage reverses. However because of very large inductance L, the current is maintained in the same
direction at constant magnitude Id which keeps the thyristors T1 and T2 in conducting state, hence the
negative Supply voltage appear across output terminal. At the angle π+α, thyristors T 3 and T4 are fired.
With this negative line voltage reverse biases thyristors T1 through T 3 , and T2 through T4 of commutating
thyristors .T1 and T2 . The current flows through the path N-T3 -A-L-R-B-T4 -L. This continues in every half
cycle and we get the output voltage. The line current is positive when T1 , T2 are conducting and negative
when T3 , T4 are conducting.
The average output DC voltage can be obtained as
Supply voltage Vs = Vmsin ωt
Waveforms for R-Load
Rectifying Mode:- During the interval α to π both supply voltage Es and supply current Is are positive
power therefore flows from ac source to load. During the interval (π+π toα), Es is negative but Is
positive the load therefore returns some of its energy to the supply system .But the net power flow is
from ac sourcetodc load because (π-α)>α. If α is < 90˚ the voltage at the dc terminal is positive
therefore the power flows from AC side to DC side and the converter operates as a rectifier.

Inverting Modes:- The firing pulses are retarded by an angle of 135˚. The Dc terminal voltage
waveform now contain a mean negative component of the AC line current waveform lags the voltage
by 135˚. Since the mean DC terminal voltage is negative [α >90˚], the DC power and hence also the
mean AC power must also be negative .In other wards power is now being delivered from the dc side
of converter to the ac side. and the converter is operating as line commuted inverter .This is confirmed
by the fact that the ac line current is displaced from the ac voltage by an angle greater than 90, which
indicates that the mean component of power is being delivered to the ac side of the circuit.

B) Discontinuous Load current:

The term discontinuous is applied to the condition when load current reaches zero during each half
cycle before the next SCR in sequence is fired. A small value of L will produce a discontinuous load
current for large firing angle. Power circuit diagram for a single phase full converter is shown in fig. b.
For this converter, when SCR T1 and T2 is triggered at ωt=α, load begins to build up from zero as
shown. At some angle β, known as extinction angle, load current decays to zero. Here β > π. As SCR
T1 and T2 are reversed biased afterωt=π, this pair is commutated at ωt=β when i0=0. From αto β,
output voltage V0 follows source voltage Vs. From βto (π+α), no SCR conducts, the load voltage
therefore jumps from Vm sinβ to zero. At ωt=π+α, as pair T3 and T4 triggered because they are
already in forward biased, load current starts to build up again as before and load voltage V0 follows
Vs waveform as shown. At π+β, i0 falls to zero, Vo changes from Vm sin (π+β) to 0, as no SCR
conducts.
From above, the observations can be made:
(i) Conduction period, α <ωt<β, T1 and T2 conduct and Vo = Vs.

Also (π+α) <ωt< (π+β), T3 and T4 conduct and Vo = Vs and so on.

(ii) Idle period, β<ωt< (π+α), no circuit element conducts therefore Vo = 0.
Waveforms for RL – LOAD & Derivation
Average output voltage:

Notations:
α = Firing Angle
β = Extinction Angle
γ = Conduction Angle
γ =𝛽–α

Average load current:

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the Resistive (Lamp) Load across the Load Terminals.
3. Connect the CRO probe across load terminals.
4. Check the connections before giving the Supply
5. Switch on the Main Supply
6. Check the supply voltage using Multimeter and check the waveform on CRO
7. Set the Firing angle at α = α1 by varying the knob on the kit
8. Check the output Voltage on CRO and note down the reading the of voltage across load
terminal using Multimeter.
9. Repeat the above procedure for α2 , α3 and note down the output voltage for each.
Calculate the rms load voltage
Conclusion:
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