Answers Description

Acoustics Science of sound phenomena

Science of sound and vibration
The art and science of designing a room/building which insures both
comfort and communication.
Sound Source Human speech, HVAC equipment
Transmission Path Air, earth, building materials
Receiver Human, animals, sensitive medical equipment.
Psycho acoustics Reaction of human beings to audible sound
Environmental Effect of the environment upon audible soundwaves
acoustics
Electro acoustics Generation and detection of audible sound waves
Sonics Technical application of mechanical waves
Sound Vibratory motion of bodies
Alteration in pressure
Form of energy propagated in waves
Physical wave in an elastic medium
Speech Produced by human voice
Music Produced by an instrument
Noise Produced by impact, by vibrating bodies, even by speech or music
3 aspects of acoustical Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area
design Internal acoustics of room
Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrations
Wanted Sound heard perfectly without pain and strain
Characteristics of Audible and inaudible
sound
Decibel Unit in which sound intensity is defined
Speed Sound travels at 1130ft. per second
Intensity Rate at which sound energy is being transmitted.
Decibel meter Instrument by which sound intensity measured
Threshold of Audibility Minimum intensity that is capable of evoking an auditory sensation
in the ear.
Threshold of pain Minimum sound pressure level which stimulates the ear to a point
which is painful
Frequency Number of displacements or oscillations that a particle undergoes in
1 sec.
Hertz Unit of frequency; numerically equal to cycles per second
Pitch Pinpoint sounds on a scale extending from high to low frequency
Tone Sound sensation having pitch
Wavelength Distance of sound wave traveled
Directionality of sound Sound waves in all directions
source
Temperature Particles of sound tend to follow cold air
Clouds If heavy, cloud can act as reflecting surface
Wind May change the direction of sound
Bodies of water Can also act as reflecting surface
Sound reflections Reflected off a surface usually one which is hard, rigid and/or flat
Sound absorption Absorb into a material upon contact
 Sound absorption Fraction of energy of the incident sound
coefficient
Noise reduction Arithmetic average of sound absorption
coefficient
Surface absorption Sound absorption of a surface obtained
Sabins Unit for surface absorption
1 person = 4-5 sabins
Sound diffusion Sound waves are dispersed equally in a room
Sound diffraction Sound weaves to be bent or scattered
Sound refraction Change of sound wave direction
Sound transmission Sound which penetrates through a surface

Reverberation Prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections

Reverberant Place which are large or have few people
Reverberation time Time for the sound pressure in a room
Generation Sound is generated when an object vibrates
Wave A disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively
Sound wave Longitudinal pressure wave in air
Vibration Back and forth motion of a complete cycle
Cycle Full circuit by a displaced particle
Period Time required for one complete cycle
Tone Composed of fundamental frequency
Pure tone Sound composed only of 1 frequency
Frequency band Express division of sound into sections
Velocity According to medium of transmission
Sound power Amount of energy produced by a source
(watts)
Intensity Energy level; unit is watts/cm2
Loudness Intensity level or sound pressure level
Decibel Dimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical
values
Sound absorption Absorb low frequency; some absorb high frequency
Reflections Sound foci/diffused
Surveillance and Fire, smoke and intruder detection
signal equipment
Audio and visual Telephone, intercom, public tv, and closed circuit television
communication
equipment
Time equipment Clock and program equipment
Automatic system Uses detectors to trigger the alarm system
Manual system Uses visual detection and the alarm is triggered by hand
Temperature detector Thermostat
Photoelectric detector Obscuration of a light beam by smoke
Ionization detector Detecting ionized particle in air
Flame detectors Infrared or ultraviolet detectors.
Non coded systems Continuous ringing evacuation type alarm
Master coded system Common coded or fixed coded system
Zone coded system Manual stations are grouped into zones
Dual coded systems Combination of non-coded and the zone coded systems
 Selective coded Fully coded system which all manual devices are coded
systems
Pre-signal system Alert only key personnel
Alarm devices Bells, buzzers, gongs, and horn.
Circuit design Energized and functions only when activated
Intrusion (burglar) Switches are used to detect door and window motion and glass
alarm system breakage
Sprinkler alarm Water flow switches are installed to monitor the flow of water in a
sprinkler head
Door and exit controls Triggers when a door is opened without authorization
Personnel entry Use of a card reader
control
Watchmen’s tour Allows a guard to call in
equipment
Television antenna Signal received by the tv
system
Microphone Sound and convert it to an alternative electric current
Amplifiers Amplifies and control the current
Loudspeaker Convert amplified electric current back into sound much louder
The intercom system Comprises of one or more master stations, one which monitors the
front door
The Private Automatic Entire system can handle up to 500 lines
Branch Exchange or
PABX
Flexible plastic pipes Polyethylene
Polybutylene
Rigid plastic pipes Polyvinylchloride
Chlorinated polyvinyl
Polypropylene
Acronitryle butadiene styrene
Galvanized steel pipes Welded pipes
Seamless pipes
Cast iron pipes Standard pipe
varieties Single hub pipe
Double hub pipe
Hubless pipe
Causes of trap seal Siphonage
loss Back pressure
Evaporation
Capillary attraction
Wind effects
Types of valves Gate valve
Check valve
Globe valve
Angle valve
Butterfly valve
Foot valve
Safety valve
Types of traps P-trap
S-trap
 ¾ s-trap
Grease trap
Bag trap
Crown trap
Bell trap
Types of ventilation Unit vent
systems Circuit vent
Yoke vent
Loop vent
Relief vent
Back vent
Blind vent
Branch vent
Polyvinyl chloride Strong, rigid and economical plastic pipe
Glass pipe Low expansion borosilicate
Check valve Permit the flow of liquid in pipe
Floor drain Providing an opening on the floor
Cleanout Removable plug which provides for inspection/cleaning of the pipe
run
Circuit vent Serves two or more traps
Vent pipe A pipe attached to drainage pipes.
Wye fitting Fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run of piping at
45deg
Trap Device to prevent the passage of foul air
Seal measurement Vertical distance between the top dip and crown weir of a pipe
Seepage pit/cesspool Covered excavation in the ground, receives discharge of domestic
waste
Septic tank Watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of plumbing
system
Back vent Individual vent
Blind vent Terminates on the upper side of the fixture
Globe valve Flow of liquid is controlled by a rotating drilled ball
Loop vent A type of ventilation system used on fixtures
Air gap Free atmosphere between the outlet of a waste pipe
Trap Prevent emission of sewer gases
Horizontal Pipe Angle less than 45 degrees
Half bath Containing a water closet and a lavatory
Roughing-in Installation of all parts of the plumbing system
Floor mounted fixture Plumbing fixture that rests on the floor
Flushometer Discharges a quantity of water
Full bath Containing a water closet, lavatory, and a bathtub
Hose bibb Faucet to which a hose may be attached
Area drain Receptacle for wastes discharged to sanitary drainage system
Riser Water supply pipe that extends one full storey
Soil stack Vertical line piping receives the discharge of water closet
Vent pipe Installed to ventilate a building drainage system
Stack vent Vent which also serves as drain
Building supply pipe The pipe from the water main
Vent stack Provide circulation of air to and from the drainage system
 Drain pipe Only conveys liquid waste
Siphonage A suction created by the flow of liquid in pipes
Stack Waste and vent pipe extending through one or more storeys
Backflow Water in pipes in a reverse direction
Battery of fixtures Discharge into a common horizontal waste or soil branch.
Branch Any part of piping system other than the main riser or stack
Cleanout Removable plate or plug placed in plumbing drainage pipe
Developed length Length of pipe measured along the center line
Crown weir Highest part of the inside portion of the bottom surface
Fixture drain To junction that drain with any other drain pipe
Invert The lowest portion of the inside surface
Indirect waste pipe Does not connect directly with the drainage system
Sewer Artificial conduit, carrying off waste water and refuse
Alkalinity Cased by bicarbonates
E. coli Bacteria in water
Foamability Caused by detergent
Flocculation Coagulation, aluminum is added
Ferrous bicarbonate Iron in water
Hardness Caused by calcium
Zeolite Water softening
Blackwater Water plus human waste from toilets
Grey water Waste water from laundry area, lavatory, sink, shower and bathtub,
Color/discolorization Caused by iron and manganese
Filtration Mode of turbidity correction
Hydro-pneumatic Indirect water distribution system
system
50-75 gpd Water supply requirement for single family
4 Value for bathtub
3/8 Minimum supply size for lavatory
Elevator Used in bldgs. Where several peak period of traffic
Types of elevators Electric elevators
Oil-hydraulic elevators
Machine room Hoisting machinery
Car frame Structural steel frame of an elevator
Lantern A light over the entrance to an elevator
Annunciator Signaling apparatus in an elevator
Call button Pus button for requesting an elevator
Door interlock Door is locked in the closed position
Door contact Door or gate is fully closed
Shaft Vertical passageway for car and counterweights
Car A cage of light metal supported on a structural frame
Cables Means for lifting or lowering the car
Counterweights Rectangular blocks of cast iron
Guide rails Vertical track
Machine room Placed directly above the shaft
Elevator machine Lifts and lower the car
Controls Combination of push buttons, contacts
Width of escalator 32 and 48
Angle of elevator 30deg
 Speeds 90 and 120fpm
Moving 0 to 15 deg of inclination
sidewalks/electricwalks Speeds- 120 and 180fpm
Balustrades Frames on either side of the moving steps
Buffer Device designed to stop a descending car
Cage/cab Enclosure for housing operator
Project or plant Total horsepower of all engines
Car Load carrying unit of an elevator
Crane Machine for lifting
Dumbwaiter Does not exceed 277 kilos used exclusively for carrying materials
Elevator Moves in vertical direction
Elevator landing Portion of a floor for loading or discharging
Elevator wire ropes Steel wire ropes
Enclosed Moving parts of a machine are so guarded that physical contact
Escalator Continuous stairway for raising or lowering
Guarded Suitable enclosure guards
Hoist Raising or lowering the load by application of bldg. force
Hoistway Shaftway for travel of one or more elevators
Machine Unit of an equipment
Machine house Mechanism and power plant
Machine parts All moving parts of machine
Moving walk Horizontal passenger carrying device
Process machine Equipment designed and operated for a specific purpose
Travelling cable Cable made up of electric conductors
Types of luminaires
Direct luminaires Emits light downwards; includes recessed lighting, downlight and
troffers
Indirect luminaires Emits light upward; suspended luminaires
Diffuse luminaires Emits light in all directions
Direct/indirect Emits light upward and downward but not on sides
luminaires
Asymmetric luminaires Designed for special applications
Adjustable luminaires Can be adjusted to throw light in directions other than down