Name: Rozanna

Practical:

Introduction
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry that studies the structure, properties
and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. The range of
chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only
carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other
elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and the halogens.

Most organic compounds are nonpolar and thus do not mix with polar molecules like
water. Therefore organic substances, in general, are insoluble in water. However, they are
soluble in nonpolar solvents. Organic compounds can be gases, liquids, or solids at room
temperature. Organic compounds have relatively low melting points and boiling points. The
reason for these differences lies in the type of attractive forces holding the particles next to
each other in each case there are no individual molecules present. Organic compounds, consist
of individual molecules held together by covalent bonds. The attractive forces between
molecules consist of relatively weak London dispersion forces. Since the attractive forces
between molecules are weak, it doesn’t take much energy to disrupt them and thus organic
molecules have low melting and boiling points. Organic compounds also burn in the presence
of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. This process is called combustion.

Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own
characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. Common
examples are alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, and ethers. Alcohols are the most
soluble in water while Esters are the least however, they still are more soluble than
hydrocarbons (Alkene and Alkane).
Unknown Water Cerric Chromic DNPH Iron Iodoform Potass. Functional
# Solubility Nitrate Acid Chloride Permang. groups

1 Insoluble negative negative negative negative negative positive Alkenes

bp < 110°
2 Insoluble negative negative positive negative positive negative Ketones
bp > 130°
3 Insoluble negative negative positive negative negative positive Ketones
bp > 160°
4 Insoluble positive positive negative negative negative negative 1° or 2°
bp > 110° Alcohol
5 Insoluble negative positive positive negative positive positive Aldehyde
bp < 175°
6
bp > 130°
7
bp > 110°
8
bp > 110°
9
bp < 110°
10
bp < 110°
11
bp > 90°
12
bp < 90°
13
bp < 150°
14
bp < 110°

15
bp < 110°