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S K Mondal’s Chapter 4
4. Design of Bearings
x In rolling contact bearings, the contact between the bearing surfaces is rolling instead
of sliding as in sliding contact bearings.
x We have already discussed that the ordinary sliding bearing starts from rest with
practically metal-to-metal contact and has a high coefficient of friction.
x Due to this low friction offered by rolling contact bearings, these are called
antifriction bearings.
The following are some advantages and disadvantages of rolling contact bearings over
sliding contact bearings.
Advantages
1. Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds.
2. Ability to withstand momentary shock loads.
3. Accuracy of shaft alignment.
4. Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in service.
5. Small overall dimensions.
6. Reliability of service.
7. Easy to mount and erect.
8. Cleanliness.
Disadvantages
If Average values of effective coefficients of friction for bearings are described below:
1. Spherical ball bearing - f1 2. Cylindrical roller bearing -f2
3. Taper roller bearing - f3 4. Stable (thick film)
Sliding contact bearing - f4
Correct sequence is f1 < f2 < f3 < f4
Fig.
Angular ball bearings have higher thrust load capacity in one direction than due radial ball
bearings
Double Row Angular Contact Bearing, shown in Fig. above has two rows of balls. Axial
displacement of the shaft can be kept very small even for axial loads of varying magnitude.
A taper roller bearing is shown in Fig. above. It is generally used for simultaneous heavy
radial load and heavy axial load. Roller bearings has more contact area than a ball bearing,
therefore, they are generally used for heavier loads than the ball bearings.
Needle Bearings
Needle bearings have very high load ratings and require less space
Bearing load
If two groups of identical bearings are tested under loads P1 and P2 for respective lives of L1
and L2, then,
a
L1 § P2 ·
¨ ¸
L2 © P1 ¹
Where,
L= life in millions of revolution or life in hours
a = constant which is 3 for ball bearings and 10/3 for roller bearings
Therefore, for a given load and a given life the value of C represents the load carrying capacity
of the bearing for one million revolutions. This value of C, for the purpose of bearing selection,
should be lower than that given in the manufacturer’s catalogue. Normally the basic or the
dynamic load rating as prescribed in the manufacturer’s catalogue is a conservative value,
therefore the chances of failure of bearing is very less.
Where,
Pe: Equivalent radial load
Pr: Given radial load
Pa: Given axial load
V: Rotation factor (1.0, inner race rotating; 1.2, outer race rotating)
X: A radial factor
Y: An axial factor
The values of X and Y are found from the chart whose typical format and few
Representative values are given below.
Pa e Pa Pa
de te
Co Pr Pr
X Y X Y
0.021 0.21 1.0 0.56
0.0 2.15
0.110 0.30 1.0 0.56
0.0 1.45
0.560 0.44 1.0 0.56
0.0 1.00
The factor, C0 is obtained from the bearing catalogue
Load-life Relationship
Rating Life
Rating life is defined as the life of a group of apparently identical ball or roller bearings, in
number of revolutions or hours, rotating at a given speed, so that 90% of the bearings will
complete or exceed before any indication of failure occur.
Suppose we consider 100 apparently identical bearings. All the 100 bearings are put onto a
shaft rotating at a given speed while it is also acted upon by a load. After some time, one after
another, failure of bearings will be observed. When in this process, the tenth bearing fails,
then the number of revolutions or hours lapsed is recorded. These figures recorded give the
rating life of the bearings or simply L10 life (10 % failure). Similarly, L50 means, 50 % of the
bearings are operational. It is known as median life. Figure below defines the life of rolling
contact bearings.
Fig.
Rating Life
P L = bearing life in (Mrev)
d
i L = §¨ ·¸ d = dynamic load capacity
R = Equivalent bearing load.
©R¹ N = speed of rotation
L h = bearing life in (hours)
60 NL h
ii L = P = 3 for ball bearing
106 =
10
for roller bearing
3
R = XFr + YFa
Fr = Radial load, Fa = axial load
The rated life of a ball bearing,
P
§d·
L=¨ ¸
©R¹
Where,
d = dynamic load capacity
R = Equivalent bearing load
Reliability of a Bearing
We have already discussed that the rating life is the life that 90 per cent of a group of identical
bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops. The reliability
b 1/ b
§1· §L· L ª § 1 ·º
log e ¨ ¸ ¨a¸ or «log e ¨ R ¸ » ...(i)
©R¹ © ¹ a ¬ © ¹¼
Where L is the life of the bearing corresponding to the desired reliability R and a and b are
constants whose values are
If L90 is the life of a bearing corresponding to a reliability of 90% (i.e. R90), then
1/ b
ª
L90 § 1 ·º
«log e ¨ ¸» ...(ii)
a«¬ © R 90 ¹ »¼
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we have
1/b
L ª log e 1 / R º 1/1.17
« » * 6.85 ª¬log e 1 / R º¼ ... 'b 1.17
L90 ¬« log e 1 / R 90 ¼»
This expression is used for selecting the bearing when the reliability is other than 90%.
Note: If there is n number of bearings in the system each having the same reliability R, and
then the reliability of the complete system will be
RS = Rp
Where RS indicates the probability of one out of p number of bearings failing during its life
time.
1/b 1/1.17
ª¬log e 1 / R90 º¼ ª¬log e 1 / 0.90 º¼ 0.10536
0.8547
0.146
1/ b
L ª¬log e 1 / R º¼ 1/1.17
? 6.85 ª¬log e 1 / R º¼ .
L90 0.146
Ans. Rating life is defined as the life of a group of apparently identical ball or roller bearings,
in number of revolutions or hours, rotating at a given speed, so that 90% of the bearings will
complete or exceed before any indication of failure occur.
Ans. It is that load which a group of apparently identical bearings can withstand for a rating
life of one million revolutions.
1
C P L a
Ans. The load rating of a bearing is given for radial loads only. Therefore, if a bearing is
subjected to both axial and radial loads, then equivalent radial load estimation is
required.
Example-1:
A certain application requires a bearing to last for 1800 hr with a reliability of 90
percent. What should be the rated life of the bearing?
Given: Bearing must last for 1800 hr with a reliability of 90 percent.
Solution: The L10 life has 90% reliability. Therefore the L10 rated life must be 1800 hr.
Example-2:
A ball bearing is to be selected to withstand a radial load of 4 kN and have an L10 life
of 1200 h at a speed of 600 rev/min. The bearing maker’s catalog rating sheets are
based on an L10 life 3800 h at 500 rev/min. What load should be used to enter the
catalog?
Given: Ball bearing must withstand 4 kN for 1200 hr. with a reliability of 90% at a
speed of 600 rev/min. The catalog rating sheets are based on an L10 life of 3800
hr at 500 rev/min.
Sample problem
A simply supported shaft, diameter 50mm, on bearing supports carries a load of 10kN at its
center. The axial load on the bearings is 3kN. The shaft speed is 1440 rpm. Select a bearing for
1000 hours of operation.
Solution
Here,
H V=1.0 (assuming
( inner
i race rootating)
Frrom the catalogue, C0 = 19.6 kN foor 50mm inn
ner diameteer.
Pa 3..0
? 0.153,
C0 19
9.6
Th
herefore, va
alue of e from
m the table (sample tabble is given in the text above) and
By
y linear inte
erpolation = 0.327.
Pa 3
Here,
H 0.6 ! e .H
Hence, X and Y values aare taken frrom fourth ccolumn of th
he
Pr 5
Sa
ample tablee. Here, X= 0.56
0 and Y=
= 1.356
Th
herefore, Pe =XVPr +YP Pa = 0.56×1.0×5.0 + 1.35
56×3.0 = 6.8867 kN
1 1
? basic load rating
g, C = P(L) 3 6.867 u 86.4
8 3 30.3
36 kN
Now,
N the tabble for singlle row deep
p groove ball bearing of o series- 02
2 shows tha at for a 50mmm
in
nner diametter, the valuue of C = 35..1 kN. Therefore, this bearing
b may d safely for the
y be selected
giiven requireement witho out augmen nting the sha
aft size. A possible
p bearring could be
b SKF 6210 0.
Sliding
S Contac
ct Beariings
Depending
D upon the nature
n of contact.
c Th
he bearings under
u this g
group are cllassified as:
(a) Sliding conttact bearinngs, and
(b) Roolling conttact bearin
ngs.
F
Fig.
1. Thick film bearings: The thick film bearings are those in which the working surfaces are
completely separated from each other by the lubricant. Such type of bearings is also called as
hydrodynamic lubricated bearings.
2. Thin film bearings: The thin film bearings are those in which, although lubricant is
present; the working surfaces partially contact each other at least part of the time. Such type
of bearings is also called boundary lubricated bearings.
3. Zero film bearings: The zero film bearings are those which operate without any lubricant
present.
Conformability: It is the ability of the bearing material to accommodate shaft deflections and
bearing inaccuracies by plastic deformation (or creep) without excessive wear and heating.
2. The resistance of a viscous fluid to being squeezed out from between approaching
surfaces (known as squeeze film lubrication).
F Variatioon of pressu
Fig. ure in the converging fillm.
Terms
T u
used in Hydrodynamic Jourrnal Bea
aring
A hydrodyna amic journa n figure beloow, in whicch O is thee centre of the
al bearing is shown in
joournal and O c is the cen
ntre of the bearing.
Leet D = Diam
meter of the bearing,
d = Diameterr of the journal,
an nd
l = Length off the bearingg.
Th he following
g terms useed in hydrod dynamic
joournal bearring are im mportant frrom the
suubject point of view :
1.. Diametra al clearanc ce. It the diifference
beetween the diameters of the bearring and
thhe journal.. Mathema atically, diiametral
clearance, Fig. Hyd
drodynamic journal bea
aring.
c=D–d
Note:
N The diametral
d clearance
c (c) in a bea aring shoulld be smalll enough too produce the
ne ure built up will supporrt the load. Also the sm
ecessary vellocity gradient, so thatt the pressu mall
clearance hass the advan ntage of decrreasing sidee leakage. However,
H thee allowance must be ma ade
fo
or manufactturing tolerrances in the t journal and bushiing. A commonly used d clearancee in
in
ndustrial maachines is 0.025 mm
6.. Attitude or
o eccentriicity rati: ItI is the ratiio of the ecccentricity to the radial clearance.
c
Mathematica
M ally, attitude
e or eccentrricity ratio,
e c1 h0 h0 2h0
H 1 1 ..... ' c1 c / 2
c1 c1 c1 c
Notes: 1. when the length of the journal (l) is equal to the diameter of the journal (d), then the
bearing is called square bearing.
2. Because of the side leakage of the lubricant from the bearing, the pressure in the film is
atmospheric at the ends of the bearing. The average pressure will be higher for a long bearing
than for a short or square bearing. Therefore, from the stand point of side leakage, a bearing
with a large l / d ratio is preferable. However, space requirements, manufacturing, tolerances
and shaft deflections are better met with a short bearing. The value of l / d may be taken as 1
to 2 for general industrial machinery. In crank shaft bearings, the l / d ratio is frequently less
than 1.
Somerfield Number
The Somerfield number is also a dimensionless parameter used extensively in the design of
journal bearings. Mathematically,
2
PN § d ·
Sommerfeld number =
¨ ¸
P ©c¹
For design purposes, its value is taken as follows:
2
PN § d ·
14.3 u 106 ... (When P is in kg / m-s and p is in N / mm2)
p ¨© c ¸¹
*Coefficient of friction,
33 § PN · § d ·
f= ¨ ¸¨ ¸ k ... (when P is in kg / m-s and p is in N / mm2)
108 © p ¹ © c ¹
From Figure below, we see that the minimum amount of friction occurs at A and at this point
the value of P N / p is known as bearing modulus which is denoted by K. The bearing should
not be operated at this value of bearing modulus, because a slight decrease in speed or slight
increase in pressure will break the oil film and make the journal to operate with metal to
metal contact. This will result in high friction, wear and heating. In order to prevent such
conditions, the bearing should be designed for a value of P N / p at least three times the
minimum value of bearing modulus (K). If the bearing is subjected to large fluctuations of load and
heavy impacts, the value of P N / p = 15 K may be used. From above, it is concluded that when the
value ofP N / p is greater than K, then the bearing will operate with thick film lubrication or under
hydrodynamic conditions. On the other hand, when the value of P N / p is less than K, then the oil film
will rupture and there is a metal to metal contact.
Tempe
T rature Rise
Th
he heat gennerated in a bearing is due
d to the flluid friction
n and friction
n of the parrts having
elative motion. Mathem
re matically, heeat generateed in a bearring,
Qg = Ǎ.W.V
W N-m/s or
o J/s or watts
Where
W Ǎ = Coeffficient of friction,
W = Load d on the bearring in N, = Pressure on the bearin ng in N/mm
m2 × Projecteed
area of the
e bearing in n mm = p (l × d),
2
S d.N
V = Rubbiing velocity in m/s = , d is in meters, and
6
60
N = Speed d of the journnal in r.p.m
m.
Qd = C.A
C (tb – ta) J/s or
o W
Notes: 1. for well designed bearing, the temperature of the oil film should not be more than
60°C, otherwise the viscosity of the oil decreases rapidly and the operation of the bearing is
found to suffer. The temperature of the oil film is often called as the operating temperature of
the bearing.
2. In case the temperature of the oil film is higher, then the bearing is cooled by circulating
water through coils built in the bearing.
3. The mass of the oil to remove the heat generated at the bearing may be obtained by
equating the heat generated to the heat taken away by the oil. We know that the heat taken
away by the oil,
Qt = m.S.t J/s or watts
Where m = Mass of the oil in kg / s,
S = Specific heat of the oil. Its value may be taken as 1840 to 2100 J / kg / °C,
t = Difference between outlet and inlet temperature of the oil in °C.
Bearing Materials
The materials commonly used for sliding contact bearings are discussed below:
1. Babbit metal: The tin base and lead base babbits are widely used as a bearing material,
because they satisfy most requirements for general applications. The babbits are
recommended where the maximum bearing pressure (on projected area) is not over 7 to 14
N/mm2. When applied in automobiles, the babbit is generally used as a thin layer, 0.05 mm to
0.15 mm thick, bonded to an Insert or steel shell. The composition of the babbit metals is as
follows:
Tin base babbits: Tin 90%; Copper 4.5%; Antimony 5%; Lead 0.5%.
Lead base babbits: Lead 84%; Tin 6%; Antimony 9.5%; Copper 0.5%.
2. Bronzes:
3. Cast iron:
4. Silver:
5. Non-metallic bearings:
2
P = viscosity N S
mm2
PN § d · P = unit bearing pressure Load per unit
P ¨© c ¸¹
projection area. W / ld N / mm2
ns = journal speed
(v) Petroff’s Law
f = co- efficient of friction
Pn s § r ·
f 2 S2 K o 0.002
P ¨© C ¸¹
(vi) Radius of friction circle
f xr
(vii) C 0.001 r
(viii) h 0 0.0002 r
1 1 N S
(ix) 1CP P 10 9 N S
100 1000 m2 mm2
2Sns fwr
(x) Frictional power KW f
106
Pw Force
Pw x r Torque
Pwr Z p
Pwr2Srs .
Q
(xi) Flow variable (FV) =
nsCrl
§r·
(xii) co – efficient of friction variable: CFV = f ¨ ¸
©c¹
(xiii) The angle of eccentricity or attitude angle locates the position of minimum film thickness
with respect to the direction of load.
PN
(xiv) is called bearing characteristic Number
P
P = absolute viscosity of the lubricant
N = speed, P = Bearing pressure
PN
(xv) When bearing is subjected to large fluctuation of load and heavy impacts. The should
P
be 15 times the bearing modulus
Load-life Relationship
GATE-2. The rated life of a ball bearing varies inversely as which one of the
following? [GATE-1993; IES-2004]
(a) Load (b) (load)2 (c) (load)3 (d) (load)3.33
P
§d·
GATE-2Ans. (c) L ¨ R ¸ , d = dynamic load capacity
© ¹
R = Equivalent bearing load
GATE-3. The life of a ball bearing at a load of 10 kN is 8000 hours. Its life in hours, if
the load is increased to 20 kN, keeping all other conditions the same, is
(a) 4000 (b) 2000 (c) 1000 (d) 500 [GATE-2000]
GATE-3 Ans. (c)
3
§1·
Life v ¨ ¸
©P ¹
3 3
§P · § 10 ·
L2 L1 ¨ 1 ¸ 8000 ¨ ¸ 1000 hrs.
© P2 ¹ © 20 ¹
GATE-4. The dynamic load capacity of 6306 bearing is 22 kN. The maximum radial
load it can sustain to operate at 600 rev/min, for 2000 hours is [GATE-1997]
(a) 4.16 kN (b) 3.60 kN (c) 6.2S kN (d) 5.29 kN
GATE-4 Ans. (d)
[IES-2003]
IES-2 Ans. (b)
R max = 1500 N
Fc = 2 x R = 2 x 1500 N
mZ 2 r = 2 x 1500
§ 2 u1500 ·
1/2
IES-5. The rating life of a group of apparently identical ball bearings is defined
as the number of revolutions or exceeded before the first evidence of
fatigue crack by: [IES-2005]
(a) 100% of the bearings of the group (b) 95% of the bearings of the group
(c) 90% of the bearings of the group (d) 66.66% of the bearings of the group
IES-5Ans. (c)
IES-6. Match List I (Type of Bearings) with List II (Type of Load) and select the
correct answer using the code given below the Lists: [IES-2005]
List I List II
A Deep groove bearing 1. Radial load
B. Tapered roller bearing 2. Radial and axial load
C. Self aligning being 3. Mainly radial load with shaft misalignment
D. Thrust bearing 4. Mainly axial load
IES-10. On what does the basic static capacity of a ball bearing depends?
(a) Directly proportional to number of balls in a row and diameter of ball[IES-2009]
(b) Directly proportional to square of ball diameter and inverse of number of rows of
balls
(c) Directly proportional to number of balls in a row and square of diameter of ball
(d) Inversely proportional to square of diameter of ball and directly proportional to
number of balls in a row
IES-10Ans. (c)
IES-12. In a single row deep groove ball-bearing, cages are needed to [IES-1999]
(a) Separate the two races
(b) Separate the balls from the inner race
(c) Separate the outer race from the balls
(d) Ensure that the balls do not cluster at one point and maintain proper relative
angular positions.
IES-12Ans. (d)
IES-14. Assertion (A): It is desirable to increase the length of arc over which the oil film
has to be maintained in a journal bearing. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): The oil pressure becomes negative in the divergent part and the
partial vacuum created will cause air to leak in from the ends of bearing.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-14Ans. (a)
IES-16. Removal of metal particles from the raceway of a rolling contact bearing is
a kind of failure of bearing known as [IES-1995]
(a) Pitting (b) wearing (c) spalling (d) scuffing
IES-16Ans. (a)
Load-life Relationship
IES-17. The rated life of a ball bearing varies inversely as which one of the
following? [GATE-1993; IES-2004]
(a) Load (b) (load)2 (c) (load)3 (d) (load)3.33
P
§d·
IES-17 Ans. (c) L ¨R¸ , d = dynamic load capacity
© ¹
R = Equivalent bearing load
IES-21. Match List-I (Bearings) with List-II (Applications) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists: [IES-2001]
List I List II
A. Cylindrical roller 1. Radial loads
B. Ball-bearing 2. Machine needs frequent dismantling
and assembling
C. Taper rolling bearing 3. Radial loads with lesser thrust
D. Angular contact ball-bearing 4. Shock loads
5. Axial expansion of shaft due to rise in
temperature
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 5 (b) 1 3 2 5
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 5 4 1 3
IES-21Ans. (c)
IES-22. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists: [IES-1998]
List I List II
A. End thrust 1. Plain bearing
B. No cage 2. Ball bearing
C. More accurate centering 3. Needle bearing
D. Can be overloaded 4. Tapered roller bearing
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 3 2 1
IES-22 Ans. (d)
IES-23. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the Lists: [IES-1997]
List-I List-II
IES-25. In a collar thrust bearing, the number of collars has been doubled while
maintaining coefficient of friction and axial thrust same. It will result in
(a) Same friction torque and same bearing pressure [IES-2002]
(b) Double friction torque and half bearing pressure
(c) Double friction torque and same bearing pressure
(d) Same friction torque and half bearing pressure
IES-25 Ans. (d)
IES-29. Assertion (A): In steady rotating condition the journal inside a hydrodynamic
journal bearing remains floating on the oil film. [IES-2008]
IES-33. What is the main advantage of hydrodynamic bearing over roller bearing?
(a) Easy to assemble [IES-2005]
(b) Relatively low price
(c) Superior load carrying capacity at higher speeds
(d) Less frictional resistance
IES-33Ans. (c)
IES-35. In a journal bearings, the radius of the friction circle increases with the
increase in [IES-1997]
(a) Load (b) Radius of the journal
(c) Speed of the journal (d) Viscosity of the lubricant
IES-35Ans. (b)
IES-38. It is seen from the curve that there is a minimum value of the coefficient of
friction (Ǎ) for a particular value of the Bearing Characteristic Number
denoted by ǂ. What is this value of the Bearing Characteristic Number
called? [IES-2004]
(a) McKee Number (b) Reynolds Number
(c) Bearing Modulus (d) Somerfield Number
IES-38Ans. (c)
IES-39. Assertion (A): In equilibrium position, the journal inside a journal bearing
remains floating on the oil film. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): In a journal bearing, the load on the bearing is perpendicular to the
axis of the journal.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-39Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation for A.
IES-40.A full journal bearing having clearance to radius ratio of 1/100, using a
lubricant with ȝ=28×10-3 Pa s supports the shaft journal running at N = 2400
r.p.m. If bearing pressure is 1.4 MPa, the Somerfield number is [IES-2001]
(a) 8×10-3 (b) 8×10-5 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.48×10
P Ns § r ·
2
IES-40Ans. (a) s
p ¨© c ¸¹
IES-42. Which one of the following sets of parameters should be monitored for
determining safe operation of journal bearing? [IES-2000]
(a) Oil pressure, bearing metal temperature and bearing vibration
(b) Bearing vibration, oil pressure and speed of shaft
(c) Bearing metal temperature and oil pressure
(d) Oil pressure and bearing vibration
IES-42Ans. (a)
IES-44. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists: [IES-1995]
List I (Requirement) List II (Type)
A. High temperature service 1. Teflon bearing.
B. High load 2. Carbon bearing
C. No lubrication 3. Hydrodynamic bearing
D. Bushings 4. Sleeve bearing
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2 3 1 4
IES-44Ans. (d)
IES-45. Assertion (A): In anti-friction bearings, the frictional resistance is very low as the
shaft held by it remains in floating condition by the hydrodynamic pressure
developed by the lubricant. [IES-2006]
Reason (R): In hydrodynamic journal bearings, hydrodynamic pressure is
developed because of flow of lubricant in a converging -diverging channel
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-45Ans. (d)
IES-48. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer: [IES-2002]
List I (Bearings) List II (Load type)
A. Hydrodynamic Journal bearing 1. High radial and thrust load
combined
B. Rectangular Hydrostatic bearing 2. Radial load only
C. Taper Roller bearing 3. Thrust load only
D. Angular contact ball bearing 4. Medium to low radial and
thrust combined
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 4 3 1 2
IES-48 Ans. (a)
IES-49. Assertion (A): Oil as a cutting fluid result in a lower coefficient of friction.
Reason (R): Oil forms a thin liquid film between the tool face and chip, and it
provides 'hydrodynamic lubrication'. [IES-2000]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-49Ans. (c) Oil forms a thin liquid film between the tool face and chip, and it provides
'boundary lubrication
IES-51. Match List-I (Type of Anti-friction bearing) with List-II (Specific Use) and
select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: [IES-2006]
List-I List -II
A. Self-aligning ball bearing 1. For pure axial load
IES-53. Assertion (A): In hydrodynamic journal bearings, the rotating journal is held in
floating condition by the hydrodynamic pressure developed in the lubricant.
Reason (R): Lubricant flows in a converging-diverging channel. [IES-1994]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-53.Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R provides correct explanation for A
IAS-4. Match List-I (Applications) with List-II (Choice of Bearings) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List – I List - II
(Applications) (Choice of Bearings)
A. Granite table of a coordinate 1. Hydrodynamic bearing
measuring machine
B. Headstock spindle of a lathe 2. Deep groove ball bearing
C. Crank shaft of a diesel engine 3. Hydrostatic bearing
D. Armature of 0.5 kW induction motor 4. Taper roller bearing
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 3 4 1 2
IAS-4Ans. (a)
IAS-6. Which one of the following is the lubricator regime during normal
operation of a rolling element bearing? [IAS-2000]
(a) Hydrodynamic lubrication (b) Hydrostatic lubrication
[IAS-1998]
IAS-8Ans. (c)
IAS-10. Assertion (A): An important feature of film lubrication is that once a lubricant film
is formed on the mating surfaces by running the bearing with a lubricant having a
high degree of oiliness, it is possible to change to a lubricant with a much lower
oiliness. [IAS-1999]
Reason (R) Lubricants of high oiliness are liable to decompose or oxidize and hence
are not suitable for general lubrication purposes.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-10Ans. (a)
IAS-11. Thrust bearings of the sliding type are often provided with multiple
sector-shaped bearing pads of the tilting type instead of a continuous
angular bearing surface in order to [IAS 1994]
(a) Distribute the thrust load more non-uniformly
(b) Provide limited adjustments to shaft misalignments