Oral Communication

COMMUNICATION – is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one

person to another
Nature of Communication:
1. Communication is a process
2. Communication occurs between two or more people
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal)
Elements of Communication:
1. SPEAKER – source of information
2. MESSAGE – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by speaker
3. ENCODING – the process of converting the messages into words or actions
4. CHANNEL – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal
5. DECODING – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker
6. RECEIVER – the recipient of the message
7. FEEDBACK – the reactions/response
8. CONTEXT – the environment where communication take place
9. BARRIER – the factors that affect the flow of communication

Models of Communication
1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL – known as the mother of all communication models
2. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL – it is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one
element
3. SCHRAMM MODEL – modified the Shannon-Weaver model; it has a field of experience

Functions of Communications
1. CONTROL – communication functions to control behavior
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – communication allows individuals to interact with others
3. MOTIVATION – motivates or encourages people to live better
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
and emotion
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION – communication functions to convey information

7Cs of Effective Communication

1. COMPLETENESS – essential to the quality of the communication process in general
2. CONCISENESS – making it direct or straight to the point
3. CONSIDERATION – the speaker should always consider relevant information
4. CONCRETENESS – effective communication happens when the message is concrete and
supported by facts, figures and real-life examples and situations
5. COURTESY – respecting cultures, values and beliefs of his/her receivers
6. CLEARNESS – implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas
7. CORRECTNESS – it eliminates negative impact on the audience

Barriers to Communication
1. Emotional barriers
2. Use of Jargons
3. Lack of Confidence
4. Noisy environment

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION – happens when individuals interact, negotiate and

create meanings while bringing in varied cultural background
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
Stage:
1. DENIAL – the individual does not recognize cultural differences
2. DEFENSE – starts to recognize cultural differences
3. MINIMIZATION – they bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural
differences
4. ACCEPTANCE – begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and
eventually values
5. ADAPTATION - very open to world views when accepting new perspectives
6. INTEGRATION – individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and
their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints

Types of Speech Context

1. INTRAPERSONAL – centers on one person where the speaker acts both sender and receiver
2. INTERPERSONAL – communication between and among people and establishes personal
relationship between among them
• Dyad communication – communication occurs between two people
• Small group – communication that involves three but not more than 12 people
3. PUBLIC – requires you deliver or send the message before or in front of a group
4. MASS COMMUNICATION – take place through television, radio, newspaper, magazines,
books etc.

Types of Speech Style

1. INTIMATE – occurs between or among close family members or individuals
2. CASUAL – this style is common among peers and friends
3. CONSULTATIVE – it is a standard one; professional or mutually acceptable language is a must
in this style
4. FORMAL – this style is used in formal settings
5. FROZEN – this style is “Frozen” in time and remains unchanged; it mostly occurs in
ceremonies

SPEECH ACT – is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect

Three Types of Speech Act
1. LOCUTIONARY – the actual act of uttering
2. ILLOCUTIONARY – the social function of what I said
3. PERLOCUTIONARY – the resulting act of what is said

Searle’s Classification of Speech Act

1. ASSERTIVE – the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition
2. DIRECTIVE – the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action
3. COMMISSIVE – commits the speaker to doing something in the future
4. EXPRESSIVE – the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions
5. DECLARATION – brings a change in the external situation

Types Communicative Strategy

1. NOMINATION – a speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish
a topic
2. RESTRICTION – refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker
3. TURN-TAKING – process by which people decide who takes the conversation floor
4. TOPIC CONTROL – it covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development
of topic in conversations
5. TOPIC SHIFTING – involves moving from one topic to another
6. REPAIR – refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation
7. TERMINATION – refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a
topic in a conversation