How are the elements arranged?

The periodic table of elements arranges all of the known chemical

elements in an informative array. Elements are arranged from left to right
and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number. Order generally
coincides with increasing atomic mass. The rows are called periods. The
period number of an element signifies the highest energy level an electron in
that element occupies (in the unexcited state), according to the Los Alamos
National Laboratory. The number of electrons in a period increases as one
moves down the periodic table; therefore, as the energy level of the atom
increases, the number of energy sub-levels per energy level increases.
Elements that occupy the same column on the periodic table (called a
"group") have identical valance electron configurations and consequently
behave in a similar fashion chemically. For instance, all the group 18
elements are inert gases.

Who discovered the periodic table?

Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist and inventor, is considered the

"father" of the periodic table, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. In
the 1860s, Mendeleev was a popular lecturer at a university in St.
Petersburg, Russia. Since there were no modern organic chemistry
textbooks in Russian at that time, Mendeleev decided to write one, and
simultaneously tackle the problem of the disordered elements. Putting the
elements in any kind of order would prove quite difficult. At this time, less
than half of the elements were known, and some of these had been given
wrong data. It was like working on a really difficult jigsaw puzzle with only
half of the pieces and with some of the pieces misshapen.
Mendeleev ultimately wrote the definitive chemistry textbook of his
time, titled "Principles of Chemistry" (two volumes, 1868–1870), according
toKhan Academy. As he was working on it, he came upon a significant
discovery that would contribute greatly to the development of the current
periodic table. After writing the properties of the elements on cards, he began
ordering them by increasing atomic weight, according to the Royal Society
of Chemistry. This is when he noticed certain types of elements regularly
appearing. After intensely working on this "puzzle" for three days, Mendeleev
said that he had a dream in which all of the elements fell into place as
required. When he woke up, he immediately wrote them down on a piece of
paper — only in one place did a correction seem necessary, he later said.
 Mendeleev arranged the elements according to both atomic weight and
valence. Not only did he leave space for elements not yet discovered, but he
predicted the properties of five of these elements and their compounds. In
1869, he presented the findings to the Russian Chemical Society. His new
periodic system was published in the German chemistry periodical Zeitschrift
fϋr Chemie (Journal of Chemistry)

How to read the table base on their characteristics?

Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the
atomic number of that element. The number of protons defines what element
it is and also determines the chemical behavior of the element. For example,
carbon atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one, and oxygen
atoms have eight.
Atomic symbol: The atomic symbol (or element symbol) is an abbreviation
chosen to represent an element ("C" for carbon, "H" for hydrogen and "O" for
oxygen, etc.). These symbols are used internationally and are sometimes
unexpected. For example, the symbol for tungsten is "W" because another
name for that element is wolfram. Also, the atomic symbol for gold if "Au"
because the word for gold in Latin is aurum.
Atomic weight: The standard atomic weight of an element is the average
mass of the element in atomic mass units (amu). Individual atoms always
have an integer number of atomic mass units; however, the atomic mass on
the periodic table is stated as a decimal number because it is an average of
the various isotopes of an element. The average number of neutrons for an
element can be found by subtracting the number of protons (atomic number)
from the atomic mass.
Atomic weight for elements 93-118: For naturally occurring elements, the
atomic weight is calculated from averaging the weights of the natural
abundances of the isotopes of that element. However, for lab-created trans-
uranium elements — elements with atomic numbers higher than 92 — there
is no "natural" abundance. The convention is to list the atomic weight of the
longest-lived isotope in the periodic table. These atomic weights should be
considered provisional since a new isotope with a longer half-life could be
produced in the future.
What are the metals, nonmetals, metalloid and inert gases in the
periodic table?

Alkali metals: The alkali metals make up Group 1 of the table, and comprise
lithium (Li) through francium (Fr). These elements have very similar behavior
and characteristics. Hydrogen is Group 1, but it exhibits few characteristics
of a metal and is often categorized with the nonmetals.
Alkaline earth metals: The alkaline earth metals make up Group 2 of the
periodic table, from beryllium (Be) through radium (Ra). The alkaline earth
metals have very high melting points and oxides that have basic alkaline
solutions.
Lanthanides: The lanthanides comprise elements 57 — lanthanum (La),
hence the name of the set — through 71, lutetium (Lu). They, along with the
actinides, are often called "the f-elements" because they have valence
electrons in the f shell.
Actinides: The actinides comprise elements 89, actinium (Ac), through 103,
lawrencium (Lr). They, along with the lanthanides, are often called "the f-
elements" because they have valence electrons in the f shell. Only thorium
(Th) and uranium (U) occur naturally with significant abundance. They are
all radioactive.
Transition metals: The transition elements are metals that have a partially
filled d subshell and comprise Groups 3 through 12 and the lanthanides and
actinides.
Post-transition metals: The post-transition elements are aluminum (Al),
gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), Tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi).
As the name implies, these elements have some of the characteristics of the
transition metals, but they tend to be softer and conduct more poorly than
the transition metals.
Metalloid: The metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge),
arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po). They
sometimes behave as semiconductors (B, Si, Ge) rather than as conductors.
Metalloids are also called "semi-metals" or "poor metals."
Nonmetals: The term "nonmetals" is used to classify hydrogen (H), carbon
(C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).
Halogens: The halogen elements are a subset of the nonmetals. They
comprise Group 17 of the periodic table, from fluorine (F) through astatine
(At). They are generally very chemically reactive and are present in the
environment as compounds rather than as pure elements.
Noble gases: The inert, or noble, gases comprise Group 18. They are
generally very stable chemically and exhibit similar properties of being
colorless and odorless.

How are the new elements discovered?

The name nihonium with the symbol Nh for element 113 was proposed
by the discoverers at RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science
(Japan); the name came from Nihon which is one of the two ways to say
“Japan” in Japanese, and literally mean “the Land of Rising Sun”.
Moscovium with the symbol Mc for element 115 and tennessine with
the symbol Ts for element 117 were proposed by the discoverers at the Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia), Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (USA), Vanderbilt University (USA) and Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (USA). Both are in line with tradition honoring a place or
geographical region. Moscovium is in recognition of the Moscow region and
honors the ancient Russian land that is the home of the Joint Institute for
Nuclear Research, where the discovery experiments were conducted using
the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator in combination with the heavy ion
accelerator capabilities of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions.
Tennessine is in recognition of the contribution of the Tennessee region of
the United States, including Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vanderbilt
University, and the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, to superheavy
element research.
Lastly, and in line with the tradition of honoring a scientist, the name
oganesson and symbol Og for element 118 was proposed by the
collaborating teams of discoverers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research, Dubna (Russia) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
(USA) and recognizes Professor Yuri Oganessian (born 1933) for his
pioneering contributions to transactinoid elements research. His many
achievements include the discovery of superheavy elements and significant
advances in the nuclear physics of superheavy nuclei including experimental
evidence for the “island of stability”.
Comments from the general public, during the 5 month period were
many. Apart from many full agreements, comments were received
suggesting other names, in some cases accompanied by petitions from large
groups of people. However, these suggestions could not be accepted, given
the fact that under the current guidelines only the discoverers have the right
to propose names and symbols. Questions were also received about
pronunciation of the names and the translations into other languages.
Members of the chemistry community also raised the concern that Ts is one
of the two commonly used abbreviations for the tosyl group. Recognizing
however that many two-letter abbreviations have multiple meanings —even
in chemistry, and for example Ac and Pr— the conclusion was made that the
context in which the symbols are used, makes the meaning unambiguous.
“Overall, it was a real pleasure to realize that so many people are
interested in the naming of the new elements, including high-school
students, making essays about possible names and telling how proud they
were to have been able to participate in the discussions,” said Professor Jan
Reedijk, President of the Inorganic Chemistry Division. He added “It is a long
process from initial discovery to the final naming, and IUPAC is thankful for
the cooperation of everyone involved. For now, we can all cherish our
periodic table completed down to the seventh row.”
“The names of the new elements reflect the realities of our present
time” said IUPAC President Prof Natalia Tarasova, “universality of science,
honoring places from three continents, where the elements have been
discovered—Japan, Russia, the United States—and the pivotal role of
human capital in the development of science, honoring an outstanding
scientist—Professor Yuri Oganessian”.
The exploration of new elements continues, and scientists are
searching for elements beyond the seventh row of the periodic table. IUPAC
and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)
are establishing a new joint working group which task will be to examine the
criteria used to verify claims for the discovery of new elements.
Distillation
- is the process of separating the components or substances from a
liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may
result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may
be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected
components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences
in the volatility of the mixture's components. In industrial chemistry,
distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a
physical separation process, not a chemical reaction.

Filtration
-is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid
can be a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application,
either one or both of the components may be isolated.

Chromatography
- is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture
is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a
structure holding another material called the stationary phase. The various
constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to
separate. The separation is based on differential partitioning between the
mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition
coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus
affect the separation.

Hand Picking
- we have to separate some substances from a mixture in order to get
a suitable substance for use. Some of the substances are easily separable
just by taking out the impurities with hand.
Winnowing
- is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for
separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove hay and chaff or other
pests from stored grain. Threshing, the loosening of grain or seeds from the
husks and straw, is the step in the chaff-removal process that comes before
winnowing. In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so
that the wind blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall back
down for recovery. Techniques included using a winnowing fan (a shaped
basket shaken to raise the chaff) or using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel)
on a pile of harvested grain.

Magnetism
- is which separating components of mixtures by using magnets to
attract magnetically susceptible materials. This separation technique can be
useful in mining iron as it is attracted to a magnet. In mines
where wolframite was mixed with cassiterite, such as South Crofty and East
Pool mine in Cornwall or with bismuth such as at the Shepherd and Murphy
mine in Moina, Tasmania, magnetic separation is used to separate the ores.
At these mines a device called a Wetherill's Magnetic Separator (invented
by John Price Wetherill, 1844–1906) was used. In this machine, the raw ore,
after calcination was fed onto a conveyor belt which passed underneath two
pairs of electromagnetsunder which further belts ran at right angles to the
feed belt. The first pair of balls was weakly magnetized and served to draw
off any iron ore present. The second pair were strongly magnetized and
attracted the wolframite, which is weakly magnetic. These machines were
capable of treating 10 tons of ore a day.

Decantation
- is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of
a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. The layer closer to the top
of the container—the less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which
the precipitate or sediment has settled out—is poured off, leaving the other
component or the more dense liquid of the mixture behind. An incomplete
separation is witnessed during the separation of two immiscible liquids.
Evaporation
- Evaporation is great for separating a mixture (solution) of a soluble
solid and a solvent. The process involves heating the solution until the
solvent evaporates (turns into gas) leaving behind the solid residue.

Factorial Freezing
- is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate
substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of
a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by
partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal
freezing or progressive freezing. The initial sample is
thus fractionated (separated into fractions).

Sifting
- is a simple technique for separating particles of different sizes. A
sieve such as used for sifting flour has very small holes. Coarse particles are
separated or broken up by grinding against one-another and screen
openings. Depending upon the types of particles to be separated, sieves with
different types of holes are used. Sieves are also used to separate stones
from sand. Sieving plays an important role in food industries where sieves
(often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by
foreign bodies. The design of the industrial sieve is here of primary
importance.

Centrifugation
-involves spinning a container in circles at high speed. The centripetal
force that develops during the rotation allows the denser substance to settle
at bottom of the container.
Tanong:
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kompyuter.Nakapagbibigay ng mga dapat at hindi dapat
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