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UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

STATUS CONFIRMATION FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT

MONITORING THE STRUCTURE STABILITY OF CAGeD FIELD


OBSERVATION COMPLEX

ACADEMIC SESSION : 2019/2020

I, AIDA FARZANA BINTI MOHMAD SHAMSUDDIN, agree to allow this


Undergraduate Project Report to be kept at the Library under the following terms:

1. This Undergraduate Project Report is the property of the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
2. The library has the right to make copies for educational purposes only.
3. The library is allowed to make copies for educational purposes only.
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(Contains information of high security or of
CONFIDENTIAL great importance to Malaysia as STIPULATED
under the OFFICIAL SECRET ACT 1972)

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as determined by


Organization/Institution where research was
conducted)

 FREE ACCESS

Approved by,

__________________________ ____________________________
(AIDA FARZANA BINTI MOHMAD (Sr. Dr. ANUAR BIN MOHD SALLEH)
SHAMSUDDIN)

NO 74 JALAN AHMAD LENGA, 84040, FACULTY OF CIVIL AND


MUAR, JOHOR, ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,
DARUL TAKZIM UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA

Date: _________________________ Date: _________________________

NOTE:
** If this Undergraduate Project Report is classified as CONFIDENTIAL or
RESTRICTED, please attach the letter from relevant authority/organization
stating reasons and duration for such classification.
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TITLE

MONITORING THE STRUCTURE STABILITY OF CAGeD FIELD


OBSERVATION COMPLEX

AIDA FARZANA BINTI MOHMAD SHAMSUDDIN

A project report submitted in partial


Fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Civil and Environmental Engineering

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING


UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

MAY 2019
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ABSTRACT

This study is a combination of structural, geotechnical, foundation and geomatics


engineering. The study area which located at Tanjung Laboh is a jetty used for data
observation. Because it can easily detect the possible factors of deformation, the need
to do the monitoring is a must. It is important to ensure that the structure is stable to
be used for that purpose. Some factors contribute to deformation at the jetty are the
soil condition, the material of the jetty, and method of construction of the jetty. The
observation is done for three (3) times within six (6) months. Based on the further
literature studies, Total Station has been chosen as a method to monitor the jetty
because the suitability of this method to be done in this area. The study is done by
doing a proper literature review, site investigation, fieldwork, analysis of the data,
make a discussion and conclusion. From this study, the deformation of the structure
can be found if there is a changing of data within 6 months observations. Furthermore,
by doing this study, an early stage of structural failure can be detected and some action
can be made to avoid structural failure. Considering that the study area is located near
the shoreline area that is unstable because of many factors, it is important for the
structure to be stable and safe to use.
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ABSTRAK

Kajian ini adalah gabungan kejuruteraan struktur, geoteknik, kejuruteraan asas dan
juga geomatik. Kawasan kajian ini ialah di Tanjung Laboh terdapat jeti yang sering
digunakan untuk mencerap data. Oleh kerana faktor berlakunya deformasi dapat
dikesan dengan mudah, pemantauan struktur tersebut perlu dilakukan. Hal ini penting
untuk memastikan struktur tersebut stabil untuk digunakan. Terdapat beberapa faktor
yang menyumbang kepada deformasi di jeti seperti jenis tanah, bahan yang digunakan
untuk membuat jeti dan kaedah pembinaan jeti. Cerapan akan dilakukan sebanyak tiga
(3) kali dalam tempoh enam (6) bulan. Berdasarkan kajian literatur yang telah
dilakukan, Total Station telah dipilih sebagai kaedah untuk memantau jeti kerana
kesesuaian peralatan dan cerapan yang hendak dijalankan. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan
melakukan banyak kajian literatur, melawat kawasan kajian, kerja lapangan, analisis
data, membuat perbincangan dan kesimpulan. Daripada kajian ini, deformasi pada
struktur boleh dikesan jika terdapat perbezaan data dalam tempoh enam (6) bulan
pemerhatian. Selain itu, dengan melakukan kajian ini, tahap awal kegagalan struktur
dapat dikesan dan tindakan dapat dilakukan untuk mengelakkan kegagalan struktur.
Memandangkan kawasan kajian terletak berhampiran kawasan pantai, struktur yang
berada dikawasan ini perlulah stabil dan selamat digunakan.
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CONTENT

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... ii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................ iii

CONTENT ............................................................................................ iv

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................ vii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................... ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................... x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of study.................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem statement ..................................................................... 2

1.3 Objective .................................................................................... 3

1.4 Scope ......................................................................................... 3

1.5 Significance of the study ........................................................... 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 8

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 8

2.2 Coastal structure ........................................................................ 8

2.3 Deformation ............................................................................. 12

2.4 Deformation observation method ............................................ 14

2.5 Data analysis ............................................................................ 20

2.6 Summary.................................................................................. 21
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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 22

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 22

3.2 Topic selection ......................................................................... 22

3.3 Literature review...................................................................... 24

3.4 Field work ................................................................................ 25

3.5 Data observation ...................................................................... 26

3.6 Data processing and analysis ................................................... 28

REFERENCE ........................................................................................................... 33

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 37
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LIST OF TABLES

2.1 The difference between coastal defence approaches 9


and methodologies
2.2 Condition of the observation (field value) 13
2.3 Differences between Total Station, GPS and UAV 15
2.4 Angle errors and the adjustments 21
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LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 CAGeD Field Observation Complex, Tanjung 4


Laboh
1.2 The equipment used in this study (Total Station, 5
Prism, and Tripod)
2.1 Types of offshore breakwater structure 10
2.2 Example of typically fully decked jetty 11
2.3 Tanjung Laboh Jetty with a deck 11
2.4 Seawall at Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia 12
2.5 GPS main Segments 16
2.6 GPS satellite constellation (Courtesy Leica 17
Geosystem)
2.7 UAV Drone 18
2.8 horizontal, slope and vertical distances from the 20
Total Station
2.9 Tilting axis error 22
2.10 Compensator index error 22
2.11 Horizontal collimation or known as line-of-sight 22
error
2.12 Basic Key Operation 23
2.13 Screen at Total Station (Topcon ES-105 Total 23
Station)
2.14 Screen display (Topcon ES-105 Total Station) 24
2.15 AutoCAD version 2010 26
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2.16 (a) Two (2) Dimension (2D) Drafting & 27


Annotation, (b) 3D Modelling, and (c) AutoCAD
Classic
3.1 Methodology flow chart 30
3.2 Control point for observation in this study area 32
3.3 The reference points, control points and 33
observation points of the study area
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

2D - 2 Dimension
3D - 3 Dimension
a - Tilting axis
AutoCAD - Auto Computer-Aided Design
c - Line of sight
CAGeD - Centre of Applied Geomatics for Disaster Prevention
DXF - Drawing Exchange Format
EDM - Electronic Distance Measurement
FKAAS - Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
GPS - Global Positioning System
HA-L - horizontal angle left
HA-R - horizontal angle right
IATS - Image Assisted Total Station
LCD - Liquid-Crystal Display
mgon - miligon
mm - millimetre
PC - prism constant
PPm - atmospheric correction
ppm - parts per million
SD Card - Secure Digital Card
SD - slope distance
SDR-Mapping - Software Designed Ratio Mapping
UAV - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
VA - vertical angle
ZA - zenith angle
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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Project Plan (FYP 1) 39


B Project Plan (FYP 2)
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Civil structures providing convenience to the community as each one of the structures
have its own purposes such as house, tunnel, factory, dam, bridge and jetty. Nowadays,
the development near the coastline area is increasing rapidly. One of the structure
commonly found near the coastline area is the jetty. The jetty for this study is located
at Tanjung Laboh, Batu Pahat should be monitored and maintained depending on the
risk, importance and factors contribute to deformation.
Tanjung Laboh, Batu Pahat is a fisherman village located at Batu Pahat, Johor
and there are many agricultural activities carried out in this area. But, there are also
structures build around Tanjung Laboh for many purposes. There are jetty, house and
building, and most of the structures are located at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM) Tanjung Laboh Campus. Jetty Tanjung Laboh is mainly used as a
data observation complex for UTHM students and lecturers. Monitoring and
assessment of the jetty is necessary to allow detecting the early sign of deflection and
the stability of the jetty. From the study, the stability of the structure can be identified.
The factors contribute to decreasing of structural stability can be an aid to
improve maintainability of the jetty. Jetty Tanjung Laboh is built above the seabed
with clay and silt soil. Clays and silts are the most common soil material at Tanjung
Laboh that exposed to deformation due to natural phenomena and human activities.
(Das & Sobhan, 2013) stated that the soil is defined as the mineral grains with
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uncemented aggregate and decayed organic matter which is solid particles with void
in the solid particles filled with liquid or gas.
The movement of soil at the seabed may cause the structure to have deflection.
This phenomena may affecting the jetty which build by Centre of Applied Geomatics
for Disaster Prevention (CAGeD) as an observation complex. CAGeD is the newest
research centre in Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FKAAS), UTHM
that has been established in early 2018. Since the jetty is built to be used for the student
and lecturer, the monitoring must be done to ensure the structure is stable.

1.2 Problem statement

Advantages of bamboo/structure failure


According to News Straits Times, it is important to monitor the stability of the jetty.
The purpose of monitoring of the jetty is to determine the stability of the jetty. It is
because, all the early warning signs need to be aware. Soil is the main character in
construction. The type of soil at the seabed is important for the structure stability. The
jetty is 272 meter long and located on the seabed where the type of soil is clay soil.
Clay soil is not suitable for development because it has high density, high moisture
content and compacts easily. This type of soil also swell and shrink as it continuously
wet and dry, which can lead to settlement. Clay that exposed to water tends to soften
and liquefy. This type of soil often causes difficulties in construction when it has low
strength and stiffness.
This has caused serious problem as it can damage the foundation of the
structure if it is built without using proper method. There is a method that can be
chosen for construction on clay soil which is pile foundation method. The purpose of
pile foundation is to resist vertical, horizontal and uplift load. Piles are convenient to
use as a foundation that works over the water, such as jetty. But, the method used to
build the jetty is by pitch a pillar one by one on the seabed until it is done. It is a manual
method where pitch a bamboo pillar on the ground. Most bamboo species only have
an average 2 years durability.
Bamboo is not a suitable material to be used as a pillar at a place exposed to
seawater and weather. Bamboo easily deteriorated in just a couple of years if it is not
treated with an effective preservatives. Bamboo is always related to construction, but
as a frame for scaffolding since it is light, strong and easy to handle but not as a
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permanent material for the modern construction. It is because the bamboo is strong
and can be hold together with ties without any difficulties. Then, it can be released
easily and can be reuse for the next construction. Bamboo is always be used as a main
material for the construction years ago, but with the latest technologies and method
used, the bamboo is not relevant anymore. The disadvantages of bamboo are listed as
follows:
i. Required preservatives for longer lasting.
ii. Low durability: Easy to get fungi attack and easy to deteriorate.
iii. Do not have specific shape due to natural growth.
iv. Easy to catch fire.
v. Bamboo life span is only 2 to 3 years.
vi. Although it is easy to join the 2 pillars together, but the strength of the structure
is low.
vii. Lack of design codes and guidelines.
Among the disadvantages listed above, there are also the advantages of bamboo
which are:
i. Good material for scaffolding, reinforcement, piping, walls and floor.
ii. It is renewable material and environmental friendly.
iii. A good material to be used as a furniture.
iv. Bamboo is stronger than steel.

1.3 Objective

The purpose of this study are:


i. To monitor the structure of CAGeD observation complex.
ii. To determine the stability of CAGeD observation complex in 6 months.
iii. To identify the type of factor contribute to structure movement.

1.4 Scope

The scope of the study will affecting the quality outcome and performance from this
study. Both need to be specified early in this study. The following scopes are:
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1.4.1. Study area

The location for this study is at coastal of Tanjung Laboh which is facing the straits of
Melaka. At Tanjung Laboh, there is also UTHM Tanjung Laboh Campus which
located 25 kilometre from the main campus which is at Parit Raja, Batu Pahat. For
future planning, UTHM will also develop Tanjung Laboh Airport as integrated airline
campus and will be the first university in South East Asia that have an airport with
complete facilities, lecture hall, residential college and faculty building. At Tanjung
Laboh, there is a jetty which the student and lecturer frequently used for data
observation. Furthermore, the jetty is also located near UTHM campus that currently
under development.

Figure 1.1: CAGeD Field Observation Complex, Tanjung Laboh


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1.4.2. Field work

The observation for this study will be done for three (3) times in period of six (6)
months. The data observation process needs to be done 3 times to detect any changes
in the structure.

1.4.3. Instrument and software used

The instruments and software used for this study are:


i. Total Station
Total Station is an optical instrument used for measuring distance and bearing
from one point to other. It is mainly used to surveying and building construction.
ii. Prism
Prism is made from optical glass and usually attached on surveying pole or
surveying prism. It is used along with Total Station as a reflector.
iii. Tripod
Tripod is also one of the surveying instrument that usually used to support the
surveying instrument such as Total Station, levels, and prism.

Figure 1.2: The equipment used in this study (Total Station, Prism, and Tripod)
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1.5 Significance of the study

This study is important because the jetty will be used a lot as an observation complex
for research purposes. Considering that this place located along the shoreline area, it
is so important for the structure to be stable and safe to use by the student and lecturer.
If the movement of the structure can be detected at the early stage, an action can be
done in instant to avoid the reconstruction new structure. Furthermore, by detecting
the movement from the jetty at the early stage, the cost for maintenance work is
cheaper than reconstruction.
With this purpose, the need to monitor the structure is as important as
maintaining the structure. In other words, it is to ensure the user’s safety while on the
jetty especially the student and lecturer. To take an initiative, if the movement detected
on the jetty, the responsible party can notify them about the stability of the jetty. From
that, some unwanted issue can be avoided where the sudden structure failure, and the
maintenance can be done accordingly. The life span of the jetty also can be extended.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Add past article/lack of background


This chapter will be explained in detail to identify the problems, scope of study, and
literature review from past case studies. The literature review need to be done to
enhance the knowledge and understanding regarding this study by searching a lot of
past case studies. This chapter will discuss the terms relating to monitoring the
structure and factor contributes to structure stability. These terms are very important
in this study to achieve the objectives and to be fully understand the benefit of structure
monitoring. At the end of this chapter, the most suitable method, equipment and
software to be used for this study could be pointed out.

2.2 Coastal structure

Coastal area is one of the rapidly developing area in country. There are so many types
of coastal structures that build near the shoreline which are house, jetty, building,
coastal defence structure, and for recreation. According to Kim (2014), the coastal
structure can be designed in small scale depends on the structure considerations. This
statement means that the coastal structure not only specified for buildings but there are
also jetty, coastal defence structure, modified and developed shoreline mainly use for
recreation.
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2.2.1 Coastal defence structure

Coastal defence structure is built near the shoreline to protect and as a breakwater and
to protect the land from erosion. Due to lack of mangrove tree which is natural
breakwater, the man-made structure is needed to avoid the wave effects and energy at
the shoreline (Kamaluddin, 2019). Wave is produced when three major mechanisms
that provide wind, energy, gravitational force and even earthquake disturbing the
surface of water (Ibrahim, 2019). This statement means that the wave is formed
because of the stated phenomena below the sea. The movement of plates on earth also
one of the main reason for the formation of wave. The wave is the main aspect that
need to be highlighted because the forces and energy that hit the shoreline may causing
beach erosion. The types of coastal defence structure approaches are in Table 2.1
below.

Table 2.1: The difference between coastal defence approaches and methodologies
(French, 2001)
Hard Defences Soft Defences Indirect Solutions
Sea walls Beach feeding Building restrictions
Breakwaters Dune building True-cost insurance
Revertments Increasing natural sedimentation Holistic management
Groynes Managed realignment
Gabions Abandonment
Offshore breakwaters Beach drainage
Hard points Do nothing
Armourstone

French (2001) stated that the coastal protection is necessary. From that, a sea
wall is built along the cliff to prevent the cliff loss. However, all these protections will
be useless if the wave impact to the structure is still high. An alternative to reduce
wave impact is a good way to protect the man-made or natural structure at the shoreline.
The method is by placing the wave impact reducer under the sea near the shore. The
purpose of this breakwater is to reduce the wave impact to the cliff or at the beach. The
types of offshore breakwater structure is shown in Figure 2.1.
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Figure 2.1: Types of offshore breakwater structure (French, 2001)

2.2.2 Jetty

Other than breakwater structure, jetty also one of the coastal structure. According to
Agerschou (2004), jetty is a structure that projecting into the water. The jetty have
more than two piers which projected into the water. The jetty designed based on its
purposes. Based on Alexander (2016), the most common jetty structure built is type of
suspended concrete which is supported by bearer piles. There is also a deck-on-pile
structure where the typically designed fully decked jetty is suitable for tugs and fishing.
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Figure 2.2: Example of typically fully decked jetty (Alexander, 2016)

Figure 2.3: Tanjung Laboh jetty with a deck


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2.2.3 Seawall

Seawall is a structure that built to protect the land from the harsh wave impact from
the sea. It is usually built to protect the land or cliff which is much higher from the
water surface. The wall must be strong enough to absorb the force and impact from the
sea wave.

Figure 2.4: Seawall at Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia

2.3 Structural stability

According to Simitses & Hodges (2006), a lot of problems occurring at the modern
structural design systems. Some of them are economics factor, the materials used,
temperature effect, cost of the structure, and ease for maintenance. These are the
arising problems associated with the complicated design of the structure. Based on this
statement, it shows that all the structure changing in times so it is very important to
keep the stability of the structure as longest time as possible.

Deformation refers to the changes and displacement of the body that undergoes
different shape, dimension and position of the body. Deformation that happen at large
structures need to be measured in order to ensure that the structure is safe from
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deformation (Wan Aziz et al., 2005). Deformation monitoring has become crucial
nowadays because of the need to ensure the stability and safety of the structure for
public use. Deformation survey is one of the method use to get the precise data of any
movement of the structure, identifying stability information and to monitor the
structure.
According to Adeleke et al. (2013), the risk evolution process of the objects,
areas, and the earth surface can be monitored with the aim to give an early warning to
the disaster and it is one of the main focus of disaster risk management. As technology
improved, the monitoring technology for the structure also at its peak. When the
projects become more complex or the material, construction and design methods are
nonstandard, it is always advisable to measure the deformations, loads, stresses, and
strains of the structure and always monitor the structure at certain period so that the
performance and stability of the structure is satisfactory and ensured (Das & Sobhan,
2011).
JUPEM (1998) stated that deformation monitoring on land is also known as a
land survey activity which is observed repeatedly within specified chosen time with
the purpose to detect the movement of the land or man-made structure. From this
statement, it also proved that the monitoring the stability of the man-made structure is
as important as the land monitoring. The man-made structure may experience
movement due to several factors which taken into consideration.

2.3.2 Deformation of jetty

Deformation of jetty refers to the deformable of the structure to change its shape,
distance and stability. All engineering structures facing possibilities of having
deformation because of several factors. According to Yi et al. (2013), an aging
structure carrying greater loads than predicted when designed has increased the need
to monitor the structure performance. There are so many survey and observation that
have been done to determine the deformation of the jetty. Furthermore, there are also
an observation done to determine the wave direction, impact and height with or without
jetty at the beach and the deformation that happen from it as shown in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Condition of the observation (field value) (Park et al., 2012)
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Exp Jetty Incident wave Period(sec) Direction


No Wave height(cm)
1 Without jetty Surging wave 5.8(290) 1.4(10.0) S35°E
2 Ordinary wave 2.2(110) 1.7(12.0) S35°E
3 With south Surging wave 5.8(290) 1.4(10.0) S35°E
4 jetty only Ordinary wave 2.2(110) 1.7(12.0) S35°E
5 With Bi-jetty Ordinary wave 5.8(290) 1.4(10.0) S35°E
6 Ordinary wave 2.2(110) 1.7(12.0) S35°E

The table shows that the current formed in the condition with jetties at the
research area which is at Choa-Kwang Stream in Busan City and Imrang Beach of
Korea. This study is done because of the recent urbanization of the area may affecting
the sand bar formation and the stability of the beach. The jetty is proposed as the
solution of the problems. The jetty contributes to the shoreline conservation only if the
jetty is build strong enough as the breakwater at the stream.

2.4 Structure stability observation method

Monitoring the structure in the meantime has become so important to avoid the
structure to fail and causing much loss. The main purpose of this analysis is to
determine the deformation of a structure which are the displacements and strain fields
in the domains and space.
The structure build near the coastal area, on soft soil, and near slope have
higher possibility to get deformation because of its geological, geotechnical and
structural aspects. Deformation monitoring of engineering structure after construction
and during operation is to be able detecting the movement and changes of the structure
in a meantime. Any changes of data from the original point proving that the structure
is having minor or major deformation. The advantages and disadvantages of these
three methods for observation is shown in the Table 2.3.
From the table 2.3, there are at least 3 methods that can be used to find jetty
which are by using Total Station, GPS and UAV. It shows that Total Station have more
advantages than GPS and UAV.
15
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2.4.1 Monitoring using Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS is one of the satellite positioning system which required the data receiving
through satellite retrieved information. This method is also known as one of the
economical and easy to use. It also works well to detect slow displacement movement
of the structure and especially useful at the bridge and dam monitoring. Error in GPS
during data collecting process falls into three categories which are satellite-dependent
error, receiver-dependent error, and signal-dependent error.
Mentioned by Zhang (2014), this system is able to work in high frequency thus
very suitable for deformation monitoring at bridge and railway. The GPS coordinates
have degree of uncertainty and the measurement requiring at least four satellites
tracked in order to compute three dimensional position of the survey location. This
system may work to produce both accuracy and may be beneficial for the data
observation.
GPS have 3 main segments which are the control segment, space segment and
also the user segment, as shown is Figure 2.5. The GPS satellites transmitted signals
to the user and the user will receive the exact data of the location and distance.

Figure 2.5: GPS main segments (El-Rabbany, 2002)

The space with satellites located 20200 kilometre from the earth. Mentioned
by Uren & Price (2010), it is necessary to have a great satellite coverage on the earth
with minimum satellites. So, a great care is need to be sure when designing the GPS
17

satellites constellation. The GPS satellites constellation is shown in Figure 2.6. From
the GPS measurement and observation, the X, Y, Z Cartesian coordinates will be
determined along with the height difference. The deformation analysis will be using
the height difference based on the obtained data from the GPS result, and also the data
from levelling obtained and carried out separately (Erol et al., 2004). The analysis from
the observation can have the general review regarding the deformation analysis of the
research area.

Figure 2.6: GPS satellite constellation (Courtesy Leica Geosystem) (Uren & Price,
2010)

In the opinion of Uren & Price (2010), there are three types of errors that need
to take into consideration before doing the observation which are satellite-dependent,
receiver-dependent and signal-dependent. The observer need to be aware that these
errors either can be modelled or using suitable field procedure to minimize an error, or
even removing the error. Knowing these errors are important for the accuracy of the
obtained data.

2.4.2 Monitoring using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

UAV is known as one of the remote sensing device. UAV is an effective device to
monitor large area of land or a structure. According to Cramer (2011), the digital
18

photogrammetric cameras in the last ten years has been available and commonly used,
and it has been one of the most important and affordable solution for the monitoring
especially at the coastal area. With this monitoring, this allow for the technology of
three dimensional point clouds and digital surface model (DSM) with a quality.

Figure 2.7: UAV Drone

UAV is also widely known as a military device for the military purposes. But
as technology improved, it is also known for one of the surveying method. Nowadays,
the practice of photogrammetric surveys is increasing by using UAV because it can
produce a very detailed image of the land. From this, the geological conditions of the
area also can be determined such as weathering, faults, dip and types of rock. As stated
in Kamaluddin (2019), even though UAV is low cost and there is an accuracy, the
usage of this equipment is only for an accessible area. It is also has limited time and
charge with only 15 to 20 minutes with 0.5 kilogram for operation of UAV. It is limited
to the windy weather also. The equipment will be easily damaged if it is exposed to
the windy and rainy weather.
The types of UAV can be categorized according to the flight duration, speed,
height, and area covered. The Multi-Rotor which is commonly used for aerial
photography and videography. This type of UAV have limited flight period and
endurance. For Micro UAV, it is built for the entertainment such as for the robotic
competition, and photography (Kamaluddin, 2019). It can fly less than 1 hour and have
limited endurance. This UAV is able to reach 10,000 feet from the ground for the
19

image taking from the air. The UAV is usually used for military, agriculture,
construction, surveying, and entertainment.

2.4.3 Monitoring using total station

Total Station is one of the surveying equipment to measure horizontal distance, vertical
distance and bearing value at the specific point. It is highly sensitive equipment where
it can detect small changes. With the result that, it also can be used as a tool for
monitoring the structure and detect the displacement and deformation of structure in
the required time. Total Station also have high degree of precision making that the
value is accurate and have been used extensively in surveying engineering. Total
Station have ocular that work like a scope, a handle to make it easier to move it around,
Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) to display data and units, and many more.
Modern technology provides total stations which are able to measure angles
with an accuracy of ±0.5'' (0.15 mgon), and distances with an accuracy of ±1mm +
1ppm to a range of 3,500m (Leica Geosystems, 2002a) (Hill & Sippel, 2002). From
the Rahim (2019), total station is widely used as a surveying equipment which
commonly used as the combined technology to measure angle and theodolite’s
capabilities by using Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) to measure horizontal
vertical, slope distance and bearing of the certain point.
The major manufacturers of Total Stations has released the Total Station with
integrated cameras. These devices are referred as Image Assisted Total Station (IATS)
and also video-theodolites. These combination are very practical and appealing if the
location of the camera is in the optical path of the telescope, which is at on-axis camera
(Kohut et al., 2013). The type of distances obtained from the Total Station is shown in
Figure 2.8.
20

Figure 2.8: horizontal, slope and vertical distances from the Total Station (Uren &
Price, 2010)

Since the waves are being transmitted by Total Station either visible of infrared,
a plane mirror will act as a reflector could be used (Uren & Price, 2010). It needs to be
accurately aligned with the mirror because the reflector may be narrow spread making
the data is not accurate. The glass reflector that is used is called prism. There are two
types of prisms which are short distance measurement (small prism) and long distance
measurement (large prism). The prisms are attached to the tripod on site.
Furthermore, Total Station can measure distance without using the reflector.
The total station just need to shoot at the target to measure the distance. It can be done
especially with a difficult target. According to Coaker (2009), the reflector-less
measurement only becoming commonly becoming the in-built to the total station. It is
providing an easy and quick measurement with an accurate data. The range of these
equipment have increasing and exceeding 1500 meters for the white targets or hundred
meters for darker targets. Notably, this reflector-less total station still have some
limitations and still lack on research for it as the day-to-day surveying.

2.5 Data analysis

After survey on site, the obtained data need to be process and to be compared from all
the observations so that the differences can be detected.
21

2.6 Summary

This chapter explained about the stability and the method used for monitoring. All the
factors have been considered. The movement from the structure can happen based on
the several factors which are the natural phenomena, type of soil, and the material of
the structure. Based on site visit at the study area, the most suitable method that can be
used at the jetty is monitoring by using Total Station. It is because the jetty need to
have fixed point but if using GPS or UAV, it is difficult to fix the point on jetty since
the material of the jetty is bamboo.
The case studies also providing information and methods for stability survey.
The method chosen based on the suitability of the study area and the equipment
provided. It is also important to properly understand the function and how to operate
the equipment and software that will be used. So, it is necessary to learn and collect
information from previous study.
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will be explained about the step and process to ensure that the processes
of this research will be carried out systematically. This chapter consist of six (6) sub-
sections to be explained in detail. The reason why this research need to be done as
planned and systematic because of the importance to make the objectives of the
research achieved. Figure 3.1 is this study’s work flow which is done from the
beginning until it is done.

3.2 Topic selection

The topic have been chosen at first week of the semester which is 19th February 2019.
The topic chosen is “Monitoring the Structure Stability of CAGeD Field Observation
Complex”. This topic is chosen to determine the stability of the structure and factors
contribute to deflection at the jetty by using Total Station as a method by observe
distance and bearing of the study area.
23

START

Literature review
• Collecting information by reading case studies, journal and thesis.
• Finding the best method to carry out this study
• Find the most suitable method that can be used to monitor the
structure

Site investigation
• Location recognition
• Find suitable place for control points
• Establish the control points for each observation points

Field work
• Find distance and bearing for each points on jetty
• Three (3) observations in within six (6) months

Data processing and data analysis

Result, discussion, conclusion and recommendation

END

Figure 3.1: Methodology flow chart


24

3.3 Literature review

Structure monitoring requiring constant observation and relevant information about


changing of the bearing and distance. Because of that, it is necessary to do the topic
research by finding information through sources such as journals, articles, books, case
studies and thesis. This is the main part to achieve this study’s objectives.
By reading a lot of related topics through the trusting sources, it is important
to validity all the literature review in this study. Furthermore, by carry out this study
through the literature review, the field observation session will not be out of scope.
Other than that, this study able to finish on time with all the needed information. Some
topics researched are related to this study which makes the topics as a reliable reference
and it is related to monitoring the coastal structure by using Total Station.
Some case studies is obtained through some search engine which providing the
soft copy to be used as reference. Other than that, it is also used to find the historical
data and condition of Tanjung Laboh from the government website and articles. The
internet is also used to gain information of Tanjung Laboh before doing an actual site
visit. It is to get the proper information and understanding about the study area. It is
important to make a lot of study to achieve the objectives of the study.
Therefore, it is very important to validity all the information stated in the
literature review that used and to figure out the most suitable method for this study. It
is important to provide the data that will be easy to detecting the deformation of the
study structure. This is also to ensure the actual situation at the study area and to avoid
any possibilities that far from achieving the success for this study.
25

3.4 Field work

In this phase of study, it is required to do a field work by fixing the reference points,
control points and points at jetty. For points on land, the method used is by dig a hole
and cast a cement inside the hole. Then for the central point on it, the nail and pipe are
used. The method is shown in Figure 3.2 below.

Figure 3.2: Control point for observation in this study area

Next, for the points on jetty, the points is fixed at the bamboo by using nail. It
is important for the nail to be properly attached to the bamboo so that an actual and
accurate data for deformation on jetty can be obtained. The nail is placed at the bamboo
as central point for the reflector that being used, which is prism during the first
observation.
The equipment used are Total Station, tripod and prism. The prism will be
place on the central point on jetty and will be level with bubble before taking data. All
the collected data on site will be updated at the end of the observation. The collection
of data on site is important as it will be the main reason to achieve the objectives of
this study.
26

Figure 3.3: The reference points, control points and observation points of the study
area

The observation points placed on the jetty divided into 5 parts with 2 points
labelled as 1 and 2. Meanwhile, on the land, the points are divided into two parts which
are reference and control point. All these points will be referred as traverse points as
shown in Figure 3.3.

3.5 Data observation

The data observation done based on the reference points from R1 and R2 to the target
points on jetty. The control points are measured to R1 and R2 by using a Total Station
to obtain distance and bearing. The reason why there are reference points is being
control by the control points is because to make sure that the data obtained for
deformation is not from the land deformation, but from the jetty. The work procedures
are:
i. The reference and control points are placed on the flat surface on land. The nail
is attached on the each points as a fixed point to avoid the points from moving.
27

ii. The target points are on jetty and fixed by using nail that attached to the bamboo.
iii. There 10 target points, 2 reference points and 3 control points.
iv. The Total Station is levelled at C1 and prism is levelled at C2. The bearing is
set to 0’ 00’ 00’’ while pointed at C2.
v. Press {MEAS} to get the distance from C1 to C2.
vi. Rotate the Total Station to T1 and press {MEAS} and get the bearing and
distance of that target point.
vii. Measure for all ten (10) target points which are located on jetty.
viii. Record all data.
ix. Step iv until viii is repeated for the next reference point, R2.
x. Step iv until viii are repeated for second and third observation by measuring
only bearing and directly point to the nail.
xi. All the data obtained which are the distance and bearing are calculated.
xii. From the calculation, the coordinates of the observation obtained and compared.

Figure 3.4: Total Station position towards the target points on jetty

After the first observation, for the next months, the second and third observation
is done by using the same work procedure. All the possible errors need to be taken into
consideration especially the equipment errors and setting up errors. It is because to
avoid inaccuracy for the end result.
28

3.6 Data processing and analysis

Type of analysis/least square


The data is calculated and compared to see the possible deformation happen on jetty.
Based on the data, the difference of data in first and second observation shows that
there is possibility of deformation or displacement on jetty. The data processed by
using Microsoft excel.

3.7 Expected result

The data obtained is process to determine the stability of each points from all the three
observations where the data output is compared. From the comparison done, the range
of failure or the movement of the observed structure can be determined if there the
data obtained from all the observations are different.
29

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will be explained about the data analysis throughout the observation. All
the data which obtained from all observation will be presented in this chapter. Based
on the distance and bearing, the coordinate value obtained calculate by using latitude
and departure method. The calculation need to be done so that it could be used to
process the data by using STAR*NET software.

4.2 Data observation using Total Station

4.3 Data calculation

All the distance and bearing obtained from each observation recorded in tabulated form.
The distance and bearing calculated to get the coordinates for each target by using
Latitude and Departure method. From that, the data can be simplified by process it by
using STAR*NET software. The formula used to calculate Latitude and Departure are:
 Latitude = D × cos Ø
 Departure = D × sin Ø
Where D is the distance of the observation and Ø is the bearing angle
The coordinates calculated are analyzed by using STAR*NET software and the
result shown in the software shows the difference or displacement for each point.
30

Table 4.1: Calculation of coordinates for the first observation


Station Target Bearing Distance Latitude Departure Coordinate
Point (m) N/S E/W

C1 C2 0˚00’00’’ 47.188 47.188 0 1047.188 1000.000


C1 R1 355˚43’31’’ 25.628 25.557 -1.910 1072.745 998.09
C1 R2 355˚39’29’’ 47.496 47.360 -3.596 1120.241 994.494

C3 C2 0˚00’00’’ 47.161 47.161 0 1047.161 1000.000


C3 R1 3˚38’57’’ 68.563 68.424 4.364 1115.585 1004.364
C3 R2 4˚19’25’’ 46.704 46.571 3.511 1162.156 1007.875

R1 C1 0˚00’00’’ 25.628 25.628 0 1025.628 1000.000


R1 T1 101˚43’28’’ 289.797 -58.889 283.751 966.739 1283.751
R1 T2 102˚27’30’’ 279.043 -60.198 272.472 906.541 1556.223
R1 T3 103˚25’29’’ 292.762 -67.970 284.763 838.571 1840.986
R1 T4 104˚01’20’’ 280.942 -68.072 272.570 770.499 2113.556
R1 T5 104˚31’20’’ 257.619 -64.599 249.388 705.900 2362.944
R1 T6 107˚45’20’’ 210.969 -64.336 200.920 641.564 2563.864
R1 T7 119˚30’25’’ 139.184 -68.552 121.131 573.012 2684.995
R1 T8 157˚21’12’’ 76.297 -70.414 29.378 502.598 2714.373

R2 C1 0˚00’00’’ 47.499 47.499 0 1047.499 1000.000


R2 T1 97˚29’40’’ 286.096 -36.325 283.652 1011.174 1283.652
R2 T2 99˚17’23’’ 288.473 -46.567 284.690 964.607 1568.342
R2 T3 99˚41’55’’ 276.390 -46.562 272.440 918.045 1840.782
R2 T4 98˚14’30’’ 275.050 -39.428 272.209 878.617 2112.991
R2 T5 99˚50’35’’ 252.962 -43.244 249.238 835.373 2362.229
R2 T6 102˚11’60’’ 205.252 -43.375 200.617 791.998 2562.846
R2 T7 111˚19’05’’ 129.615 -47.121 120.746 744.877 2683.592
R2 T8 149˚02’07’’ 56.714 -48.631 29.180 696.246 2712.772
31

Table 4.2: Calculation of coordinates for the second observation


Station Target Bearing Distance Latitude Departure Coordinate
Point (m) N/S E/W

C1 C2 0˚00’00’’ 47.188 47.188 0 1047.188 1000.000


C1 R1 355˚43’31’’ 25.628 25.557 -1.910 1072.745 998.09
C1 R2 355˚39’29’’ 47.496 47.360 -3.596 1120.241 994.494

C3 C2 0˚00’00’’ 47.161 47.161 0 1047.161 1000.000


C3 R1 3˚38’57’’ 68.563 68.424 4.364 1115.585 1004.364
C3 R2 4˚19’25’’ 46.704 46.571 3.511 1162.156 1007.875

R1 C1 0˚00’00’’ 25.642 25.642 0 1025.642 1000.000


R1 T1 101˚42’28’’ 289.794 -58.805 283.765 966.837 1283.765
R1 T2 102˚34’39’’ 279.051 -60.766 272.354 906.071 1556.119
R1 T3 103˚25’29’’ 292.762 -67.970 284.763 838.101 1840.882
R1 T4 104˚01’02’’ 280.936 -68.047 272.571 770.054 2113.453
R1 T5 104˚31’02’’ 257.619 -64.578 249.394 705.476 2362.847
R1 T6 107˚52’01’’ 210.970 -64.727 200.795 640.749 2563.642
R1 T7 119˚37’03’’ 139.087 -68.738 120.914 572.011 2684.556
R1 T8 157˚21’13’’ 76.297 -70.414 29.378 501.597 2713.934

R2 C1 0˚00’00’’ 47.499 47.499 0 1047.499 1000.000


R2 T1 97˚29’45’’ 286.094 -37.322 283.649 1010.177 1293.765
R2 T2 99˚17’23’’ 288.368 -46.550 284.316 963.627 1556.119
R2 T3 99˚41’59’’ 276.393 -46.568 272.442 917.059 1840.882
R2 T4 98˚11’50’’ 275.050 -39.217 272.240 877.491 2112.647
R2 T5 99˚48’48’’ 252.964 -43.115 249.263 834.376 2361.910
R2 T6 102˚08’48’’ 205.259 -43.190 200.664 791.186 2562.574
R2 T7 111˚19’03’’ 129.617 -47.120 120.749 744.066 2683.323
R2 T8 149˚02’07’’ 56.704 -48.623 29.175 695.473 2712.498
32

Table 4.2: Calculation of coordinates for the third observation


Station Target Bearing Distance Latitude Departure Coordinate
Point (m) N/S E/W

C1 C2
C1 R1
C1 R2

C3 C2
C3 R1
C3 R2

R1 C1
R1 T1
R1 T2
R1 T3
R1 T4
R1 T5
R1 T6
R1 T7
R1 T8

R2 C1
R2 T1
R2 T2
R2 T3
R2 T4
R2 T5
R2 T6
R2 T7
R2 T8
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37

APPENDIX
39

APPENDIX A
40

APPENDIX B

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