4) - 5 ) 3 3 3 NV /%

THE IMPLICIT RELATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE (IRAP)

AS A MEASURE OF SPIDER FEAR
: ) 6 "@ B<
National University of Ireland, Maynooth

A greater understanding of implicit cognition can provide important informa-

tion regarding the etiology and maintenance of psychological disorders. The
current study sought to determine the utility of the Implicit Relational Assess-
ment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of implicit aversive bias toward spiders
in two groups of known variation, high fear and low fear. The study also en-
deavored to ascertain the predictive validity of the IRAP in terms of real-life
behavior by means of a Behavioral Approach Task (BAT). Results
demonstrat-ed that the IRAP can differentiate between two groups with known
differences in relation to spider fear. Furthermore, these distinctions act as
predictors for overt avoidance behavior with a live spider.
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The preparation for this article was supported by the John and Pat Hume Scholarship Scheme
awarded to the first author.
Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Emma Nicholson, Department of
Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. E-mail: Emma.Nicholson@
nuim.ie
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Method

Participants
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K ") " 5 2 ) $ JJ & K ) $M m N' 3 SD m /'%&' 4) " "
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Materials
Live tarantula. + " " $() & ] " 5 " $ &7
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 , -*,(,4 :+ c : U! -,6: !:+ 267

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Scares Me Scares Me

Anti-Spider Pro-Spider Pro-Spider Anti-Spider

Select ‘d’ for Select ‘k’ for Select ‘d’ for Select ‘k’ for
True False True False

I Can Approach I Can Approach

Pro-Spider Anti-Spider Anti-Spider Pro-Spider

Select ‘d’ for Select ‘k’ for Select ‘d’ for Select ‘k’ for
True False True False

Figure 1. Examples of the four different trial types presented on the IRAP. The boxed words (“Anti-
Spider” and “Pro- Spider”) and the arrows did not appear on screen for participants.
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Results

Scoring the IRAP

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Fear-Level Analyses
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Table 1
Method for Converting the Response Latencies from Each Participant into D-IRAP Score
1. The response latencies from only the six test blocks were utilized for the data analysis.

2. Any latency that exceeded 10,000 ms was removed from the data set.
3. If the data of a participant contained response latencies of less than 300 ms in more
than 10% of test block trials, the participant was removed from the data set.
4. Standard deviations were calculated for each of the four trial types per pair of test
blocks: four from the response latencies from the first and second test blocks, four from
the response latencies from the third and fourth test blocks, and four from the response
latencies from the fifth and sixth test blocks, resulting in 12 standard deviations.*
5. A mean latency score was calculated for each of the four trial types in each test block:
This resulted in 24 mean latencies for the four trial types over the six test blocks.**
6. A difference score was calculated for each of the four trial types in each test block. This was done
by subtracting the latency of the anti-spider test block from the corresponding pro-spider test block.

7. Each difference score was divided by its corresponding standard deviation (calculated in Step 4),
which yielded 12 D-IRAP scores, one for each trial type for each pair of test blocks.
8. Four overall D-IRAP scores were calculated for each trial type. This was done by averaging the
scores for each of the four trial types across each of the three pairs of test blocks.

9. Two D-IRAP scores, one for spiders and one for pleasant stimuli, were then
calculated by averaging the two spider and the two pleasant scores.
* For the five participants who failed to meet the accuracy criteria across all six test blocks, only
two pairs of test blocks were used to calculate the standard deviations, resulting in eight rather
than 12 standard deviations.
** For the five participants who failed to meet the accuracy criteria across all six test blocks, only
two pairs of test blocks were used to calculate the mean latencies for each trial type, resulting in
16 rather than 24 mean latencies.
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.3 Aversive Bias
Scores

.2
High Fear
.1
Mea D IRA

Low Fear
- P

0
n

-.1 Approach Bias

-.2

-.3
Spider Pleasant
IRAP Trial Types

Figure 2. Mean D-IRAP scores for the combined spider and combined pleasant trial types for
participants who were high and low in spider fear.
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