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6/24/2018 Chapter 1.
Elementary Elasticity - Experimental Stress Analysis
 Experimental Stress Analysis
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Preface Chapter 2. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
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Elementary Elasticity
1.1 INTRODUCTION
An experimental stress analyst must have thorough understanding of

stresses and strains developed in any structural member. Therefore,
relationships between deformations, strains, and stresses developed in a
body are derived in this chapter. Further generalized Hooke’s law,
equilibrium equations and compatibility equations, and Airy’s stress
functions for determining stresses at any point in a member subjected to
known loads/stresses on its boundary form the text of this chapter. Plane
stress state, plane strain state, and three-dimensional displacement field
along with strain matrix are also discussed in the chapter.
1.2 STRESS TENSOR
All stresses acting on a cube of infinitesimally small dimensions, i.e. ∆x =

∆y = ∆z → 0 are identified by the diagram of stresses on a cube. The first
subscript on normal stress σ or shear stress τ associates the stress with
the plane of the stress, i.e. subscript defines the direction of the normal to
the plane, and the second subscript identifies the direction of stress as
τxx = normal stress on yz plane in x-direction
τ
xy = shear stress on yz plane in y-direction
τxz = shear stress on yz plane in z-direction.
Similarly the stresses on xz plane and xy planes are identified as shown in

Figure 1.1. Stress tensor τ can now be written as
ij
Figure 1.1 Stresses on a cube element
Find answers on the fly,But,

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by σ.
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6/24/2018 Chapter 1. Elementary Elasticity - Experimental Stress Analysis
So, τ
xx = σxx, τyy = σyy, τzz = σzz
Stress tensor can now be written as
Stress tensor is symmetric, i.e. τij = τji
Complementary shear stresses are
τxy and τyx; τzy; τzx and τxz
Complementary shear stresses meet at diametrically opposite corners of

an element to satisfy the equilibrium conditions.
Stress invariants
1.3 STRESS AT A POINT
At a point of interest within a body, the magnitude and direction of

resultant stress depend on the orientation of a plane passing through the
point: An infinite number of planes can pass through the point of interest
so, there are infinite number of resultant stress vectors. Yet the magnitude
and direction of each of these resultant stress vectors can be specified in
terms of the nine stress components as shown on three faces of elemental
tetrahedron (Figure 1.2)
Figure 1.2 Stresses on elemental tetrahedron
Let us take the altitude of plane abc, h → 0 and neglecting body forces,
three components of σr (resultant stress) in x-, y-, and z-direction can be
written as
σrx = σxx × cos(n, x) + τyx cos(n, y) + τzx cos(n, z)

σrx = τxy cos(n, x) + σyy cos(n, y) + τzy cos(n, z)
σrz = τxz cos(n, x) + τyz cos(n, y) + σzz cos(n, z)
From these three Cartesian components, resultant stress, σr, can be

determined as follows:
The three direction cosines which define the line of action of resultant
stress σ are
r
Normal stress σn and shear stress τn acting on the plane under

consideration will be
σ = |σ |cos(σ , n)
n r r
τ = |σ |Sin(σ , n)
n r r
Angle between the resultant stress vector σ and normal to the plane σ
r n
can be determined by using
cos(σ , n) = cos(σ , x)cos(n, x) + cos(σ , y)cos(x, n) + cos(σ , z)cos (n, z)

r r r r
The normal stress σ also can be determined by considering projections
n
of σ
rx, σry and σrz onto the normal to the plane under consideration;
therefore
σn = σrx × cos(n, x) + σry cos(n, y) + σrz cos(n, z)
After the determination of normal stress σn, shear stress τn is obtained by
Example 1.1 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of

stresses are σxx = 60 MPa, σyy = − 30 MPa, σzz = +30 MPa, τxy = 40
MPa, τyz = τzx = 0.
Determine normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outer normal has
the direction cosines of
Solution: Let us say normal and shear stresses on plane are σn and τn,
then resultant stress on plane is
For the problem, three components of σr are as follows:
σ
rx = σxx cos(n, x) + τyx cos(n, y)
σry = τxy cos(n, x) + σyy cos(n, y)
σrz = σzz cos(n, z) , because τyz = τyx = 0
Putting the values of σ

xx, σyy, σzz, τny, cos (n,x), cos (n, y),cos(n,z)
Normal stress σ on plane is

n
Shear stress,
Example 1.2 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of

stress are σxx = 70 MPa, σyy = 60 MPa, σzz = 50 MPa, τxy = 20 MPa,
τ
yz = −20 MPa, τzx = 0.
Determine the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outer normal
has directions cosines
Solution:
Exercise 1.1 Determine the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose
outer normal makes equal angles with the x, y, and z axes if the Cartesian
components of stress at the point are
σxx = σyy = σzz = 0 τxy = 80MPa, τyz = 0, τzx = 100MPa.
Ans. [σn = 120 MPa, τn = 43.20 MPa].
Exercise 1.2 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of

stress are σ
xx = 40 MPa, σyy = 60 MPa, σzz = 20 MPa, τxy = 60 MPa,
τ
yz = 50 MPa, τzx = 40 MPa, determine (a) normal and shear stresses on
a plane whose outer normal has the directions cosines
(b) The angle between σr and outer normal n.
Ans. [σ = 117.77 MPa, τ = 58.547 MPa, angle 26°35’].

n n
1.4 PLANE STRESS CONDITION
Under plane stress condition, stresses σ

xx, σyy, τxy are represented in
one plane, i.e. central plane of a thin element in yx plane, as shown
shaded in Figure 1.3
Figure 1.3 Plane stress state
In this case stresses σ

zz = τxz = τyz = 0.
If E and v are Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the material, then
strains are
Shear strain
But shear strain γ

xy is equally divided about x and y axes both. Strain
tensor for plane stress condition will be as follows:
For a particular set of three orthogonal planes, where shear stresses are
zero and normal stresses on these planes are termed as principal stresses
σ1, σ2, and σ3,
stress tensor will be
1.5 STRAIN TENSOR
Figure 1.4 shows a body of dimensions ∆ x and ∆y subjected to shear
stresses τxy, τyx shear strain develops from y to x and from x to y.
Total shear strain about xy axes is
where G is shear modulus.
This shear strain γ

xy is equally divided about both axes x and y. Strain
tensor in a biaxial case will be
Figure 1.4 Shear stresses and shear strains on an element
Similarly strains
and
Three-dimensional strain tensor will be
In the plane stress case (σxx, σyy, τxy) the strains are
Strain tensor for a plane stress state is
1.6 PLANE STRAIN CONDITION
For strain condition shown in Figure 1.5 the strain tensor is
In this, strain
Therefore, σ
zz = v(σxx + σyy)
To satisfy the condition of plane strain
Moreover, γyz = γzx = 0
Figure 1.5 Plane strain state
Figure 1.6 Example 1.3
Example 1.3 A 100 mm cube of steel is subjected to a uniform pressure

of 100 MPa acting on all faces. Determine the change in dimensions
between parallel faces of cube if E = 200 GPa, v = 0.3.
Solution: σ = σ = σ = σ = 100 MPa, hydrostatic stress

1 2 3
Principal strains
Change in dimensions δ = δx = δy = δz = ε
a
where a = side of cube
−3
Therefore = 100 × 0.4 × 10
= − 0.04 mm (because s
is pressure)
Exercise 1.3 A steel rectangular parallelopiped is subjected to stresses

100, − 60, + 80 MPa as shown in Figure 1.6. Dimension of the body are
150, 100, 75 mm in x-, y-, and z-direction. Determine change in

dimensions, if E = 200 × 10 MPa, v = 0.3.
3
Ans. [+ 0.070 mm, − 0.057 mm, + 0.028 mm].
1.7 DEFORMATIONS
There are two types of strains resulting from deformation of a body, i.e.
(a) linear or extensional strains and (b) shear strains, resulting in change
of shape. Let us consider an element of dimensions ∆x, ∆y, with change in
x- and y-direction as ∆x and ∆y as shown in Figure 1.7. A body of
dimensions ∆x and ∆y, in x y plane, represented by ABCD, deforms to
AB′C′D as shown in Figure 1.7(a).
Strain in x-direction,
Again it is deformed to A′B′CD as shown in Figure 1.7(b), strain in y-
direction, .
Now the body in x-y plane is deformed to A′B′C′D, as shown in Figure

1.7(c).
Figure 1.7 (a) Small element (b) Normal strain (c) Shear strains
Shear strain
Moreover, linear strains are on both side of coordinate axes
In order to study the deformation, or change in shape, one has to consider

a displacement field(s) for a point in a body subjected to deformation.
A point P is located at position vector op = r and displaced to position

vector op′ = r′. The displacement vector S = r′ = r. The displacement
vector (Figure 1.8) a function of x, y, z has components u, v, w in x-, y-, z-
directions, such that
S = ui + vj + wk,
where S is a function of initial coordinates of point P.
u = u (x, y, z)
v = v (x, y, z)
w = w (x, y, z)
function of x, y, and z.
These strains at point P are defined by
Figure 1.8 Displacement vectors
and shear strains are
In x-y plane, or in a two-dimensional case, strains are
Example 1.4 The displacement field for a given point of a body is 9 mm
2 2 3 −4
S = [(x + 2y + 3) i + (3x + uy ) j + (2x + 6z) k] × 10
at point P (1, −2, 3) determine displacement components in x-, y-, z-

directions. What is the deformed position?
Solution: Displacement components are
2 −4
u = (x + 2y2+ 3) × −4
10
v = (3x +
3 4y ) × 10 −4
w = (2x + 6z) × 10
Putting the values of initial co-ordinates (1,−2, 3) of point P components

are
u = 1 + 2(−2) + 3 = 0.0
2 −4
v = 3 × 1 + 4 × (−2) = 19 × 10
3 −4
w = 2 × 1 + 6 × 3 = 20 × 10
Deformed position is
x′ = x + u = 1 − 0 = 1
−4
y′ = y + v = −2 + 19 × 10 = −1.9981
−4
z′ = z + w = 3 + 20 × 10 = 3.002
Example 1.5 The displacement field for a body is given by
2 2 −4
S = [(x + 2y)i + (4 + 2z)j + (x + 3y)k] × 10
write down the strain components and strain matrix at point (2,1,2).
Putting the values of initial co-ordinates (2, 1, 2)
strain matrix
2 2 2
Example
−4 1.6 Displacement field is S = [(x + y + 2)i + (3x + 4y )j] ×
10 what is strain field at point (1, 2)?
2 2 −4
u = (x + y 2+ 2)×10
−4
v = (3x + 4y )×10
Strain components
Strain tensor
2
Exercise 1.4 The
2 displacement
−3 field for a body is given by S = [(x + 2y)i
+ (3y + z)j + (x + z)k] × 10 what is the deformed position of point
originally at (3, 1, −2)? Write down strain matrix.
Ans. [3.011, 1.001, −1.993], .
Exercise 1.5 Displacement field is
2
u = kx 2
v = k (4x +2y )
where k is a very small quantity.
What are strains at (1, −2) point?
Ans. [4k, −8k, +2k].
1.8 GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW
For a simple prismatic bar subjected to axial stress σ

xx and axial strain
ε
xx (Figure 1.9), Hooke’s law states that stress ∝ strain
σ
xx ∝ εxx
σ
xx = E (1.1)
ε
xx
where E is proportionality constant and E is Young’s modulus of elasticity

of the material.
But for an elastic body subjected to six stress components σ

xx, σyy, σzz,
τ
yx, τyz, τzx and six strain components, i.e. εxx, εyy, εzz, γxy, γyz, γzx,
the generalized Hooke’s law can be expressed as
σ = A
xx 11 εxx + A12 εyy + A13 εzz +
A
14 γxy + A15 γyz + A16 γzx
σ = A
yy 21 εxx + A22 εyy + A23 εzz +
A
σ = A
31 εxx + A32 εyy + A33 εzz + (1.2)
zz
A
τ = A
xy 41 εxx + A42 εyy + A43 εzz +
A
τ = A
yz 51 εxx + A52 εyy + A53 εzz +
A
τ = A
xz 61 εxx + A62 εyy + A63 εzz +
A
where A , A
11 12, …, A65, A66 are 36 elastic constants for a given material.
For homogeneous linearly elastic material, above noted six equations are
known as generalized Hooke’s law. Similarly, strains can be expressed in
terms of stresses as follows:
For a fully anisotropic material there are 21 constants
in generalized Hooke’s law and for
orthotropic materials there are nine constants in Hooke’s law.
Say for an isotropic material having the same elastic properties in all
directions and material as such has no directional property, there are
three principal stresses σ , σ , σ and three principal strains ε , ε and
1 2 3 1 2
ε , then Hooke’s law can be written as
3
σ1 = A ε1 + B ε2 + C ε3 (1.4)
where A, B, and C are elastic constants.
Figure 1.9 Simple bar subjected to axial stress and axial strain
In the above equation ε1 is the longitudinal strain along σ1 but ε2 and ε2

are lateral strains so, constants B = C, therefore
σ = Aε +Bε +Cε
1 1 2 3
= Aε +Bε −Bε +Bε +Bε

1 1 1 2 3
= (A − B)ε + B(ε + ε + ε )
1 1 2 3
where ε + ε + ε = ∆, a cubical dilatation = first invariant of strain

1 2 3
σ1 = (A − B)ε1 + ΔB
Let us denote (A − B) by 2 μ and B by λ, then
σ1 = λ Δ + 2με1 (1.5)
Similarly σ2 = λ Δ + 2με2 (1.6)
σ3 = λ Δ + 2με3 (1.7)
λ and μ are called Lame’s coefficients.
From Eqs (1.5), (1.6), and Eqs (1.7)
σ1 + σ2 + = 3λ Δ + 2μ(ε1 + ε2 + ε3)
σ3
= 3λ Δ + 2μ Δ
= (3λ + 2μ) Δ
Principal stress
σ1 = λ Δ + 2με1 (1.9)
Solving Eq (1.9) for ε , we get

1
From elementary strength of materials
Therefore, Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio,
Example 1.7 For steel Young’s modulus E = 208000 MPa and Poisson’s
ratio, v = 0.3. Find Lame’s coefficients λ and μ.
Solution:
Taking Eq. (i)
From Eq. (ii)
or λ = 0.6 λ + 0.6 μ
λ = 1.5 μ (iv)
Putting this value in Eq. (iii)
2
Lame’s coefficient, μ = 80000 N/mm
2
Coefficient, λ = 1.5 μ = 120000 N/mm
3
Exercise 1.6 For a concrete block E = 27.5 × 10 MPa and Poisson’s
ratio is 0.2. Determine Lame’s coefficients λ and μ.
2 2
Ans. [7639 N/mm , 11458 N/mm ].
1.9 ELASTIC CONSTANTS K AND G
From the previous article 1.8, we know that
Putting the value of from Eqs (1.12) in Eqs (1.11), we get
E=2μ+2μv
= 2 μ (1 + v)
From the elementary strength of material we know that
E = 2G (1 + v)
Therefore Lame’s coefficient μ = G, shear modulus. From Eqs (1.8) of

previous article. If σ = σ = σ = p, hydrostatic stress or volumetric
1 2 3
stress
Therefore, Bulk modulus,
Shear modulus, G = μ, Lame’s coefficient.
Example 1.8 For aluminium E = 67000 MPa, Poisson’s ratio, v = 0.33.

Determine Bulk modulus and shear modulus of aluminium.
Solution:
or
From Eq. (ii)
Poisson’s ratio
or
Putting the value of λ in terms of μ in Eq. (iv)
E = 2μ + μ × 0.66 = 2.66μ
μ =
= Lame’s coefficient
= Shear modulus
G = 25188 MPa (v)
λ = 1.94μ = 1.94 × 25188 = 48865

MPa
Bulk modulus,
Exercise 1.7 For steel E = 200000 MPa and Poisson’s ratio is 0.295.
Determine Lame’s coefficients and Bulk modulus K.
Ans. [λ = 111120 MPa, μ = 77220 MPa, K = 162600 MPa].
1.10 EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
Consider a small infinitesimal element of a body of dimensions ∆x, ∆y

and thickness t = 1 subjected to stresses varying over distances ∆x and ∆y
as shown in Figure 1.10. X and Y are body forces per unit volume in x- and
y-directions.
Volume of the body = ∆x × ∆y × 1
Taking the summation of forces in x-direction
Figure 1.10 A small infinitesimal element in equilibrium
or
Simplifying further
Taking the summation of forces in y-directions
Simplifying further
In three-dimensional case equilibrium equations can be written as
where X, Y, Z are body forces per unit volume.
In these equations, mechanical properties have not been used. So, these
equations are applicable whether a material is elastic, plastic or
viscoelastic.
In a two-dimensional case, equilibrium equations are
where body forces are zero.
We may permanently satisfy these equations by expressing stresses in

terms of a function ϕ, called Airy’s stress function, as follows:
In a plane stress case a body subjected to stresses σxx, σyy, τxy, the
strains are
Shear strain,
Strain compatibility equations are
Substituting the values of ε

xx, εyy, γxy from Eqs (1.15), (1.16), and Eq
(1.18) in Eq (1.19), we will get
Putting the value of in Eq (1.20), we get
Simplifying further the equation becomes
a Biharmonic equation
or Δϕ=0 (1.21)
Airy’s stress function ϕ chosen for any problem must satisfy the above
Biharmonic equation.
Example 1.9 Following strains are given
2 2 4 4
ε = 6+x +y +x +y
xx
2 2 4 4
ε = 4 + 3x + 3y + x + y
yy
2 4
γ = 5 + 4xy(x + y + 2)
xy
3 3
= 5 + 4x y + 4xy + 8xy
Determine whether the above strain field is possible. If it is possible

determine displacement components u and v, assuming u = v = 0 at
origin.
Solution: Strain compatibility condition is
Strain field is possible.
Now
Displacement component
Integrating
but v = 0 at x = 0, y = 0, constant C2 = 0
so,
Exercise 1.8 Given the following system of strains
2 2
εxx = 8 + x + 2y
2 2
εyy = 6 + 3x + y
γxy = 10xy
Determine whether the above strain field is possible. If possible

determine displacement components u and v if u = 0, v = 0 at origin.
Ans. [strain field is possible]
1.11 SECOND DEGREE POLYNOMIAL
Let us consider an Airy’s stress function
4
∇ ϕ = 0 satisfies the compatibility condition
Stress,
Stress,
Shear stress, (negative, tends to rotate the
body in anticlockwise direction). This represents a plane stress condition

as shown in Figure 1.11.
Figure 1.11 Plane stress condition
2 2
Example 1.10 Airy’s stress function
4 ϕ = 40 x −30 xy + 60 y satisfies
the compatibility condition ∇ ϕ = 0. Determine stresses σ
xx yy and
,σ
τ
xy, Show graphically the stress distribution. Stresses are in MPa.
2 2
Solution: ϕ = 40x − 30 xy + 60y
Stress, (i)
Shear stress, (ii)
Moreover
Stress, (iii)
Note that shear stress, τxy is + ve, i.e. tending to rotate the body in a
clockwise direction. Figure 1.12 shows the stress distribution which is a
plane stress state. τyx are shear stresses complementary to τxy.
Figure 1.12 Stresses on element
2 2
Exercise 1.9 An Airy’s stress4function ϕ = 50 x − 40 xy + 80 y satisfies
the compatibility condition ∇ ϕ = 0. Determine normal and shear
stresses and state the type of state of stress.
Ans. [σ
xx = 160 MPa, σyy = 100 MPa, τxy = +40 MPa, a plane stress
condition].
1.12 A BEAM SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING
For a beam of depth d subjected to pure bending moment M and no shear

force, as shown in Figure 1.13. Airy’s stress function can be a third degree
polynomial
4
∇ ϕ = 0, for this function
Taking B = 0 as stress σ
xx is independent of x,
σ
xx = Ay
y varies from − to + as shown in Figure 1.14.
Maxm. σxx in tension
where
Maxm.σ
xx in compression
where M = bending moment M, and
I = second moment of area (of cross section of beam) about neutral

plane.
Figure 1.13 Beam subjected to pure bending
Figure 1.14 Stress distributions
Now
but σyy = 0, so constant C = D = 0
Shear stress
but = By + Cx
τxy = 0,
also because it is a case of pure bending.
So, constants B=C=0
Finally Airy’s stress function is .
Example 1.11 A bar of circular section

5 of diameter 30 mm is subjected to
a pure bending moment of 3 × 10 Nmm. What is the maximum bending
stress developed in beam? What is Airy’s stress function for this case.
Solution: Moment of inertia of beam,
Bending stress
Airy’s stress function for this case
where
3
Airy’s stress function ϕ = 1.257 y
where y varies from − 15 to + 15 mm.
Exercise 1.10 For a beam of rectangular

3 section B = 20 mm, D = 30 mm,
Airy’s stress function ϕ = 1.6 y .
Determine the magnitude of constant BM acting on beam section.
Ans. [432 Nm].
Problem 1.1 A beam of rectangular section

6 is subjected to shear force F
= 1 kN and bending moment = −1 × 10 Nmm. Section of beam is B = 20
mm, D = 60 mm. Write down stress tensor for an element located at 15
mm below the top surface (see Figure 1.15).
Figure 1.15 Problem 1.1
Solution:
6
M = −1 × 10 Nmm (producing convexity)
I = second moment of area about neutral plane
y = 15 mm from neutral layer.
Bending stress,
To determine shear stress at y = 15 mm from neutral layer
(Figure 1.16)
2
where area a = 15 × 20 = 300 mm = area of section above the layer
under consideration,
ӯ = 225.,mm distance of CG of area a from

neutral layer,
b = breadth = 20 mm,
4 4
I = 36 × 10 mm ,
F = 1 kN = 1000 N,
τxy =
2
= 0.9375 N/mm .
Stress tensor for this state of stress, at a layer 15 mm below top surface
Problem 1.2 At a point in a stressed body the Cartesian components of

stress are σxx = 80 MPa, σyy = 50 MPa, σzz = 30 MPa, τxy = 30 MPa,
τyz = 20 MPa, and τzx = 40 MPa, determine (a) normal and shear
stresses on a plane whose normal has the direction cosines
(b) angle between resultant stress and outer normal n.
Solution: Components of resultant stress σr are
σ
rx − σxx cos(n x) + τyx cos(n, y) + τzx cos (n, z)
σ
ry − τxy cos(n, x) + σyy cos(n, y) + τzy cos (n, z)
σ − τ cos(n, x) + τ cos(n, z) + σ cos(n, z)
rz xz yz zz
Substituting the values as above
Resultant stress,
Normal stress, σn = σrx × cos(n, x) + σry cos(n, y) + σrz cos(n, z)
Shear stress,
Angle between resultant stress vector σ and normal to the plane n is

r
given by
cos(σr, n) − cos(σr, x) cos(n, x) + cos(σr, y) cos(n, y) + cos(σr, z)cos(n, z)
where
So,
Problem 1.3 A cantilever beam of rectangular section B × D and of

length L carries a concentrated load W at free end Figure 1.17. Consider a
section at a distance x from fixed end and a layer at a distance y from
neutral layer zz; derive expression for Airy’s stress functions
if B = 40 mm, D = 60 mm
W = 1 kN, x = 2 m, L = 5
m
Write stress tensor for the layer bc, if y = 20 mm
Solution: Stresses
3 3
Let us assume Airy’s stress function ϕ = C1y + C2 xy + C3 xy.
Boundary conditions are
1. For τxy = 0, σyy = 0
2. For x = 0, σxx = 0
3. Everywhere , shear force is constant
Applying these boundary conditions
everywhere ϕ satisfies this condition
So,
or
Moreover
or
2
Putting the value of C2D in Eq. (iii)
Then
Finally, Airy’s stress function is
At the layer where x = 2 m = 2000 mm, L = 5000 mm
Strees tensor
Problem 1.4 A solid circular shaft of steel is transmitting 100 hp at 200

rpm. Determine shaft diameter if the maximum shear stress in shaft is not
to exceed 80 MPa. Write down stress tensor for the surface of the shaft.
Show that surface of the3shaft is under
2 both plane stress and plane strain
conditions E = 200 × 10 N/mm , v = 0.3.
Solution: HP transmitted = 100
RPM, N = 200
angular speed,
Torque transmitted, = 20.94 rad/s
Torque transmitted,
Maxm. Shear strees,
Shaft diameter d = 60.87 mm
On the surface of the shaft, τ = ± 80 MPa
Principal stresses on the surface of the shaft are
Principal strains,
Since ε3 = 0, this a plane strain condition.
Strain are
Stress tensor
Stress tensor
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Principal stresses at a point are 120, −40,−20 MPa. What is

maximum shear stress at the point?
1. 50 MPa
2. 70 MPa
3. 80 MPa
4. None of these
2. A bar is subjected to axial load such that its length l is increased

by 0.001 l. If Poisson’s ratio is 0.3, what is change in its diameter
d?
−4
1. −3 × 10−3 d
2. +3 × 10−4 d
3. +3 × 10 d
4. None of these
3. Lame’s coefficient for a material are λ and m. What is Poisson’s

ratio?
1.
2.
3.
4. None of these
4. Ratio of volumetric stress/volumetric strain is known as
1. Shear modulus
2. Bulk modulus
3. Young’s modulus
4. None of these
2 2
5. Airy’s stress function is ϕ = 50x -40xy+80y , what is normal
stress syy
1. 100 MPa
2. 40 MPa
3. +160 MPa
4. 80 MPa
6. A rectangular section beam of breadth b, depth d is subjected to

shear force F. At what depth y from top surface transverse shear
stress is maximum
1. y = 0
2.
3.
4.
7. A shaft is subjected to pure twisting moment M. Surface of the

shaft represents
1. Plane strain condition

2. Plane stress condition
3. Both plane stress and plane strain conditions
4. Neither plane stress nor plane strain condition
8. A thin metallic sheet is subjected to inplane shear stress, what is

the state of stress of thin sheet ?
1. a plane strain state

2. a plane stress state
3. a hydrostatic state of stress
4. None of these
Answers
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b).
EXERCISE
1.1 Consider a beam of rectangular section B = 25 mm, D = 60 mm

subjected to a bending moment + 1.5 × 106 Nmm. Write down (i) the
stress tensor for an element located at top surface and (ii) the stress
tensor for an element located in a plane 15 mm below the top surface.
Ans.
1.2 For a material, Lame’s coefficients are

5 5
λ = 1.2 × 10 MPa, μ = 0.8 × 10 MPa. Determine E, v, and G for the
material.
Ans. [E = 208000 MPa, v = 0.3, G = 80,000 MPa].
1.3 A cantilever of rectangular section B × D is of length L as shown in

Figure 1.19. Write down stress tensor to determine state of stress at
section XX at a distance of x from free end and at layer at distance of y
from neutral layer.
Ans.
Figure 1.19 Exercise 1.3
1.4 A cylindrical bar of length L, area of cross section A is fixed at top

end. Write down Air’s stress function for stress due to self weight in bar,
if w is the weight density of the bar (see Figure 1.20).
Ans.
2 −2
1.5 Consider the displacement field S = (y i + 3yx j) × 10 . Find
whether strain field is compatible. If yes find strain components εx, εy,
at point (1, −1).
Ans.
Figure 1.20 Exercise 1.4
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Preface Chapter 2. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials

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6/24/2018 Chapter 1.

Elementary Elasticity - Experimental Stress Analysis

 Experimental Stress Analysis

An experimental stress analyst must have thorough understanding of

1.2 STRESS TENSOR

All stresses acting on a cube of infinitesimally small dimensions, i.e. ∆x =

τxx = normal stress on yz plane in x-direction

τxz = shear stress on yz plane in z-direction.

Similarly the stresses on xz plane and xy planes are identified as shown in

Figure 1.1 Stresses on a cube element

Find answers on the fly,But,

Stress tensor can now be written as

Stress tensor is symmetric, i.e. τij = τji

Complementary shear stresses are

τxy and τyx; τzy; τzx and τxz

Complementary shear stresses meet at diametrically opposite corners of

1.3 STRESS AT A POINT

At a point of interest within a body, the magnitude and direction of

Figure 1.2 Stresses on elemental tetrahedron

σrx = σxx × cos(n, x) + τyx cos(n, y) + τzx cos(n, z)

From these three Cartesian components, resultant stress, σr, can be

Normal stress σn and shear stress τn acting on the plane under

cos(σ , n) = cos(σ , x)cos(n, x) + cos(σ , y)cos(x, n) + cos(σ , z)cos (n, z)

σn = σrx × cos(n, x) + σry cos(n, y) + σrz cos(n, z)

After the determination of normal stress σn, shear stress τn is obtained by

Example 1.1 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of

then resultant stress on plane is

For the problem, three components of σr are as follows:

σry = τxy cos(n, x) + σyy cos(n, y)

σrz = σzz cos(n, z) , because τyz = τyx = 0

Putting the values of σ

Normal stress σ on plane is

Example 1.2 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of

σxx = σyy = σzz = 0 τxy = 80MPa, τyz = 0, τzx = 100MPa.

Ans. [σn = 120 MPa, τn = 43.20 MPa].

Exercise 1.2 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of

(b) The angle between σr and outer normal n.

Ans. [σ = 117.77 MPa, τ = 58.547 MPa, angle 26°35’].

1.4 PLANE STRESS CONDITION

Under plane stress condition, stresses σ

Figure 1.3 Plane stress state

In this case stresses σ

But shear strain γ

stress tensor will be

1.5 STRAIN TENSOR

Figure 1.4 shows a body of dimensions ∆ x and ∆y subjected to shear

stresses τxy, τyx shear strain develops from y to x and from x to y.

Total shear strain about xy axes is

where G is shear modulus.

This shear strain γ

Figure 1.4 Shear stresses and shear strains on an element

Three-dimensional strain tensor will be

Strain tensor for a plane stress state is

1.6 PLANE STRAIN CONDITION

For strain condition shown in Figure 1.5 the strain tensor is

To satisfy the condition of plane strain

Moreover, γyz = γzx = 0

Figure 1.5 Plane strain state

Figure 1.6 Example 1.3

Example 1.3 A 100 mm cube of steel is subjected to a uniform pressure

Solution: σ = σ = σ = σ = 100 MPa, hydrostatic stress

where a = side of cube

Exercise 1.3 A steel rectangular parallelopiped is subjected to stresses

150, 100, 75 mm in x-, y-, and z-direction. Determine change in