MIDTERMS –SY 18-19

First Handout
Prepared by: Sir Tuz

ARNIS is the official national sport and the martial art of Philippines. It is also known as Kali or
Eskrima and is a form of martial arts that focuses on weapon-based fighting with knives, sticks,
bladed weapons and some improvised weapons.

It is also known as Estoque (Spanish for rapier), Estocada (Spanish for thrust or stab)
and Garrote (Spanish for club). In Luzon it may go by the name of Arnis de Mano. The
indigenous martial art that the Spanish encountered in 1610 was not yet called "Eskrima" at
that time. During those times, this martial art was known as Paccalicali-t to the Ibanags,
Didya (later changed to Kabaroan) to
the Ilokanos, Sitbatan or Kalirongan toPangasinenses, Sinawali ("to weave") to
the Kapampangans, Calis or Pananandata ("use of weapons") to the Tagalogs, Pagaradman to
the Ilonggos and Kaliradman to the Cebuanos. Kuntaw and Silat are separate martial arts that
are also practiced in the Philippine Archipelago.

.
Both Arnis and Eskrima are loans from Spanish:
 Arnis comes from arnés, Old Spanish for "armor" (harness is an archaic English term for
armor, which comes from the same roots as the Spanish term). It is said to derive from
the armor costumes used in Moro-moro stage plays where actors fought mock battles
using wooden swords. Arnes is also an archaic Spanish term for weapon, like in the
following sentence from Ilustracion de la Deztreza Indiana by Francisco Santos de la Paz
in 1712:

Siendo tan infalible la execucion desta doctrina, que no solo consigue ésta superioridad en
concurso de armas iguales, sino tambien hallandose el contrario con la aparente ventaja de
venir armado de los dos 'arneses', Espada, y Daga; pues aun con ellos experimenta la dificultad
de resistir á esta Espada sola...

The execution of this doctrine is so infallible, that not only does it prove its superiority in
contests with equal arms, but also when finding the opponent with the apparent advantage of
showing up armed with two weapons, sword and dagger. For, even armed with those,
experience shows the difficulty of resisting the single sword used in this way...

There have been campaigns for arnis to be nominated in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural
Heritage Lists, along with other Philippine martial arts. As of 2018, UNESCO has inscribed 9
martial arts-related intangible heritage

Arnis also includes hand-to-hand combat, joint locks, grappling and weapon disarming
techniques. Although in general, emphasis is put on weapons for these arts, some systems put
empty hands as the primary focus and some old school systems do not teach weapons at all.
For all intents and purposes, arnis, eskrima and kali all refer to the same family of Filipino
weapon-based martial arts and fighting systems.

Eskrima training weapons

 Eskrima (also spelled Escrima) is a Filipinization of the Spanish word

for fencing, esgrima. Their cognate in French is escrime and is related to the English
term 'skirmish'.
 Kali has multiple theories on its origin:
 One theory is that the word comes from tjakalele, a tribal style of stick-fencing from
Indonesia. This is supported by the similarities between tjakalele and eskrima
techniques, as well as Mindanao's proximity to Indonesia.
 According to Guro Dan Inosanto, Kali is a portmanteau of the Cebuano words "kamot",
meaning hand, and "lihok", meaning motion.
 In the Ilocano language, kali means "to dig" and "to stab".
 There exist numerous similar terms of reference for martial arts such
as kalirongan, kaliradman, and pagkalikali.[15] These may be the origin of the
term kali or they may have evolved from it.[11]
 According to Grandmaster Vic Sanchez, the Pangasinense term Kalirongan means
"Karunungan ng Lihim" or "Wisdom of (the) Secret (fighting arts)" or "Wisdom of Kali".
 In his book KALI: History of a Forbidden Filipino Fighting Arts, Fred Lazo put forward
that Kali was an ancient root word for blade, and that the Filipino words for right hand
(kanan) and left hand (kaliwa) are contractions of the terms "way of the blade" (kali
daanan) and "without blade" (kali wala) as weapons are usually held with the right hand
and the left hand is typically empty.
 In their book Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth however, Dr. Ned Nepangue and
Celestino Macachor contend that the term Kali in reference to Filipino martial arts did
not exist until the Buenaventura Mirafuente wrote in the preface of the first known
published book on Arnis, Mga Karunungan sa Larong Arnis by Placido Yambao, the
term Kali as the native mother fighting art of the Philippine islands.
 Most likely, Kali derives from the pre-Hispanic Filipino term for blades and
fencing, Calis, documented by Ferdinand Magellan's expedition chronicler Antonio
Pigafetta during their journey through the Visayas and in old Spanish to Filipino Mother
Tongue dictionary and vocabulary books dating from 1612 to the late 1800s, such as
in Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura. The term calis in
various forms was present in these old Spanish documents in Ilocano, Ibanag (calit),
Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano (caris), Waray (caris), Hiligaynon, Cebuano (calix,
baladao- "kalis balaraw/dagger" and cales), and Moro-Maguindanao in Mindanao (calis -
The kris, weapon) . In some of these dictionaries, the term calis refers to a sword or
knifekris or keris, while in others it refers to both swords and knives and their usage as
well as a form of esgrima stick fighting. While Mirafuente posits that the original term
was "Kali" and that the letter "S" was added later, the late Grandmaster Remy
Presas suggests that the "S" was dropped in modern times and became presently more
known as "Kali" in FMA circles.
Practitioners of the arts are called arnisador (male, plural arnisadores) and arnisadora (female,
plural arnisadoras) for those who call theirs arnis, eskrimador (male, pluraleskrimadores)
or eskrimadora (female, plural eskrimadoras) for those who call their art eskrima,
and kalista or mangangali for those who practice kali.
Origins

As Arnis was an art usually practiced by the peasant or commoner class (as opposed
to nobility or warrior classes), most practitioners lacked the scholarly education to create any
kind of written record. While the same can be said of many martial arts, this is especially true
for Arnis because almost all of its history is anecdotal, oral or promotional. The origin of Arnis
can be traced back to native fighting techniques during conflicts among the various Prehispanic
Filipino tribes or kingdoms, though the current form has Spanish influence from
old fencing which originated in Spain in the 15th century. It has other influences as well, as
settlers and traders travelling through the Malay Archipelago brought the influence of silat as
well as Chinese, Arab, and Indian martial arts. Some of the population still practice localized
Chinese fighting methods known as kuntaw.

It has also been theorized that the Filipino art of Arnis may have roots in India and came to the
Philippines via people who traveled through Indonesia and Malaysia to the Philippine
islands. Silambam, a stick/staff-based ancient martial art of India influenced many martial arts
in Asia like Silat. As such, Arnis may share ancestry with these systems – some Arnis moves are
similar to the short stick (kali or kaji) and other weapon based fighting styles of Silambam.
When the Spaniards first arrived in the Philippines, they already observed weapons-based
martial arts practiced by the natives, which may or may not be related to present-day Arnis.
The earliest written records of Filipino culture and life, including martial arts, come from the
first Spanish explorers. Some early expeditions fought native tribesmen armed with sticks and
knives. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan was killed in Cebu at the Battle of Mactan by the forces
of Datu Lapu-Lapu, the chief of Mactan. Some Arnisadors hold that Lapu-Lapu's men killed
Magellan in a sword-fight, though historical evidence proves otherwise. The only eyewitness
account of the battle by chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, tells that Magellan was stabbed in the
face and the arm with spears and overwhelmed by multiple warriors who hacked and stabbed
at him.

The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at
us again and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his
helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some
others. Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther. An Indian hurled a
bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance,
which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but
halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives
saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a
large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face
downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with
their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When
they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the
boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats,
which were already pulling off.

Katipunan
Due to the conflict-ridden nature of the Philippine archipelago, where port-kingdoms were
often at war with one another or raiding each other, warriors were forged in the many wars in
the islands, thus during the precolonial era, the geographical area acquired a reputation for its
capable mercenaries, which were soon employed all across Southeast Asia. Lucoes (warriors
fromLuzon) aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time,
Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of
the Burmese king in the defense of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya.
The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of
ships from Lusung in 1525 AD.

Pinto noted that there were a number of them in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the
Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them
(Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was
named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in
1511. Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. One
famous Lucoes is Regimo de Raja, who was appointed by the Portuguese at Malacca
as Temenggung (Jawi): or Supreme Governor and Chief General.
Opinions differ on the degree to which Spanish rule in the Philippines affected Arnis. The fact
that a large number of techniques and the names of the arts themselves (arnis/arnes,
eskrima/esgrima, garrote, estoque, etc.) have Spanish names suggest an influence. Some argue
though that Spanish names in the martial art simply reflect the fact that Spanish was the lingua
franca of the Philippines until the early 20th century, and that actual Spanish martial influence
was limited.

What is certain is that the Spaniards brought with them and used their bladed weapon
arts (including the system of Destreza developed by Carranza) when they started colonizing the
archipelago in the 16th century. What is also known is that the Spaniards recruited soldiers
from Mexico[38] and Peruand sent them to fortify the Philippines and they had also trained
mercenaries and warriors from local people like
the Pangasinenses, Kapampangans, Tagalogs, Ilonggos, Cebuanos and Warays to pacify regions
and put down revolts. Of the Kapampangans, Fray Casimiro Díaz relates in 1718:
Los primeros que se decidieron á experimentar fortuna fueron los pampangos, nación la más
belicosa y noble de estas Islas, y cercana á Manila. Y era lo peor hallarse ejercitada en el arte
militar en nuestras escuelas en los presidios de Ternate, Zamboanga, Joló, Caraga y otras
partes, donde se conoció bien su valor; pero este necesita del abrigo del nuestro, y así decían
que un español y tres pampangos, valían por cuatro españoles.

The first who decided to experiment with their fortune (revolt) were the Pampangos, the most
warlike and prominent people of these islands, and close to Manila. And it was all the worse
because these people had been trained in the military art in our own schools in
the presidios (fortified outposts) of Ternate, Zamboanga, Jolo,Caraga and other places where
their valor was well known; but this needs the help of ours, and so they say that a Spaniard plus
three Pampangos equal four Spaniards.

Logic dictates that these native warriors and foreign soldiers would have passed on to very
close friends and family members these newly learned skills to augment already existing and
effective local ones. They would have also shared tactics and techniques with each other when
placed in the same military group and fighting on the same side in foreign regions such
as Formosa, Mindanao, the Moluccas and the Marianas.
One of the more prominent features of Arnis that point to possible Spanish influence is
the Espada y Daga (Spanish for "sword and dagger") method, a term also used in Spanish
fencing. Filipino espada y daga differs somewhat from European rapier and dagger techniques;
the stances are different as weapons used in Arnis are typically shorter than European
swords. According to Grandmaster Federico Lazo† (1938–2010), unlike in European historical
fencing, there is no lunging in the Northern Ilocano Kabaroan style of Arnis – it is more of an
evasive art. On the other hand, it is present in some Visayan styles documented by FMA
researchers Celestino Macachor and Ned Nepangue such asYasay Sable Estocada from Bago
City. Having done comparative studies, Kalis Ilustrisimo archivist Romeo Macapagal also
estimates that 40% of the blade-oriented style ofAntonio "Tatang" Ilustrisimo† (1904–1997)
descends from European styles, brought by the Spanish.
After the Spanish colonized the Philippines, a decree was set that prohibited civilians from
carrying full-sized swords (such as the Kris and the Kampilan). Despite this, the practitioners
found ways to maintain and keep the arts alive, using sticks made out of rattan rather than
swords, as well as small knives wielded like swords. Some of the arts were passed down from
one generation to the other. Sometimes the art took the form choreographed dances such as
the Sakuting stick danceor during mock battles at Moro-moro(Moros y Cristianos) stage plays.
Also as a result, a unique and complex stick-based technique evolved in
the Visayas and Luzon regions. The southern Mindanao retains almost exclusively blade-
oriented techniques, as the Spaniards and Americans never fully conquered the southern parts
of this island.

Although Arnis combines native fighting techniques with old Spanish fencing and other
influences, a degree of systematization was achieved over time, resulting in a distinguishable
Philippine martial art. With time, a system for the teaching of the basics also evolved. However,
with the exception of a few older and more established systems, it was previously common to
pass the art from generation to generation in an informal approach. This has made attempts to
trace the lineage of a practitioner difficult. For example, aside from learning from their family
members like his uncle Regino Ilustrisimo, Antonio Ilustrisimo seemed to have learned to fight
while sailing around the Philippines, while his cousin and student Floro Villabrille claimed to
have been also taught by a blind Moro princess in the mountains; a claim later refuted by the
older Ilustrisimo. Both have since died.
Modern history

Various Filipino knives.

The Philippines has what is known as a blade culture. Unlike in the West
where Medieval and Renaissance combative and self-defense blade arts have gone almost
extinct (having devolved into sport fencing with the advent of firearms), blade fighting in the
Philippines is a living art. Local folk in the Philippines are much more likely to carry knives than
guns. They are commonly carried as tools by farmers, used by street vendors to prepare
coconuts, pineapples, watermelons, other fruits and meats, and balisongs are cheap to procure
in the streets as well as being easily concealed. In fact, in some areas in the countryside,
carrying a farming knife like the itak orbolo was a sign that one was making a living because of
the nature of work in those areas. In the country of Palau, the local term forFilipino is chad ra
oles, which literally means "people of the knife" because of Filipinos' reputation for carrying
knives and using them in fights.

Philippine Revolution
Contrary to the view of some modern historians that it was only guns that won the Philippine
revolutionaries against the Spaniards, blades also played a large part.
During the 1898 Battle of Manila, a report from The Cincinnati Enquirer went:
...The Philippine native, like all the kindred Malay races, cannot do any fighting as a rule except
at close quarters, slashing with his heavy knife. The weapon is called machete, or bolo, or
kampilan, or parang, or kris. The plan of action is the same – to rush in unexpectedly and hack
about swiftly, without the slightest attempt at self-preservation.

The Mauser rifle, too, in hard work is found to be a mistake. It has a case of five cartridges,
which have to be all used before any others can be inserted. That is, to say, if a soldier has
occasion to fire three cartridges he must go on and waste the other two, or else leave himself
to meet a possible sudden rush with only two rounds in his rifle. Perhaps it may be the fault of
the men, or their misfortune in being undrilled, but they are often knifed while in the act of
reloading their rifles. Whatever be the explanation there is something wrong in troops with
rifles and bayonets being driven steadily back by natives armed with knives. The insurgents
have some guns, but most of the wounded Spanish soldiers seen in the streets have knife
wounds.

Philippine–American War
Americans were first exposed to Arnis during the Philippine–American War in events such as
the Balangiga massacre where most of an American company was hacked to death or seriously
injured by bolo-wielding guerillas in Balangiga, Eastern Samar – and in battles in Mindanao,
where an American serviceman was decapitated by a Moro warrior even after he emptied
his .38 Long Colt caliber revolver into his opponent. That and similar events led to the request
and the development of the Colt M1911 pistol and the .45 ACP cartridge by Col. John T.
Thompson, Louis La Garde and John Browning which had more stopping power.

World War II
During World War II, many Filipinos fought the Japanese hand to hand with their blades as
guerilla fighters or as military units under the USAFFE like the Bolo Battalion (now known as
the Tabak Division).
Some of the grandmasters who are known to have used their skills in World War II are Antonio
Ilustrisimo, Benjamin Luna-Lema, Leo Giron, Teodoro "Doring" Saavedra, brothers Eulogio and
Cacoy Cañete, Timoteo "Timor" Maranga, Sr, Jesus Bayas and Balbino Tortal Bonganciso.
Kali stick seminar group at Ben Poon's Riseup Crossfit center by Terry Lim and Maurice Novoa

Ruiz inMelbourne (Australia)

The arts had no traditional belting or grading systems as they were taught informally. It was
said that to proclaim a student a "master" was considered ridiculous and a virtual death
warrant as the individual would become challenged left and right to potentially lethal duels by
other Arnisadores looking to make names for themselves. Belt ranking was a recent addition
adopted from Japanese arts such as Karate and Judo, which had become more popular with
Filipinos. They were added to give structure to the systems, and to be able to compete for the
attention of students.

With regards to its spread outside the Philippines, Arnis was brought to Hawaii and California as
far back as the 1920s by Filipino migrant workers. Its teaching was kept strictly within Filipino
communities until the late 1960s when masters such as Angel Cabales began teaching it to
others. Even then, instructors teaching Arnis in the 1960s and 70s were often reprimanded by
their elders for publicly teaching a part of their culture that had been preserved through
secrecy. The spread of Arnis was helped in Australia through Terry Lim(founder of Loong Fu Pai
martial arts academy) who also holds a 4th Dan in International Philippine Martial Arts
Federation. He ran seminars with the help of other masters such as Maurice Novoa Ruiz (a Wing
Chun instructor).

In recent years, there has been increased interest in Arnis for its usefulness when defending
against knives in street encounters. As a result, many systems of Arnis have been modified in
varying degrees to make them more marketable to a worldwide audience. Usually this involves
increased emphasis on locking, controls, and disarms, focusing mainly on aspects of self-
defense. However, most styles follow the philosophy that the best defense is a good offense.
Modern training methods tend to de-emphasize careful footwork and low stances, stressing the
learning of techniques in favor of more direct (and often lethal) tactics designed to instantly
end an encounter.

In the Philippines, the spread is more significant due to the efforts of Richardson "Richard"
Gialogo and Aniano "Jon" Lota, Jr. through the Department of Education (DepEd) Task Force on
School Sports (TFSS). Arnis was first introduced in 1969 to some public and private school
teachers when Remy Presas taught his personal style of Arnis which he called "Modern Arnis".
He taught his own style to the students of the National College of Physical Education (NCPE)
when he was given the chance to teach there. The style "Modern Arnis" is not synonymous with
the concept of modern or contemporary Arnis, where it has become a full blown sport
embraced by the Department of Education, although there are some similarities. There was no
formal program for Arnis from 1970s to 1980s. Although some schools taught Arnis, these were
not official nor prescribed.

The earliest historical record was the DECS Memorandum No. 294 Series of 1995 which entailed
the Arnis Development Program Phase I. This was a joint effort of the Department of Education,
Culture and Sports or DECS and the Office of then Senator Orlando "Orly" Mercado who
awarded a budget from his pork barrel for the implementation of a national Arnis program. The
Office of Senator Mercado was given the authority to designate the Arnis instructors for the
said program.

The next stage was the Arnis Development Program Phase II. It was just a continuation of Phase
I through DECS Memorandum No. 302 series of 1997. The same group conducted the seminars;
known as the Arnis Association International (AAI). The Arnis instructors designated by Senator
Mercado were informally called the "Mercado boys". They were Mr. Jeremias V. Dela Cruz,
Rodel Dagooc and others who were direct students of Mr. Remy Presas of the Modern Arnis
style. In this memorandum, there were two seminars conducted: October 6–11, 1997 in Baguio
City and November 10–15, 1997 in General Santos City. The Arnis Module Development
however did not push through. It was also during this time when the first Arnis instructional
video was developed by the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports (BPESS) entitled
"Dynamic Arnis". This video featured the Gialogo Brothers: Richardson and Ryan Gialogo, direct
students of Jeremias V. Dela Cruz.

However, the national Arnis program of Senator Orly Mercado and DECS died a natural death. It
was only after nine years that Arnis found its way back into the Department of Education
(formerly known as Department of Education, Culture and Sports or DECS). On February 5,
2004, the Task Force on School Sports (TFSS) of the Department of Education (DepEd), the new
agency after the defunct BPESS, met with the National Sports Association (NSA) for Arnis in a
Senate hearing. The Head of the TFSS was National Coordinator Mr. Feliciano N. Toledo II,
considered the "Father of Arnis" in the Department of Education. He met with the top NSA
officials at that time; however, nothing happened.

It was only in 2006 when the Task Force on School Sports had a new program for Arnis. The
"National Training of Trainors in Arnis and Dance Sports", sponsored by the Task Force on
School Sports, Department of Education (DepEd), was held at Teacher's Camp, Baguio City on
March 13–17, 2006 and was conducted by two top-caliber figures in the Arnis community: Mr.
Aniano Lota, Jr. and Mr. Richardson Gialogo, then Secretary-General and Vice-President
respectively of the National Sports Association for Arnis. And this was the start of the modern,
contemporary and prevailing Arnis in the Department of Education.

In just two months, Arnis became part of the Palarong Pambansa (National Games) as a
demonstration sport. The 2006 Palarong Pambansa was held in Naga City, Bicol Region with
nine out of the seventeen regions of the Philippines participating. National, regional and
provincial Arnis Seminars were conducted by the tandem of Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr. and Mr.
Richardson Gialogo from 2006 to 2007 in coordination with the TFSS National Coordinator, Mr.
Feliciano "Len" Toledo, and with the financial and logistical backing of the Department of
Education. In 2007, Arnis was already a regular event in the Palarong Pambansa with all
seventeen regions participating. Five weight divisions in the Full-contact Event and four
categories in the Anyo (Forms) Event were played and became part of the official medal tally of
the participants. This was held in Coronadal in Mindanao.
Arnis Seminars were continued in national, regional and provincial levels. These were all
conducted by the tandem of Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr. and Mr. Richardson Gialogo, now both Arnis
Consultants and official Lecturers of the Task Force on School Sports of the Department of
Education. In 2008, Arnis was played in the Palarong Pambansa and again, with all seventeen
regions participating. All nine events were played. This was held in Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan.

Aside from Sports Officiating and Accreditation seminars, Coaching and skill training seminars
continued in national, regional and provincial levels. Requests from cities and even districts
were also welcomed. The "evangelization" of Arnis was continued and both Gialogo and Lota
were careful not to teach their personal styles. Both taught in "generic" form and focused on
the rules of sports as promulgated by the Department of Education.

In 2009, Secondary Girls (High School Girls) were finally included in Palarong Pambansa and
again, all seventeen regions participated. From the original five member teams, the number
doubled with the inclusion of the girls. The medal tally also doubled from nine to eighteen. The
2009 Palarong Pambansa was held in Tacloban, Leyte in the Visayas.
In 2009, the "Writeshop of the Revision of the Physical Fitness Test and the Development of
Learning Competencies in Arnis and Archery" was held in Teacher's Camp, Baguio City in
October 5–8, 2009. Phase I of the National Curriculum for Arnis was finished and the curriculum
writers were Mr. Richardson Gialogo and Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr.
The 2010 Palarong Pambansa was held in Tarlac, In Luzon. Again, both secondary boys and girls
competed in the eighteen categories. It was here that the Department of Education Arnis
Association Philippines or DEAAP had its first national elections.
In the 2011 Palarong Pambansa, Elementary students joined.

Duels
One of the most important practices in classical Arnis was dueling, without any form of
protection. The matches were preceded by cock-fighting and could be held in any open space,
sometimes in a specially constructed enclosure. Arnisadores believe this tradition pre-dates the
colonial period, pointing to similar practices of kickboxing matches in mainland Indochina as
evidence. Spanish records tell of such duelling areas where cock-fights took place. The founders
of most of the popular Arnis systems were famous duelists and legends circulate about how
many opponents they killed. In rural areas throughout the Philippines today, modern Arnis
matches are still held in dueling arenas. In bigger cities, recreations of duels are sometimes held
at parks by local Arnis training-halls. These demonstrations are not choreographed beforehand
but neither are they full-contact competitions.
In modern times, public dueling with blades has been deemed illegal in the Philippines due to
potential injury or death. Duelling with live sticks and minimal protection still occurs during
barrio fiestas in some towns such as in Paete in Laguna.

Organization
After decades of lobbying and overdue recognition, Arnis/Eskrima/Kali was proclaimed as the
official National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines in January 2010.
There are two main types of Arnis practiced as a sport. The most common system used
internationally is that of the WEKAF (World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation), established 1989.
The earlier Arnis Philippines (ARPI) system, established in 1986, was most prominently used
during the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.

WEKAF
The WEKAF system works on a 10-point must system similar to boxing where participants spar
with live sticks while wearing a long padded vest with skirt and sleeves and a helmet similar
to Kendo headgear. Hitting below the thigh is prohibited. This format has sometimes been
criticized because it emphasizes a heavy offense at the expense of defensive techniques
sometimes with players raining blows on each other without defending, giving rise to the
impression that combatants are merely hitting each other in a disorganized way. This has been
tackled by introducing a "four second rule" to prevent constant and unrealistic attacks, and
judges do not to score the same strike if the fighter uses it more than twice in succession.
Judges warn fighters and remove points if they continue after two warnings. However, fights
can easily come down to an unrealistic attack from an unskilled fighter who impresses judges
with many body hits after taking two or three clear, strong hits to the hands and head.
This is, to some, an antithesis to traditional training methods, where training in footwork and
arm/weapon movements are intricate and precise and any part of an opponent's body is fair
game. As a consequence, WEKAF tournaments may be seen as not promoting the original art.
Moreover, participants have been known to suffer broken bones and injured tendons due to
the fact that live sticks are used, so the older system is considered more 'hardcore' and less
safe. Another complaint about the WEKAF system is that it uses the10-point must system,
which is more subjective depending on who is judging.
Since the WEKAF system is more risky, it is preferred by many practitioners who want to test
themselves. The WEKAF system is the most widely used format internationally.

ARPI

Safety equipment used in Arnis tournaments with padded vests, sticks, headgear and groin
guards
Arnis competitions uses foam-padded sticks about an inch in diameter with thin rattan cores
roughly a centimeter in diameter. These sticks are meant to break before serious injury occurs.
For protection, the same headgear used in the WEKAF system, and a large groin guard is
required for males. Vests (optional for men, required for women), optional armguards,
shinguards and leg wraps are used. Scoring is more similar to fencing where fighters are
separated after solid clean hits are made (observed by multiple judges stationed at different
positions to observe if hits were clean and unblocked, and determine the strength of the strike
by the loudness of the impact). Alternative ways to score are to disarm one's opponent or to
force him to step outside the ring.

Any part of the body, from head to toe, is fair game as a target – except for the back of the
head, which the headgear does not protect. Stabs to the face are not allowed, because the thin
rattan core may penetrate the padding and slip through the grills of the headgear into the
player's eye. Thrusts to the body score points, but are harder to present to judges for scoring
because they make less noise and it is difficult to determine impact.
Punches, kicks and throws are not allowed. Prolonged clinching to prevent the opponent from
striking is not allowed (similar to Western Boxing) to keep the game moving and more
interesting for audience that may not appreciate the fine and practical aspects of grappling.
Disarms must be performed quickly and cleanly to count. Because the legs are fair targets, in
lighter weight divisions, complex evasion and deep lunges where players lie horizontal with the
torso almost touching the floor to extend reach are often seen.

The emphasis of the ARPI system is on player safety, as proponents are applying to become a
recognized Olympic sport likejudo, karate, taekwondo, wrestling, boxing, and fencing.
Even though padded sticks are used in the sport, players regularly retain large bruises that last
for weeks and sometimes minor injuries to joints and because of the sheer amount of force
generated by conditioned practitioners. Sometimes the stuffing commonly comes off from the
harder hitting players and one cause of injury is when a player is struck by the exposed rattan
core. Still, these are relatively minor as compared to injuries sustained when practitioners spar
with live sticks.

One major problem with the ARPI system is that because the padded sticks with light rattan
cores are used, they tend to flex and "lag", thus making the experience significantly different
from using a live stick and in that sense, lessens the "realism" of this system. This is acceptable
though as again, the emphasis is on safety.
Like the sayaw (meaning "dance") in the WEKAF system, the ARPI system has a separate single
and team choreographed division called Anyo (Tagalog for 'forms'). Aside from the visual
appeal, practical combative applications must be clearly seen so as to avoid looking like
just majorettes in marching bands who just twirl batons and dance (a concept similar to
the Floreio ("flourish") aspect of Capoeira and to Tricking which are more for show than
practicality). IMAFP Standard Equipment is being used in the international Arena.

In another variation that simulates knife fights, competitors use false blades edged with lipstick
to mark where an opponent has been struck. These matches are considered more similar to
traditional duels than the WEKAF point-system.

Weapons
Arnis students start their instruction by learning to fight with weapons, and only advance to
empty-hand training once the stick and knife techniques have been sufficiently mastered. This
is in contrast to most other well-known Asian martial arts but it is justified by the principle that
bare-handed moves are acquired naturally through the same exercises as the weapon
techniques, making muscle memory an important aspect of the teaching. It is also based on the
obvious fact that an armed person who is trained has the advantage over a trained unarmed
person, and serves to condition students to fight against armed assailants. Most systems of
Arnis apply a single set of techniques for the stick, knife, and empty hands, a concept
sometimes referred to as motion grouping. Since the weapon is seen as simply an extension of
the body, the same angles and footwork are used either with or without a weapon. The reason
for this is probably historical, because tribal warriors went into battle armed and only resorted
to bare-handed fighting after losing their weapons.

Many systems begin training with two weapons, either a pair of sticks or a stick and a wooden
knife. These styles emphasise keeping both hands full and never moving them in the same
direction, and trains practitioners to become ambidextrous. For example, one stick may strike
the head while the other hits the arm. Such training develops the ability to use both limbs
independently, a valuable skill, even when working with a single weapon.
A core concept and distinct feature of Filipino martial arts is the Live Hand. Even when as a
practitioner wields only one weapon, the extra hand is used to control, trap or disarm an
opponent's weapon and to aid in blocking, joint locking and manipulation of the opponent or
other simultaneous motions such as bicep destruction with the live hand.

Baston
A pair of rattan bastons
The most basic and common weapon in Arnis is
the baston or yantok. They are typically constructed
from rattan, an inexpensive stem from a type
of Southeast Asian vine. Hard and durable yet
lightweight, it shreds only under the worst abuse
and does not splinter like wood, making it a safer
training tool. This aspect makes it useful in defense
against blades.Kamagong (ironwood or ebony) and bahi (heart of the palm) are sometimes used
after being charred and hardened. These hardwoods are generally not used for sparring,
however, as they are dense enough to cause serious injury, but traditional sparring does not
include weapon to body contact. The participants are skilled enough to parry and counterstrike,
showing respect in not intentionally hitting the training partner. In modern times, many Arnis
practitioners have also come to wear head and hand protection while sparring with rattan
sticks, or otherwise use padded bastons. Some modern schools also use sticks made out of
aluminium or other metals, or modern high-impact plastics.

Impact weapons
 Baston, olisi, yantok: stick ranging from twenty-four to twenty-eight inches long.
  Largo mano yantok: longer stick ranging from twenty-eight to thirty-six inches
 Dulo y dulo: short stick about four to seven inches in length, held in the palm of the
hand
 Bankaw: six-foot pole. Staves can be used to practice sword techniques
 Wooden dagger measuring 12 to 14 inches (300 to 360 mm)
 Panangga: shield
 Improvised weapons: Wood planks, steel pipes, umbrellas, flashlights, rolled-up
magazines/ newspapers, books, cellular phones, tennis rackets, butt of billiards cue,
bottles, coffee mugs, chair legs, tree branches or twigs, etc.

Edged weapon

Traditional bolos from the Visayas islands (ginunting on the left, and threetalibongs).
Baraw is a Cebuano term used in eskrima that means knife or dagger. The term Baraw is more
commonly used on the Cebu Island in the Visayan region whereas other islands and regions
more commonly use the term Daga but both terms are often interchangeable within the
Filipino martial arts community.
The terms Baraw and Daga can be used either as Solo Baraw or Solo Daga associated with
single knife fighting and defense systems,Doble Baraw or Doble Daga associated with the
double knife fighting systems or even with a combination of long and short weapons e.g. stick
and dagger fighting systems Olisi Baraw or sword and dagger fighting systems Espada y Daga.
 Daga/Cuchillo (Spanish for dagger and knife) or Baraw/ Pisaw: daggers or knives of
different shapes and sizes
 Balisong: fan knife or butterfly knife from Barrio Balisong in Batangas province. The
handle is two-piece and attaches to a swivel that folds to enclose the blade when shut.
 Karambit: claw-shaped Indo-Malay blade held by inserting the finger into a hole at the
top of the handle.
 Bolo: a knife/sword similar to a machete
 Pinuti: a type of sword from Cebu blade shaped similar to a Sundang but elongated.
 Iták or sundáng: a farm or house hold bladed implement, its blade has a pronounced
belly, chisel ground edge with the handle angled down.
 Barong: wide flat leaf shaped blade commonly used by women.
 Binakoko: long blade named after a porgy fish
 Dinahong palay: has a very narrow blade shape similar to a rice leaf.
 Kalis or Kris: Indo-Malay dagger, often given a wavy blade, it is most commonly used in
the southern provinces
 Kampilan: fork-tipped sword, popular in the southern Philippines
 Sibat: spear
 Improvised weapons: Icepicks, box cutters, screwdrivers, scissors, broken bottles, pens,
car keys (using the push knife grip)

Flexible weapons
 Sarong: a length of fabric wrapped around the waist
 Ekut: handkerchief
  Tabak-toyok: chained sticks/ flail or nunchaku
 Latigo (Spanish for whip): consisting of a handle between 8 and 12 inches (200 and
300 mm), and a lash composed of a braided thong 3–20 ft (0.91–6.10 m) long. The "fall"
at the end of the lash is a single piece of leather 10–30 inches (250–760 mm) in
length.[66]
 Improvised weapons: Belt, bandana, handkerchiefs, shirts, towels/socks with hard soap
bars/rocks, ropes, power cables, etc.

Rank and Grading System

The practitioners must conform to criteria based on the number of years of training and level of
proficiency to the technical skills, practitioners are screened by the rank promotion committee
to determine their rank in the grading system.

Arnis grading system

Rank Belt English name Filipino name
White Belt Novice Baguhan
Yellow Intermediate 1 Sanay 1
Green Intermediate 2 Sanay 2
Blue Intermediate 3 Sanay 3
Brown Advanced Bihasa
Black Master 1 Lakan/Lakambini 1
Black Master 2 Lakan/Lakambini 2
Black Master 3 Lakan/Lakambini 3
Black Master 4 Lakan/Lakambini 4
Black Master 5 Lakan/Lakambini 5
Black Master 6 Lakan/Lakambini 6
Black Master 7 Lakan/Lakambini 7
Black Master 8 Lakan/Lakambini 8
Black Master 9 Lakan/Lakambini 9
Black Grand Master Lakan/Lakambini 10

Technical aspects

Ranges
Most systems recognize that the technical nature of combat changes drastically as the distance
between opponents changes, and generally classify the ranges into at least three categories.
Each range has its characteristic techniques and footwork. Of course, some systems place more
emphasis on certain ranges than others, but almost all recognize that being able to work in and
control any range is essential. The Balintawak style for example, uses long-, medium- and short-
range fighting techniques, but focuses on the short-range.
To control the range, and for numerous other purposes, good footwork is essential. Most
eskrima systems explain their footwork in terms of triangles: normally when moving in any
direction two feet occupy two corners of the triangle and the step is to the third corner such
that no leg crosses the other at any time. The shape and size of the triangle must be adapted to
the particular situation. The style of footwork and the standing position vary greatly from
school to school and from practitioner to practitioner. For a very traditional school, conscious of
battlefield necessities, stances are usually very low, often with one knee on the ground, and
footwork is complex, involving many careful cross-steps to allow practitioners to cope with
multiple opponents. The Villabrille and San Miguel styles are usually taught in this way. Systems
that have been adapted to duels or sporting matches generally employ simpler footwork,
focusing on a single opponent. North American schools tend to use much more upright stances,
as this puts less stress on the legs, but there are some exceptions.

Strikes
Many Filipino systems focus on defending against and/or reacting to angles of attack rather
than particular strikes. The theory behind this is that virtually all types of hand-to-hand attacks
(barehanded or with a weapon) hit or reach a combatant via these angles of attack and the
reasoning is that it is more efficient to learn to defend against different angles of attack rather
than learn to defend against particular styles, particular techniques or particular weapons. For
instance, the technique for defending against an attack angle that comes overhead from the
right is very similar whether the attacker uses bare fists, a knife, a sword or a spear.
Older styles gave each angle a name, but more recent systems tend to simply number them.
Many systems have twelve standard angles, though some have as few as 5, and others as many
as 72. Although the exact angles, the order they are numbered in (numerado), and the way the
player executes moves vary from system to system, most are based upon Filipino cosmology.
These standard angles describe exercises. To aid memorization, player often practice a standard
series of strikes from these angles, called anabecedario (Spanish for "alphabet"). These are
beginner strikes or the "ABC's" of Arnis.

Some angles of attack and some strikes have characteristic names:

 San Miguel is a forehand strike with the right hand, moving from the striker's right
shoulder toward their left hip. It is named after Saint Michael or the Archangel Michael,
who is often depicted holding a sword at this angle. This is the most natural strike for
most untrained people. It is commonly referred to as "angle #1", in systems where
striking angles are numbered for training purposes, because it is presumed the most
probable angle of attack.
 Sinawali is the signature double-stick weaving movement associated with Arnis named
after the woven coconut or palm leaves called sawali that comprise the walls of nipa
hut dwellings. It is commonly seen in double-stick continuous attack-parry partner
demonstrations.
 Another signature technique is the Redonda, which is a continuous circular downward-
striking double-stick twirling technique.
 A redonda (Spanish for "round") is a strike that whips in a circle to return to its point of
origin. This is especially useful when using sticks rather than swords, such a strike allows
extremely fast strikes but needs constant practice.
 An abanico (Spanish for fan) or witik is a strike that is executed by flicking the wrist 180
degrees in a fan-shaped motion. This kind of strike can be very quick and arrive from
unexpected angles.
 Pilantik is a strike executed by whipping the stick around the wrist over the head in a
motion similar to the abanico, but in alternating 360 degree strikes. It is most useful
when fighters are in grappling range and cannot create enough space for normal strikes.
 Hakbang (Filipino for "step") is a general term for footwork. For example, hakbang
paiwas is pivoting footwork, while hakbang tatsulok is triangle stepping.
 Puño (Spanish for "fist", "hilt", or "handle") is a strike delivered with the butt of the
weapon. It usually targets a nerve point or other soft spot on the opponent but in skilled
hands, the puño can be used to shatter bones.

Note that many Arnis techniques have Spanish names, because Spanish was the lingua
franca spoken during colonial times among the natives who spoke over 170 different dialects in
the archipelago's 7,100+ islands.
Arnis techniques are generally based on the assumption that both student and opponent are
very highly trained and well prepared. For this reason, Arnis tends to favor extreme caution,
always considering the possibility of a failed technique or an unexpected knife. On the other
hand, the practitioner is assumed able to strike precisely and quickly. The general principle is
that an opponent's ability to attack should be destroyed rather than trying to hurt them to
convince them to stop. Thus many strikes are aimed at the hands and arms, hoping to break the
hand holding the weapon or cut the nerves or tendons controlling it (the concept of defanging
the snake), but strikes to the eyes and legs are important. A popular mnemonic states that
"stick seeks bone, blade seeks flesh".

Mano Mano
Mano Mano is the empty-hand component of Filipino martial arts, particularly Arnis. The term
translates as "hands" or "hand to hand" and comes from the Spanish word mano(hand). It is
also known as suntukan or panununtukan in Luzon and pangamot in the Visayas, as well as De
Cadena, Cadena de Mano or Arnis de Mano in some FMA systems. American colonists referred
to it as "combat judo" or “Filipino boxing”.
Mano mano also includes kicking, punching, locking, throwing and dumog (grappling). Filipino
martial artists regard the empty hands as another weapon and all the movements of mano
mano are directly based on weapon techniques. In Arnis, weapons are seen as an extension of
the body so training with weapons naturally leads to proficiency in bare-handed combat. For
this reason, mano mano is often taught in the higher levels of Arnis after weapons training has
been mastered because advanced students are expected to be able to apply their experience
with weapons to unarmed fighting. This not always the case though, as some systems of Arnis
start with (and at times only consist of) empty hands fighting.
Some notable masters of Mano Mano include:
 Antonio Illustrisimo
 Venancio "Anciong" Bacon
 Rey Galang
 Edgar Sulite
 Danny Guba
 Francisco Guilledo
 Ceferino Garcia
 Gabriel Elorde

Kicking
Paninipa, Pagsipa, Pananadiyak, Pagtadiyak, and Sikaran (all terms for "kicking" in various
regions, dialects and styles) are components of eskrima that focus on knees, tripping, low-line
kicks, and stomps. Pananjakman is also a term used in Filipino-American-developed and
Western FMA systems, usually referring to the system from the Lucky Lucaylucay, Floro
Villabrille and Dan Inosanto blend lineage. Except for the distinct style of Sikaran from the Baras
area of the province of Rizal, which also uses high kicks, kicking as a separate art is never taught
by itself in the Philippines, and this practice is only done in the West
with Pananjakman. Pananjakman is usually taught together with Panantukan.
Paninipa can be regarded as the study of leg muscles and bones and how they are connected,
with the goal of either inflicting pain or outright breaking or dislocating the bones. Most striking
techniques involve applying pressure to bend the target areas in unnatural ways so as to injure
or break them. Such pressure may be delivered in the form of a heel smash, a toe kick, a stomp,
or a knee. Targets include the groin, thighs, knees, shins, ankles, feet and toes. The upper body
is used only for defensive maneuvers, making pananadiyak ideal for when combatants are
engaged in a clinch. When used effectively, the strikes can bring an opponent to the ground or
otherwise end an altercation by making them too weak to stand.
Fundamental techniques include kicking or smashing the ankle to force it either towards or
away from the opposite foot (severe supination or pronation, respectively), heel-stomping the
top of the foot where it meets the lower leg so as to break or crush the numerous bones or
otherwise disrupt the opponent's balance, and smashing the opponents knee from the side to
break the knee (with severe supination and pronation as the desired result).

Drills
Kali stick drills during seminar at Ben Poon's Riseup Crossfit center byTerry Lim and Maurice
Novoa Ruiz in Melbourne Australia.

Several classes of exercises, such as sombrada, contrada, sinawali, hubud-lubud and sequidas,
initially presented to the public as a set of organized drills by the Inosanto school, are expressly
designed to allow partners to move quickly and experiment with variations while remaining
safe. For example, in a sumbrada drill, one partner feeds an attack, which the other counters,
flowing into a counterattack, which is then countered, flowing into a counterattack, and so on.
The hubud-lubud or hubad-lubad from Doce Pares is frequently used as a type of "generator"
drill, where one is forced to act and think fast. Initially, students learn a specific series of
attacks, counters, and counter-attacks. As they advance they can add minor variations, change
the footwork, or switch to completely different attacks; eventually the exercise becomes almost
completely free-form. Palakaw, from the Balintawak style, are un-choreographed and random
defensive and offensive moves. Palakaw in Cebuano means a walk-through or rehearsing the
different strike angles and defenses. It may be known ascorridas, or striking without any order
or pattern. Disarms, take-downs, and other techniques usually break the flow of such a drill, but
they are usually initiated from such a sequence of movements to force the student to adapt to
a variety of situations. A common practice is to begin a drill with each student armed with two
weapons. Once the drill is flowing, if a student sees an opportunity to disarm their opponent,
they do, but the drill continues until both students are empty-handed. Some drills use only a
single weapon per pair, and the partners take turns disarming each other. Seguidas drills, taken
from the San Miguel system, are sets of hitting and movement patterns usually involving stick
and dagger.
Rhythm, while an essential part of eskrima drills, is emphasized more in the United States and
Europe, where a regular beat serves a guide for students to follow. To ensure safety,
participants perform most drills at a constant pace, which they increase as they progress. The
rhythm, together with the southern Filipino attire of a vest and sashed pants, is commonly
mistaken for some sort of tradition when practicing eskrima in the Philippines – perhaps
incorrectly derived from traditional rhythm-based dances or an attempt to add a sense of
ethnicity. Eskrima is usually practiced in the Philippines without a rhythm, off-beat or out of
rhythm. The diversity of Filipino martial arts means that there is no officially established
standard uniform in eskrima.

The live hand

The live hand is the opposite hand of the practitioner that does not contain the main weapon.
The heavy usage of the live hand is an important concept and distinguishing hallmark of
eskrima. Even (or especially) when empty, the live hand can be used as a companion weapon by
eskrima practitioners. As opposed to most weapon systems likefencing where the off-hand is
hidden and not used to prevent it from being hit, eskrima actively uses the live hand for
trapping, locking, supporting weapon blocks, checking, disarming, striking and controlling the
opponent.
The usage of the live hand is one of the most evident examples of how Eskrima's method of
starting with weapons training leads to effective empty hand techniques. Because ofDoble
Baston (double weapons) or Espada y Daga (sword and parrying dagger) ambidextrous weapon
muscle memory conditioning, Eskrima practitioners find it easy to use the off-hand actively
once they transition from using it with a weapon to an empty hand.

Doble baston
Doble baston, and less frequently doble olisi, are common names for a group of techniques
involving two sticks. The art is more commonly known around the world as Sinawalimeaning
"to weave". The term Sinawali is taken from a matting called sawali that is commonly used in
the tribal Nipa Huts. It is made up of woven pieces of palm leaf and used for both flooring and
walls.
This technique requires the user to use both left and right weapons in an equal manner; many
co-ordination drills are used to help the practitioner become more ambidextrous. It is the
section of the art that is taught mainly at the intermediate levels and above and is considered
one of the most important areas of learning in the art.

Sinawali
Practicing Sinawali activity at Arnis seminar by Terry Lim and Maurice Novoa Ruiz at Marcos
Dorta's Essential Defence Academy in Melbourne, Australia
Sinawali refers to the activity of "weaving", as applied Eskrima with reference to a set of two-
person, two-weapon exercises. The term comes from "Sawali", the woven walls of nipa huts.
Sinawali exercises provide eskrima practitioners with basic skills and motions relevant to a
mode of two-weapon blocking and response method called Doblete. Sinawali training is often
introduced to novices to help them develop certain fundamental skills – including: body
positioning and distance relative to an opponent, rotation of the body and the proper turning
radius, recognition of one's center of gravity, eye–hand coordination, target perception and
recognition, increased ambidexterity, recognition and performance of rhythmic structures for
upper body movement, and muscular developments important to the art, especially, the wrist
and forearm regions. It helps teach the novice eskrimador proper positioning while swinging a
weapon.

Cross-training
Kali stick seminar by Terry Lim and Maurice Novoa Ruiz at Marcos Dorta's Essential Defence
Academy of combat Jiu Jitsu in Melbourne Australia
The Chinese and Malay communities of the Philippines have practiced eskrima together
with kuntaw and silat for centuries, so much so that many North Americans mistakenly believe
silat to have originated in the Philippines.

Some of the modern styles, particularly doce pares and modern arnis contain some elements
of Japanese martial arts such as joint locks, throws, blocks, strikes, and groundwork, taken
from: jujutsu, judo, aikido and karate as some of the founders obtained black belt Dan grades in
some of these systems. Some eskrima styles are complementary with Chinese wing chun, or
Japanese aikido because of the nervous system conditioning and body mechanics when striking,
twirling or swinging sticks. In Western countries, it is common to practice eskrima in
conjunction with other martial arts, particularly Wing Chun,[64] Jeet Kune Do andSilat. As a
result, there is some confusion between styles, systems, and lineage, because some people
cross-train without giving due credit to the founders or principles of their arts.
For example, American Kenpo and Kajukenbo cross-training traces back to the interactions
between Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants in territorial/pre-statehood Hawaii, and to
a lesser extent in other parts of the United States. In the United States the cross-training
between eskrima and Jeet Kune Do Concepts as headed by Dan Inosanto of the Inosanto
Academy in Marina del Rey, California, goes according to the maxim "Absorb what is useful,
reject what is useless".

Proponents of such training say the arts are very similar in many aspects and complement each
other well. It has become marketable to offer eskrima classes in other traditional Asian martial
arts studios in America but some practitioners of other eskrima styles often dismiss these
lessons as debased versions of original training methods.

Notable styles and practitioners

Main article: List of Arnis systems and practitioners
Arnis as National Martial Arts and Sports

Republic Act No. 9850 of the Congress of the Philippines, approved on December 11, 2009
declares Arnis as the national sport and martial art of the Philippines for promoting patriotism,
nationalism and appreciation of the role of national heroes and symbols in the historical
development of the country. There were many versions of the Arnis Bill but the version chosen
was drafted by Richardson Gialogo which was submitted to the Senate. Because of this law,
Arnis becomes a pre-requisite for P.E. classes in most colleges in the Philippines.
Arnis in popular culture