Twelve To Remember: The Functional Groups

C C C
C C C
0. Alkane
-all single bonds
-no heteroatoms
C
C C C C C C
C C C C C
1. Alkene 2. Alkyne Tip: A-E-I
-C=C double bond -triple bond so alkane, alkene, alkyne

C C C
C C C C C Br (Cl, I, F)
(Special properties C C C
C C due to resonance)
C 4. Haloalkane
3. Arene
-alternating double bonds
in a 6-carbon ring
C C OH C O C Alcohols and Ethers Can be
C C C C C C Seen as H2O Derivatives:
5. Alcohol 6. Ether
Oxygen Molecules With
-oxygen -oxygen Single Bonds Only
-OH -no OH Tip: A before E
-single bonds -single bonds
O O
Aldehydes and Ketones
C C C C Have C=O (Carbonyl)
C C H C C C Double Bonds
Tip: A before kEy;
7. Aldehyde 8. Ketone Aldehyde has less C's
-oxygen -oxygen
-C=O double bond
attached to C=O
-C=O double bond
-one H connected to C=O -two C's connected to C=O

O O

C C C C C
C C OH C C O
9. (Carboxylic) Acid 10. Ester A(cid) before E(ster)
-2 oxygens -2 oxygens
-C=O double bond, with -C=O double bond, with
O-H directly attached O-C directly attached
O

C C C C N compounds
C C NH2 C C NH2
11. Amide 12. Amine
-one nitrogen, one C=O -one nitrogen, no C=O
-C=O double bond, with -"N" for No C=O double bond
N directly attached
-"D" for C=O double bond
The Functional Groups, R-Z
Suffix (or Prefix) Used in Nomenclature
Functional Group Z Name Systematic Name Review
-R Alkane -ane methan- 1C
ethan- 2C
propan- 3C
C C Alkene -ene butan- 4C
pentan- 5C
hexan- 6C
Alkyne -yne heptan- 7C
C C
octan- 8C
nonan- 9C
decan- 10C
C C
C C Arene not responsible
C C

-X (Cl, Br, I, or F) Haloalkane halo-

-OH Alcohol -ol

-OR Ether not responsible

O
Aldehyde -al
H
O
Ketone -one
R
O
Carboxylic Acid -oic acid
OH
O
Ester -oate
OR
O
Amide -amide
NH2

-NH2 Amine amino-