modulus o f subgrade reaction because of its dependence on B o g a r d , D . & M a tlo c k , H . 1 9 8 3 .

P r o c e d u r e s f o r a n a ly s is o f la te r a lly
the foundation dimensions, lo a d e d p ile g r o u p s in s o f t c la y . Geot. Practice in Offshore Enigneer-
- the use of W inkler springs for analysis of rafts and piled raft ing, E d . S . C . W r ig h t, A S C E , N e w Y o r k , 4 9 9 - 5 3 5 .
foundations, B o lto n , M . 1 9 7 9 . A guide to soil mechanics, M a c M illa n P u b lis h e r s ,
- analysis of isolated strips as a simplified method of analys­ London.
ing rafts, and B o o k e r , J .R . 1 9 7 4 . T h e c o n s o li d a ti o n o f a f in ite la y e r s u b je c t to s u r f a c e

- solutions proposed by Coulomb for the passive pressures lo a d in g . Int. J. Solids and Structs., 10: 1 0 5 3 -1 0 6 5 .
B o o k e r , J .R . & P o u lo s , H .G . 1 9 7 6 . A n a ly s is o f c r e e p s e ttle m e n t o f p ile
acting on rigid retaining structures.
It is also noted that the inclusion o f the structural stiffness in the fo u n d a tio n s . Jnl. Geot. Eng. Divn., ASCE, 1 0 2 (1 ): 1 -1 4 .

analysis o f rafts and piled rafts is desirable, as is the inclusion of B o o n e , S .T . 1996. G r o u n d - m o v e m e n t- r e l a te d b u ild in g dam age. Jnl.
soil layering and finite soil depth in analyses of rafts and piled Geotech, and Geoenv. Eng., ASCE, 1 2 2 (1 1 ): 8 8 6 -8 9 6 .
B o s c a r d in , M .D . & C o r d in g , E .J . 1 9 8 9 . B u ild in g r e s p o n s e to e x c a v a tio n -
rafts. Such inclusions are now quite feasible and relatively easily
implemented in the more sophisticated analysis tools (Category in d u c e d s e ttle m e n t. Jn. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 1 1 5 (1 ): 1 -2 1 .
B o w le s , J .E . 1 9 8 8 . Foundation analysis and design. M c G r a w H ill, N ew
2 and 3 methods listed in Table 2.6).
Y o rk .
It must be stated that the above assessments contain a certain
B r a n s b y , M .F . & R a n d o lp h , M .F . 1 9 9 8 . C o m b in e d lo a d in g o f s k ir te d
element of subjectivity. Also, it is vital to recognize that the ul­ f o u n d a tio n s , Geotechnique, 4 8 : 6 3 7 - 6 5 5 .
timate success of analysis and design calculations depends a< B r a n s b y , M .F . 1 9 9 9 . S e le c tio n o f p - y c u r v e s f o r th e d e s ig n o f s in g le la t­
much ( if not more) on appropriate modelling and parameter se­ e r a lly lo a d e d p ile s . Int. Jnl. Num. Anal. Methods in Geomechs., 2 3:
lection than on the method o f analysis used. 1 9 0 9 -1 9 2 6 .
In conclusion, it is sobering to recall the following comment; B r e ttm a n , T . & D u n c a n , J .M . 1 9 9 6 . C o m p u t e r a p p lic a tio n s o f C L M la t­
of Terzaghi (1951): e r a l lo a d a n a ly s is to p ile s a n d d r ille d s h a f ts ” . Jnl. Geotecli. Eng.,
“....foundation engineering has definitely passed from the sci­ ASCE. 1 2 2 (6 ): 4 9 6 - 4 9 8 .
entific state into that of maturity...... one gets the impression thai B r ia u d , J -L . & G ib b e n s , R .M . 1 9 9 4 . T e s t a n d P r e d ic tio n R e s u lts f o r F iv e
research has outdistanced practical application, and that the gap L a r g e S p r e a d F o o tin g s o n S a n d . Geot. Spec. Pub. 41, ASCE, 9 2 -1 2 8 .
between theory and practice still widens”. B r in c h H a n s e n , J. 1 9 6 1 . U ltim a te r e s is ta n c e o f r ig id p ile s a g a in s t tr a n s ­
The gap to which Terzaghi referred is far greater now, almosi v e r s a l f o r c e s . B u ll. 12, Danish Geotech. Inst., C o p e n h a g e n , 5 -9 .
fifty years later, and it would seem appropriate that a major ef­ B r o m s , B .B . 1 9 6 4 a . L a te r a l r e s is ta n c e o f p ile s in c o h e s iv e s o ils . Jnl. S.M.
fort be mounted for the beginning of the new millennium to as­ & Founds. Div., ASCE, 9 0 (S M 2 ): 2 7 -6 3 .
sess the current state of practice in various aspects of foundation B r o m s , B .B . 1 9 6 4 b . L a te r a l r e s is ta n c e o f p ile s in c o h e s io n le s s s o ils . Jnl.
engineering, and incorporate relevant aspects of modem research S.M. <4 Founds. Div., ASCE, 9 0 ( S M 3 ) : 1 2 3 -1 5 6 .
and state of the art knowledge into practice. B r o m s , B .B . 1 9 6 6 . M e th o d s o f c a lc u la tin g th e u ltim a te b e a r in g c a p a c ity
o f p ile s - a s u m m a r y . Sols Soils, 1 8 -1 9 : 2 1 - 3 2 .
B r o o k s , N .J. & S p e n c e , J .F . 1 9 9 2 . D e s ig n a n d r e c o r d e d p e r f o r m a n c e o f a
AC KN O W LE D G E M E N TS secant r e t a in i n g w a ll in C ro y d o n . Proc. Int. Conf. Retaining
Structures, C a m b r id g e .
Some of the original work of the authors described in this pa­ B r o w n , J .D . & M e y e r h o f , G .G . 1 9 6 9 . E x p e r im e n ta l s tu d y o f b e a rin g
c a p a c ity in la y e r e d c la y s . Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and
per was funded by grants from the Australian Research Council.
Foundation Engineering, M e x ic o , 2: 4 5 - 5 1 .
The efforts of the following people, who provided valuable as­
B r o w n , J .D . & P a te r s o n , W .G . 1 9 6 4 . F a ilu r e o f a n o il s to r a g e ta n k
sistance in the preparation of this paper, are gratefully acknowl­ f o u n d e d o n a s e n s itiv e m a r in e c la y . Can. Geotech. Jnl, 1: 2 0 5 - 2 1 4 .
edged: C. Bredillet, M . Domadenik, T.S. H ull, M.D.F. Liu, K. B ro w n , P .T . & Y u, S .K .R . 1986. L oad sequence and s tn ic tu r e -
Pham, S.W. Sloan, H. Taiebat, C.X. Wang and K. Xu. fo u n d a tio n in te r a c tio n . Journal o f Structural Engineering, ASCE,
1 1 2 (1 ): 4 8 1 - 4 8 8 .
B r o w n , P .T . 1 9 7 5 . T h e s ig n if i c a n c e o f s tr u c tu r e - f o u n d a tio n in te r a c tio n .
REFERENCES Proc. 2nd Australia-New Zealand Conf. on Geomechanics, B r is b a n e ,
IE A u s t, 1.1: 7 9 - 8 2 .
A lp a n , I. 1 9 6 4 . E s ti m a t in g S e tt le m e n ts o f F o u n d a ti o n s o n S a n d s . Civ. B r o w n , P .T . 1 9 7 7 . S tr ip F o o tin g s . Geotechnical Analysis and Computer
Eng. And Public Works Review. Applications; L e c tu r e 7 , U n iv e r s ity o f S y d n e y .
A P I 1 9 8 4 . API RP2A, recommended practice fo r planning, designing B u d h u , M . & D a v ie s , T .G . 1 9 8 7 . N o n lin e a r a n a ly s is o f la te r a lly lo a d e d
and constructing fixed offshore platforms. 1 4 * E d ., D a lla s , A m e r ic a n p ile s in c o h e s io n le s s s o ils . Can. Geot. Jnl., 2 4 : 2 1 -3 9 .
P e tr o l e u m I n s titu te . B u d h u , M . & D a v ie s , T .G . 1 9 8 8 . A n a ly s is o f la te r a lly lo a d e d p ile s in s o f t
A tk in s o n , J .H . & S a U fo rs, G . 1 9 9 1 . E x p e r im e n t a l d e te r m in a tio n of c la y s . J. Geot. Eng., ASCE, 1 1 4 (1 ): 2 1 - 3 9 .
s tr e s s - s t r a in - t im e c h a r a c te r is tic s in la b o r a to r y a n d in s itu te s ts . Proc. B u is m a n , A .S . 1 9 3 6 . R e s u lts o f lo n g d u r a tio n s e ttle m e n t te sts. Proc. 1"
I ff* Eur. Conf. Soil Mechs. Foundn. Eng., F lo r e n c e , 3: 9 1 5 - 9 5 6 .
ICSMFE, Cambridge, Mass., 1: 1 0 3 -1 0 6 .
B u rd , H .J. & F r y d m a n , S . 1 9 9 7 . B e a r in g c a p a c ity o f p la n e - s tr a in f o o tin g s
A tk in s o n , J .H . 2000. N o n - lin e a r s o il s tif f n e s s in r o u ti n e d e s ig n .
o n la y e r e d s o ils . Can. Geotech. Jnl, 3 4 : 2 4 1 - 2 5 3 .
Géotechnique, 5 0 (5 ): 4 8 7 - 5 0 8 .
B u rla n d , J .B . 1 9 7 3 . S h a f t f r ic tio n o n p ile s in c l a y - a s im p le f u n d a m e n ta l
B a n e ije e , P .K . a n d D r is c o ll, R .M . 1 9 7 6 . T h r e e - d im e n s io n a l a n a ly s is o f
a p p r o a c h . Ground Eng., 6 ( 3 ) : 3 0 - 4 2 .
r a k e d p ile g r o u p s . Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 2 (6 1 ): 6 5 3 - 6 7 1 . B u r la n d , J .B ., B r o m s , B .B . & d e M e llo , V .F .B . 1 9 7 7 . B e h a v io u r o f
B a r k e r, R .M ., D u n c a n , J .M ., R o jia n i, K .B ., O o i, P .S .K ., T a n , C .K . & f o u n d a tio n s a n d s tr u c t u r e s . Proc. 9"1 Int. Conf. Soil Mechs. Found.
K im , S .G . 1 9 9 1 . M a n u a ls fo r th e d e s ig n o f b r id g e f o u n d a tio n s . Eng., T o k y o , 1 :4 9 5 - 5 4 6 .
NCHRP Rept. 343, T r a n s p . R es« B o a r d , W a s h in g to n . B u r la n d , J .B . & B u r b r id g e , M .C . 1 9 8 5 . S e tt le m e n ts o f fo u n d a tio n s o n
B C P C o m m itte e 1 9 7 1 . Field tests on piles in sand. Soils and Founds., s a n d a n d g ra v e l. Proc. I.C.E., 1,: 1 3 2 5 - 1 3 8 1 .
1 1 (2 ): 2 9 . B u r la n d , J .B . & W r o t h , C .P . 1 9 7 4 . S e tt le m e n t o f b u ild in g s a n d a s s o c i­
B e c k e r , D .E . 1 9 9 6 . E i g h te e n th C a n a d ia n g e o te c h n ic a l c o llo q u iu m : lim it a te d d a m a g e . Settlement o f Structures, P e n te c h P r e s s , L o n d o n , 6 1 1 -
s ta te s d e s ig n f o r f o u n d a tio n s . P a r t 1. A n o v e r v ie w o f th e f o u n d a d o n 654.
d e s ig n p r o c e s s . Can. Geot. Jnl., 3 3: 9 5 6 -9 8 3 . B u s ta m a n te .M . & G ia n e s e lli, L. 1 9 8 2 . P ile b e a r i n g c a p a c ity p r e d ic tio n
B ilo tta , E ., C a p u to , V . & V ig g ia n i, C . 1 9 9 1 . A n a ly s is o f S o il- s tr u c tu r e b y m e a n s o f s ta tic p e n e tr o m e t e r C F T . Proc. ESOPTII, A m s te r d a m ,
in te r a c tio n f o r p ile d r a f ts . D e f o r m a tio n o f S o ils a n d D is p la c e m e n ts o f 2: 4 9 2 -5 0 0
Proceedings o f the Tenth European Conference on Soil
S tr u c tu r e s , B u s ta m a n te , M . & G ia n e s s e l i, L. 1 9 9 8 . I n s ta lla tio n p a r a m e te r s a n d c a ­
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Florence, May 1991. p a c ity o f s c r e w e d p ile s . Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger
B je r r u m , L . 1 9 6 3 . D is c u s s io n o n c o m p r e s s ib ility o f s o ils . Proc. Eur. Piles, v a n I m p e a n d H a e g e m a n ( e d s , B a lk e m a , R o tte r d a m , 9 5 - 1 0 8 .
Conf. S.M. <t Found. Eng., W ie s b a d e n , 2: 1 6 -1 7 .

2600