MAKALAH

PREPARATION OF SOLUTION

BY
GROUPS V:
1. Muh. Faiq Zhahirin
2. Hasti Nurul Haq
3. Elsha Ramdhani
4. Nurhasana
5. Vira Yuniar
PENDIDIKAN KIMIA ICP

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

 KATA PENGANTAR

Thank you for the presence of Allah SWT, because with grace and grace, the
Basic Chemistry paper on solubility can be solved. This paper was prepared in order
to fulfill the grades of the Chemistry Laboratory Manangement assignments.
On this occasion we did not forget to express our gratitude and thanks to those
who helped during the preparation of this paper, especially for Chemistry Subject
teachers and those who have helped us a lot and provided support.
With full awareness that there is nothing perfect in this world but Allah SWT,
then this paper is not immune from all shortcomings and far from perfect words.
Because of that criticism and suggestions from readers who are improving,
perfecting, and developing this paper are highly expected.
We hope that this paper will be useful for writers and readers. Amin.

Makassar,17 March 2019

Author
 CAPTHER I
INTODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Almost all chemical processes take place in solution so it is important to
understand their properties. Solution is something that is important for humans and
living things in general. Chemical reactions usually take place between two mixtures
of substances, not between pure substances. Many chemical reactions known, either
in the laboratory or in the industry occur in solution.
In chemistry, the definition of solution is very important because almost all
chemical reactions occur in the form of a solution. A solution can be defined as an
all-round mixture of two or more components which are mutually independent. It is
called a mixture because there are molecules, atoms or ions from two or more
substances. The solution is said to be homogeneous if the mixture of substances is the
constituent components can not be distinguished from one another.
In nature most reactions take place in aqueous solution. The human body absorbs
minerals, vitamins and food in the form of a solution. Solutions usually consist of two
or more substances which are homogeneous mixtures. The solution is called a
homogeneous mixture because the composition of the solution is so uniform or one
phase that it cannot be observed even though using the ultra microscope. The solution
consists of two important components. These components are solvents or solvents
and solutes or solutes. Usually the solvent component contains the highest amount of
substances. And the solute component contains fewer amounts of substance.
B. RUMUSAN MASALAH
1. What is the definition of solution?
2. What are the types of solutions?
3. What is the concentration of a solution?
4. What are the factors that affect solubility?
 5. What is the colligative nature of a solution?
6. How to make a solution with a certain concentration?

C. TUJUAN
1. Students are expected to be able to know what the solution is
2. Students are expected to be able to know the types of solutions
3. Students are expected to be able to know the concentration of a solution
4. Students are expected to be able to know the factors that affect solubility
5. Students are expected to be able to know the coligative nature of a solution
6. Students are expected to be able to know what the solution is
7. Students are expected to be able to know making a solution with a certain
concentration
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Understanding Solution
The solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture between two or more
substances dispersed both as molecules, atoms or ions whose composition can vary.
The solution can be gas, liquid, and solid. Aqueous solution is a solution containing a
small amount of solute, relative to the amount of solvent. While the concentrated
solution is a solution containing most solutes. Solute is a solute, while solvent is a
solvent.
If two different substances are included in a container there are three possibilities,
namely reacting, mixing, and not mixing. If berekasi will produce a new substance
that is different from the original substance. Two substances can mix if there is
interaction between the particles. Interaction is determined by the nature and nature of
the substance. Therefore, the mixture can be divided into gases, gas-solid, liquid-
liquid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid.
If two or more substances that do not react are mixed, the mixture that occurs is 3
possibilities, namely a mixture of coarse, solid dispersion, and true solution. The first
two types of mixture are heterogeneous and can be separated mechanically. While the
solution is homogeneous and cannot be separated mechanically. On this basis the
solution mixture is defined as a homogeneous mixture between two or more
substances. Circumstances Physics of solutions can be gaseous, liquid, or solid with a
ratio that varies over large distances.
In general, substances that are used as water solvents, other than water that
functions as a solvent, are alcohol, ammonia, chloroform, benzene, oil, acetic acid,
but if you use water it is usually not mentioned.
B. Type of Solutions
 The solution based on its conductivity is divided into two electrolyte solutions and
non-electrolyte solutions
a. Electrolyte solution
Electrolyte solution is a solution that can conduct electrical power. In this
solution it is divided into strong and weak electrolytes.
1) Strong electrolytes
A strong electrolyte solution is a solution that has a strong electrical
conductivity, because the solute is in a solvent, all of which changes into ions. Strong
electrolytes are strong acids (HCl, HClO3, H2SO4, HNO3, etc.), strong bases
(NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH) 2, Ba (OH) 2, etc.) Soluble salts (NaCl, Kl, Al2 (SO4) 3,
etc.).
2) Weak electrolytes
Weak electrolyte solution is a solution that has a weak electrical conductivity
with a price of degree of ionization of 0 <alpha <1. Weak electrolytes are weak acids
(CH3COOH, HCN, H2CO3, H2S and others), weak bases (NH4OH, Ni (OH) 2, etc.),
and salts that are difficult to dissolve (AgCl, CaCrO4, PbI2, and others ).
b. Non-electrolyte solution
Non-electrolyte solution is a solution that cannot deliver an electric current,
because the solute in the solvent cannot produce ions. Which are included in non-
electrolyte solutions such as urea solution, sucrose, glucose, alcohol and so on.
There are two reactions in non-electrolyte solutions, namely:
a) Exotherm, which is the process of releasing heat from the system to the
environment, the temperature of the reaction mixture will rise and the potential
energy of the chemicals concerned will drop.
b) Endotherms, which absorb heat from the environment to the system, the
temperature of the reaction mixture will drop and the potential energy of the
chemicals concerned will rise.
Based on saturation or not the solution can be divided into 3 parts, namely:
 a) Unsaturated solutions are solutions containing less solutes than are needed to
make saturated solutions. In other words, the solution whose particles are not
properly reacted with the reagent (can still dissolve the substance). Unsaturated
solutions occur when the ion concentration <Ksp means the solution is not
saturated.
b) Saturated solution, which is a solution containing an amount of dissolved zinc
which dissolves and provides equilibrium with its solid solvent. Aatu, in other
words, the solution whose particles are exhausted reacts with reactants
(substances with maximum concentration). Saturated solution occurs when the
result of ion concentration = Ksp means the solution is saturated exactly.
c) A saturated (too saturated) solution, which is a solution that contains more
solutes than is needed for saturated solutions. Or in other words, a solution that
can no longer dissolve solutes so that deposits occur. The saturated solution
occurs when the ion concentration> Ksp means the solution is saturated (settles).
C. Concentration of solution
To express the composition of the solution quantitatively used concentration.
The concentration of the solution states most solutes in a certain amount of solution.
Physically the concentration can be expressed in% or ppm (parts per million) = bpj
(parts per million). In chemistry the solution concentration is expressed in molar (M),
molal (m), or normal (N).
a) Percent mass (% b / b)
The mass percent expresses the solute mass ratio of the solution mass.
b) Percent volume (% v / v)
Percent volume states the ratio of solute (solute) to the volume of solution.
c) Percent mass / volume (% b / v)
Percent mass / volume expresses the ratio of mass of solute to volume of
solution
d) Percent volume / mass (% v / b)
Percent volume / mass expresses the ratio of solute volume to solution mass
 e) Molarity (M)
Molarity states the number of moles of solute in each liter of solution.
f) Molality (m)
Molality states the number of moles of solute in every kilo gram (1000 gr) of
solvent.
g) Normality (N)
Normality states the equivalent amount of solute in each liter of solution.
N=xnx
h) Ppm
ppm expresses the mass of the solute in each kg of solution
To make a solution with a certain concentration must be considered:
1. If from solids, first understand the desired unit. What is the volume or mass of
the solution to be made.
2. If the solution is more concentrated, the unit of concentration of the known
solution with the desired unit must be adjusted. The amount of solute before
and after dilution is the same, and fulfills the equation:

V1 / M1 = V2 / M2

M1: concentration of solution before being diluted

V1: Volume of solution before being diluted
M2: The concentration of the solution after being diluted
V2: The volume of the solution after being diluted.
D. Solubility
A saturated solution is a solution containing a solute in the amount needed for the
equilibrium between dissolved and non-dissolved substances. The amount of solute
that dissolves in a solvent which is certain to produce a saturated solution is called
solubility. Solubility is generally expressed in grams of solute per 100 ml of solution,
or per 100 grams of solvent at a certain temperature. If the solubility of the substance
is less than 0.01 gram of solvent, then the substance is said to be insoluble.
If the amount of solute (solute) is dissolved from its solubility, then the solution is
called unsaturated (unsaturated). Unsaturated solutions are more watery than
saturated solutions. If the amount of solute dissolved is more than its solubility, the
tomb of the solution is supersaturated. Saturated passing solution is more
concentrated than saturated solution. Saturated leat solution is usually made by
making a saturated solution at high temperature.
Factors that affect solubility include the type of solute, type of solvent, temperature,
and pressure.
1. Type of substance
Substances with similar or similar chemical structures generally mix well with
each other, whereas substances with different chemical structures are generally less
able to intermingle (like dissolves like).
Polar compounds will dissolve easily in polar solvents, while nonpolar
compounds will dissolve easily in nonpolar solvents. For example alcohol and water
mix completely (completely miscible), partially miscible water and ether, while oil
and water do not mix (completely immiscible).
2. Temperature
Gas solubility generally decreases at higher temperatures. For example if
water is heated, gas bubbles emerge from the water, so that the gas dissolved in the
water becomes reduced. Most solids are of greater solubility at higher temperatures.
There are several solids whose solubility decreases at higher temperatures, for
example sodium sulfate and cerium sulphate. In saturated solutions there is an
equilibrium between the dissolution process and the re-crystallization process. If one
process is endothermic, the reverse process is exothermic. If the temperature is raised,
then according to the principle of Le Chatelier the equilibrium shifts towards the
endothermic process. So if the dissolution process is endothermic, the solubility
increases at a higher temperature. Conversely, if the dissolution process is
exothermic, the solubility decreases at higher temperatures.
3. Pressure
The change in pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquid or solid
substances. Changes in pressure of 500 atm only change the solubility of NaCl
around 2.3% and NH4Cl around 5.1%. The solubility of a gas is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas. According to Henry's law the mass of gas dissolved in a
certain amount of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure carried out by the gas
(partial pressure), which is in equilibrium with that solution. For example, the
oxidation solubility in water increases to 5 times if the partial pressure is increased 5
times. This law does not apply to gases reacting with solvents, for example HCL or
NH3 in water.
E. Colligative Properties of Solution
a. Collagen properties of non-electrolyte solutions
The nature of the solution is different from the nature of the pure solvent.
There are four important physical properties whose magnitude depends on the
number of particles of solute but does not depend on the type of solute. These four
properties are known as the colligative nature of the solution. This property is
proportional to the number of particles of solute. Colligative properties are vapor
pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmosis pressure. According to the law of
colligative properties, the difference in vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling
point of a solution with vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point of the pure
solvent are directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute.
Solutions that can fulfill the law of colligative properties are called ideal
solutions. Most solutions are close to ideal only if they are very runny.
1. Steam Pressure Solution
The vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the pure solvent vapor
pressure. In ideal solutions, according to Raoult's law, each component in a solution
presses the same as the mole fraction times the vapor pressure of a pure solvent.
PA = XA. P0A
PA = vapor pressure carried out by component A in solution.
XA = mole fraction of component A.
P0A = pure vapor pressure A.
2. Solution Boiling Point
The boiling point of the solution depends on the ease with which the solute
evaporates. If the solute evaporates more easily than the solvent (the boiling point of
the solute is lower), then the boiling point of the solution becomes lower than the
boiling point of the solvent or it says the boiling point of the solution drops. For
example an ethyl alcohol solution in boiling water is lower than 100 ° C but higher
than 78.3 ° C (boiling point of ethyl alcohol 78.3 ° C and boiling point of water 100 °
C). If the solute is not volatile (non-volatile or nonvolatile) than the solvent (boiling
point of the solute is higher), then the boiling point of the solution becomes higher
than the boiling point of the solvent or said the boiling point of the solution rises. In
the example of the ethyl alcohol solution in the water, if it is considered the solvent is
ethyl alcohol, then the boiling point of the solution also rises. The increase in the
boiling point of the solution is caused by a decrease in the vapor pressure of the
solution. Based on the law of the coligative nature of the solution, the increase in the
boiling point of the solution from the boiling point of the pure solvent is directly
proportional to the molality of the solution.
Δtb = kb. m
Δtb = increase in boiling point of the solution.
kb = increase in molal boiling point of solvent.
m = concentration of solution in molal.
3. Solution Freeze Point
Decreasing the vapor pressure of the solution causes the freezing point of the
solution to be lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
The law of colligative properties for decreasing the freezing point of the
solution applies to solutions with volatile and non-volatile solutes. Based on this law,
the decrease in the freezing point of the solution from the freezing point of the pure
solvent is directly proportional to the molality of the solution.
Δtf = kf. m
Δtf = decrease in freezing point of solution.
kf = decrease in molal solvent freezing point.
m = concentration of solution in molal.
4. Osmosis Pressure Solution
The event that a solvent molecule passes through a semipermeable membrane
and enters a solution is called osmose. Solution osmosis pressure is the pressure that
must be given to the solution to prevent osmose (at a pressure of 1 atm) into the
solution. Almost similar to the pressure on an ideal gas, in an ideal solution, the
amount of osmose pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of solute.
p = = M. R. T
π = osmose (atm) pressure.
n = number of moles of solute (mole).
R = ideal gas constant = 0.08206 L.atm / mol. K
T = temperature of solution (K).
V = volume of solution (L).
M = molarity (M = mol / L).
b. Colligative Properties of Electrolytic Solutions
The electrolyte solution shows the coligative properties that are larger than the
results of calculations with equations for the colligative properties of the
nonelectrolyte solutions above. The comparison between the colligative properties of
electrolyte solutions is seen and the results of calculations with equations for the
colligative properties of non-electrolyte solutions, according to Van't Hoff the
magnitude is always fixed and given the symbol i (i = constant or Van't Hoff factor).
The smaller the concentration of electrolyte solution, the greater the price or
Van't Hoff factor, the closer it is to the number of ions produced by one molecule of
its electrolyte compound. For a dilute solution, that is a solution whose concentration
is less than 0.001 m, the price i is considered to be equal to the number of ions.
The four types of colligative properties of electrolyte solutions are:
1. Decreased vapor pressure,
ΔP = P0 - p
ΔP = Vapor pressure drop
P0 = solvent vapor pressure
P = vapor pressure of the solution
2. Increase boiling point
Δtb = kb.m
Δtb = boiling point increase
kb = constant boiling point increase
m = molality
3. Decrease in freezing
Δtf = kf.m
Δtf = freezing drop
kf = constant decrease in freezing point
m = molality
4. Osmosis pressure
p = M. R. T
p = osmosis pressure
M = molality of solution (mol / L)
R = 0.082 L atm mol / k
T = temperature
F. Preparation of Solution
Making a solution is a way of learning how to make a solution of liquid or solid
material with a certain concentration. In making a solution, it can be known what
reactions occur when solutes and solvents mix together to form a solution.
1. Tools
 The tools used in this trial are as follows:
a. Stirring rod
b. 100 ml chemical glass
c. 500 ml erlenmeyer flask
d. 25 ml measuring pipette
e. 25 ml volume pipette
f. Stirring spoon
g. Digital scales
2. Material
The materials used in this experiment are as follows:
a. Aquades
b. HCl solution
c. NaCl solution
d. Tissue
3. How to work
Liquid material
a. Prepare the tools and materials used
b. Considering the beaker is empty
c. Add HCl solution to the beaker
d. Add 25 ml of aquades to a beaker
e. Beat the solution by turning it slowly
f. Note and observe the changes that occur
Solid material
a. Prepare the tools and materials used
b. Considering the beaker is empty
c. Put the NaCl solution into a beaker
d. Add 25 ml of aquades to the beaker
e. Stir the NaCl solution until it dissolves
f. Note and observe the changes that occur.
 CHAPTHER III
CLOSSING

A. Conclusion
The solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture between two or more
substances dispersed both as molecules, atoms or ions whose composition can vary. If
two different substances are included in a container there are three possibilities,
namely reacting, mixing, and not mixing.
The solution based on its conductivity is divided into two electrolyte solutions
and non-electrolyte solutions.
To express the composition of the solution quantitatively used concentration.
In chemistry the solution concentration is expressed in molar (M), molal (m), or
normal (N).
Factors that affect solubility include the type of solute, type of solvent,
temperature, and pressure.
Making a solution is a way to learn how to make a solution of liquid or solid
material with a certain concentration.
B. Suggestions
The author realizes that this paper is far from perfect. So the authors ask for
criticism and suggestions for improvements for the future.