UNIT 1

Ques: What is telecommunication and switching systems?

Ques :- Classify switching systems
Ans:- Basically Switching sysems are of two types one is Manual s/w System and second one is
Automatic s/w System and can be further classified as discussed below

 Automatic switching system can be classified as Electromechanical and electronic.

 Electromechanical as
1. strowger :- In this the control function are performed by the circuits associated
with the switching elements in the system.
2. Crossbar:- they are hard-wired control subsystems which uses latches and
relays.
 In electronic switching system, the control functions are performed by a computer or a
processor.
 In space division switching a dedicated path is established between the calling and the
called subscribers for entire duration of the call.
 In time division, sampled values of speech signals are transferred at fixed intervals.
o In analog switching, the sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they
are.
o In digital they are binary coded and transmitted.
 In space switching the coded values are transferred during the same time interval from
input to output.
 In time switching the values are stored and transferred to the output at a later time
interval.

Ques : - Define folded network and nonfolded network.

Folded network: While all the inlets/outlets are connected to the subscriber lines and When, the
output lines are folded back to the input and therefore the network is termed as a folded network.
Four kinds of connection may be established:

1. Local call connection among two subscribers in the system.

2. Outgoing call connection among a subscriber and an outgoing trunk.

3. Incoming call connection among an incoming trunk and a local subscriber.

4. Transit calls connection among an incoming trunk and an outgoing trunk.

In a folded network along with N subscriber, there can be a maximum of N/2 information
interchanges or simultaneous calls.

FIG - Folded Network

Non-Folded Network: In a switching network, every inlet/outlet connection may be utilized for
inter exchange transmission. In this case, the exchange does not assist local subscribers and is
termed as a transit exchange. A switching network of this type is demonstrated in figure and is
termed as a non-folded network. In non-folded network along with N inlets and N outlets, N
simultaneous information transfers are possible. Therefore, for a non-folded network to be non-
blocking, the network must support N simultaneous switching paths.

FIG - Non-Folded Network

Ques: Explain the Elements of switching systems?

 A switching system is composed of elements that perform swiching, control and

signaling functions.
 signalling help exchanges to establish connections between subscribers correctly.
Different forms of signaling:
 Subscriber loop signaling
 Interexchange signaling
 Intraexchange or register signaling
  The subscriber lines are terminated at the subscriber line interface circuits, and trunks at
the trunk interface circuits.
 Junctor circuits imply a folded connection for the local subscribers and the service
circuits.
 Line scanning units sense and obtain signaling information.
 Distributor units send out signaling information.
 Operator console permits interaction with the switching system for maintenance and
administrative purposes.

Ques : Draw and explain simplex and half-duplex telephone circuits with necessary
equations OR Explain simplex telephone communication and also explain how microphone
and earphone works?
Ques: What is side tone? How it is essential for telephone circuit?

The audio signal, heard at the generating end, is called sidetone. A certain amount of sidetone is
useful, or even essential. Human speech and hearing system is a feedback system in which the
volume of speech is automatically adjusted, based on the sidetone heard by the ear. If no side
tone is present, the person tends to shout, and if too much of side tone is present, there is a
tendency to reduce the speech to a very low level.

Ques :Discuss about local Battery exchanges and Central battery exchanges.
Ques :- A central battery exchange is powered with a 48 V battery. The carbon microphone
requires a minimum of 24 mA as energizing current. The battery has a 400 Ω resistance in
series for short circuit protection. The dc resistance of the microphone is 50 Ω. If the cable
used for subscriber lines offers a resistance of 50 Ω/km, determine the maximum distance
at which a subscriber station can be located.

Ans: Given V = 48 V, I = 24 mA, Rb = 400 Ω, Rm = 50 Ω, Rc = 50 Ω/km. All resistances are in

series.

V = IR => R = V / I
R = 48 / (24 X 10-3) = 2000 Ω
Total resistance, R = Rb + Rm + Rc * X
2000 = 400 + 50 + 50 * X
Therefore, X = 31 km
31 km is the distance from the exchange to the subscriber and back to the exchange.
Therefore the maximum distance between the subscriber and exchange = 31/2 = 15.5 km.

Ques: A channel interfaces in a point to point communication system, attenuate the signal
by 3 dB each. The channel has a loss of 30 dB. If the received signal is to be amplified such
that the overall loss is limited to 20 dB, estimate the amplifier gain.

Ans: Overall loss at the amplifier = sum of all losses + gain of the amplifier gain
-20 dB = -(3 dB + 3 dB + 30 dB) + gain

Gain = 16 dB

Ques: A fully connected network supports full duplex communication using unidirectional
links. Show that the total number of links in such a network with n nodes, is given by
2*(nC2 ).

Ans: Number of links in a point to point link with n nodes is given by:

For a full duplex unidirectional links, total number of links required is:

Therefore, total number of links = 2 x nC2

Ques: Explain Strowger switching OR Explain rotary dial telephone parts and mechanism
with the help of neat diagram.

Ans: There were problems in manual exchange system like

1) Human Errors like language problems.
2) Privacy
3) Establishment and release of call.
Thus Strowger switching came into existence.

Rotary dial Telephone:

A mechanism to transmit the identity of the called subscriber to the exchange is required at the
telephone sets. Two methods are used for it
1) Pulse dialing
2) Multifrequency dialing.
Pulse dialing
 A train of pulses is used to represent a digit in the subscriber number.eg: 1 pulses means
1 digit except for 10 pulses it is 0 digit.
 Successive Digits are distinguished by a pause in between them known as interdigit gap.
 Interdigit gap is atleat 200 ms.
 The pulses are generated by alternatively breaking and making the loop circuit between
the subscriber and the exchange.

 The arrangement of finger plate is shown in the figure.

 The dial is operated by placing a finger in the hole appropriate to the digit to be dialed,
drawing the finger plate round in the clockwise direction to the finger stop position and
letting the dial free by withdrawing the finger.
 The dial pulses are produced during the return travel of the finger, thus eliminating the
human element in the pulse timings.
Ques: Draw and explain signaling tones in automatic exchanges OR Draw and explain Dial
tone and Busy tone.

Functions of Signaling Tones „

1. Respond to the calling subscriber to obtain the identification of the called subscriber
(Dial Tone ) „
2. Inform the calling subscriber that the call is being established (Call in Progress Tone )
3. Ring the called party (Ring Tone ) „
4. Inform the calling subscriber if the called party is busy (Busy Tone ) „
5. Inform the calling subscriber if the called party is unobtainable for some reason
(Number Unobtainable Tone )
  Dial tone indicates that the exchange is ready to accept dialed digits from the subscriber.
The subscriber should start dailling only after hearing the dial tone. Otherwise, the initial
dial pulses may be missed by the exchange which may result in wrong number.
 In call-in progress tone a subscriber call is routed through a number of different types of
exchanges, one hears different call-in progresses through different exchange.
 In Ringing tone, when the called party line is obtained the exchange control equipment
sends out the ringing current to the telephone set of the called party.
 A busy tone is sent to the calling subscriber whenever the switching equipment or
junction line is not available to put through the call or the called subscriber line is
engaged.

Ques : Explain drive mechanism of a rotary switch.

Ans :-Strowger switch uses selectors for switching, they are

1. uniselector
2. two motion selector

Both selectors are called rotary switch.

1. uniselector

 This is called uniselector because the rotary motion of this switch is in one direction, i.e.,
the wiper assembly moves only in one direction.
 The uniselector consist of moving contacts called wipers. These are used to make
electrical connections with any one of several contacts, called bank contacts, in an arc
around it.
 The arc in most cases consists of ten steps.
  The wiper assembly is divided into three sets of wipers so that the switch has to turn
through only one third of a full circle when operated. These wipers are operated by an
electromagnet, called driving magnet, with the help of a ratchet and pawl mechanism.
 When the current flows through windings of the driving magnet, it is energized and
attracts the armature, the pawl slips over one tooth of the ratchet wheel.
 When the current stops through the windings of the driving magnet, it is de-energized and
the armature comes back to its rest position.

2. Two motion selector

 In two motion selector, the wiper moves in both vertical and horizontal directions.
 In vertical direction the wipers move upward to the desired level and make no
connections with the bank contacts.
  While in horizontal direction the wipers make connection with bank contacts.
 The two motion selector has 10 levels; each having 10 contacts, thus a total of 100
contacts are accessible.

Ques. 100 line strowger switching system has 100 uni-selectors, one for each subscriber, in first
stage. The second stage has 20 uni-selectors. The second stage outlets are folded back to the
corresponding inlets. Find out TC, EUF and CCI for this design. Assume cost of uni-selector as
one unit

Ques Explain 6 X 6 cross bar non-blocking switch. Estimate the number of cross points required
to design non-blocking cross bar exchange that supports 500 local users.

Ques. Explain working principle of touch tone dial telephone

Ques. Explain 3×3 and 6×6 crossbar switching