NSWC TR 88-252

AD-A233 061
STRENGTH AND FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF
HY-80, HY-1 00, AND HY-130 STEELS SUBJECTED
TO VARIOUS STRAINS, STRAIN RATES,
TEMPERATURES, AND PRESSURES

BY T. J.HOLMQUIST
(HONEYWELL INC.)
FOR NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

SEPTEMBER 1987

Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited. f

DTIC
ELECTE
9
AR 181 l 1u
M

NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER

Dahlgren, Virginia 22448-5000 0 Silver Spring, Marylmnd 20903-5000

91 3 13 004
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32415 NSWC TR 88-252

60, NAME OFPERFORMING
ORGANIZATION "b. OFFICESYMBOL 7&.NAMEOF MONITORING
ORGANIZATION
Honeywell Inc. Nv S a r e n
Armament Systems Division Naval Surface Warfare Center
6L ADORESS(Chy. $Ma,,nd PrC.de) 7b. ADDRESS(City, State. andZJP Code)

7225 Northland Drive 10901 New Hampshire Avenue

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NAME OP FUNONWSPONSOING
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ORGAN IZATION
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Naval Surface Warfare Center Code R12 N60921-86-C-0249

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and Z' Co&.) 10. SOURCEOF FUNDINGNOS.

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~surG• t4O
11.rTITLE¢#d~e Strength and Fracture Characteristics of HY-80, I 1Y-100, and HY- 130 Steels
Subjected to Various Strains, Strain Rates, Temperatures, and Pressures
12. PERSONAL
AUTHOR(S)

Holmquist, T. J.
1la, TYPE
OFREPORT 13b.TIMECOVEREO OPREPORT(Yr.,
, DATE Mo., D.a) 1S.PAC COUNT
Final PROM 09/86 TO 09/87 1987, September 65
16. SUPPLEMENTARV NOTATION

17. COSATICODES IL SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reseta If necstsary and Identify by block number)
FIELD 60UP SUN.
GR. Fracture Model
Strength Model
Computer Codes

19. AB1STAACT
(Continue on recs itf tasja•y and identify by block number)

This report documents strength and fracture characteristics of II Y-80, H Y.100, and HYY- 130 steels
subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures, and pressures. A series of torsion tests, Hopkinson
bar tests and quasi-static tension tests were performed to obtain constants for the strength and fracture
models in the EPIC-2/EPIC-3 computer codes.

20. DISTNIUTIONIAVAILABIUITY OFABSTRACT 21.ARSTRACI SECURITY

CLASSIFICATION

MX UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITE [] SAME ASRPT. E] DTIC

USERS UNC LASSI FIE D
22a. NAMEOF RESPONSIBLE
INDIV:DUAL 22b, TELEPHONE NUMBER 22c. OFFICESYMBOL
(Induil. Area Cod.)
Paula Walter (202) 394-2714 Code R12
DD FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted _ ___NCLASS_ FI_ D
All other editions are obsolete SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

li i I
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 NSWC TR 88-252

FOREWORD

This final report was prepared by Honeywell Inc., Armament Systems

Division, 7225 Northland Drive, Brooklyn Park. Minnesota 55428, for the
Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring,
Maryland 20903-5000, under contract N60921-86-C-0249.
This effort was conducted during the period from September 1986 to
September 1987. The NSWC Program Manager was Paula Walter.
The author would like to express his appreciation to LT Josef Smith for per-
forming the Hopkinson Bar tests at Eglin Air Force Base, and to Gordon R. Johnson
and Craig Wittman of Honeywell for their contributions to his work.
The purpose of this contract was to obtain HY-80, HY-100, and HY-130 steel
constants for the strength and fracture models in the EPIC-2/EPIC-3 codes.
Approved by:

DR. KURT F. MUELLER, Head

Energetic Materials Division

Acaession For
NTIS GRA&I
D'IC TAB
Uthiuiiouncod [

By . . . .

-u -t 'i (,I --.. rn..--.

iii/iv
 NSWC TR 88-252

CONTENTS

section Page
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1
2 TEST DATA............................ ................... 3
3- STRENGTH MODEL........................................ 17
4 FRACTURE MODEL........................................ 23
5 CONSTANTS FOR EPIC-2/EPIC-3 DATA LIBRARY .............. 35
6 SUMMARY ............................................... 41
REFERENCES............................................. 43
APPENDIX A--METALLURGICAL RESULTS OF flY-8O, HY-100,
AND HlY-130 STEEL..................................... A-1
DISTRIBUTION............................................ (1)
 NSWC TR 88-252

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figgre Pg
1 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR TORSION TESTS AT VARIOUS
STRAIN RATESFOR HY-80 STEEL ......................... 5
2 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR TORSION TESTS AT VARIOUS
STRAIN RATES FOR HY-100 STEEL ........................ 6
3 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR TORSION TESTS AT VARIOUS
STRAIN RATES FOR HY-130 STEEL ........................ 7
4 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR HOPKINSON BAR TESTS AT
VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FOR HY-80 STEEL ............. 8
5 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR HOPKINSON BAR TESTS AT
VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FOR HY-100 STEEL ........... 9
6 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR HOPKINSON BAR TESTS AT
VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FOR HY-130 STEEL ........... 10
7 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FRACTURE PROFILES ON THE
HY-80 STEEL HOPKINSON BAR SPECIMENS ... : .......... 11
8 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FRACTURE PROFILES ON THE
HY-100 STEEL HOPKINSON BAR SPECIMENS ............. 12
9 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FRkCTURE PROFILES ON THE
HY-130 STEEL HOPKINSON BAR SPECIMENS ............. 13
10 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR QUASI-STATIC TENSION AND
TORSION DATA FOR HY-80 STEEL ........................ 14
11 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR QUASI-STATIC TENSION AND
TORSION DATA FOR HY-100 STEEL ....................... 15
12 STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR QUASI-STATIC TENSION AND
TORSION DATA FOR HY-130 STEEL ....................... 16

13 STRESS VERSUS STRAIN RATE FOR TENSION AND TORSION

T E ST S .................................................... 18

vi
 NSWC TR 88-252

ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.)
Figure
14 ANALYTIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR ISO-
THERMAL AND ADIABATIC CONDITIONS FOR HT '-ee,
STE EL ....................................... ............ 19
15 ANALYTIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR ISO-
THERMAL AND ADIABATIC CONDITIONS FOR F1Y..-100
STEEL .................................................... 20
16 ANALYTIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR ISO-
THERMAL AND ADIABATIC CONDITIONS FOR HY-130
STEEL ..................................................... 21
17 AVERAGE FRACTURE STRAIN VERSUS STRAIN RATE FOR
TENSION AND TORSION TESTS FOR HY-80, HY-100, AND
HY-130 STEEL ............................................ 24
.18 PRESSURE-STRESS RATIO VERSUS EQUIVALENT STRAIN
FOR THE TENSILE SPECIMENS ........................... 25
19 FRACTURE STRAIN VERSUS PRESSURE-STRESS RATIO FOR
ISOTHERMAL QUASI-STATIC CONDITIONS ............... 27
20 EFFECTS OF STRAIN RATE AND TEMPERATURE ON FRAC-
TURE STRAINS ........................................... 28
21 FRACTURE STRAIN AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE-STRESS
RATIO, STRAIN RATE, AND TEMPERATURE FOR HY-80
STE E L .................................................... 30
22 FRACTURE STRAIN AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE-STRESS
RATIO, STRAIN RATE, AND TEMPERATURE FOR HY-100
STEE L .................................................... 31
23 FRACTURE STRAIN AS A FUNCTION OF PIW SSURE-STRESS
RATIO, STRAIN RATE, AND TEMPERATURE FOR HY-130
STE EL .................................................... 32
24 DATA STATEMENTS FOR THE EPIC-2/EPIC-3 MATERIAL
LIBRARY IN ENGLISH UNITS ............................. 36
25 EPIC-2fEPIC-.3 PREPROCESSOR OUTPUT FOR THE MATERIAL
DATA IN ENGLISH UNITS FOR HY-80 STEEL .............. 37

26 EPIC-2fEPIC-3 PREPROCESSOR OUTPUT FOR THE MATERIAL

DATA IN ENGLISH UNITS FOR HY-100 STEEL ............. 38
27 EPIC-2fEPIC-3 PREPROCESSOR OUTPUT FOR THE MATERIAL
DATA IN ENGLISH UNITS FOR HY-130 STEEL ............. 39

vii
 NSWC TR 88-252

TABLES

Table Page

1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HY-80, HY-100, AND HY-130

STE E L .................................................... 4
2 SUMMARY OF STRENGTH AND FRACTURE MODEL CON-
STANTS FOR HY-80, HY-100, AND HY-130 STEEL .......... 33

viiii
 NSWC TR 88-252

SECTION I
INTRODUCTION

This report documents the strength and fracture characteristics of HY-80,

HY-100, and HY-130 steels, subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures,
and pressures. The result of this characterization is the generation of constants for
the strength and fracture models in the EPIC-2 and EPIC-3 codes. 1,2
The following sections describe the test data and the analysis of the data used
to obtain constants for both the strength and fracture models.

1/2
 NSWC TR 88-252

SECTION 2

TEST DATA.

The test data were obtained from torsion tests at various strain rates,
Hopkinson bar tension tests at various temperatures, and quasi-static tension tests
with various specimen geometries (notched and unnotched). The torsion tests were
performed with the Biaxial Testing Machine at Southwest Research Institute, the
Hopkinson bar tests were performed at Eglir. Air Force Base, and the quasi-static
tension tests were performed at Honeywell. The HY-80, HY-100, and HY-130
material was provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC). Physical
properties are given in Table 1.3 Metallurgical data are shown in Appendix A.
Torsion data are shown in Figures 1 to 3. Comparable data for 12 other
materials are presented elsewhere.4 ,5 Some desirables features of this testing
technique are that the state of stress in the specimen is well defined, large strains
can be achieved without forming geometric instabilities, and a wide range of strain
rates can be obtained with the same testing technique. It appears that adiabatic
thermal softening is causing the lower stresses at the higher rates.
Figures 4 to 6 show Hopkinson bar test data at various temperatures. The
elevated temperatures are obtained by surrounding the in-place test specimen by an
oven such that the temperatures are applied for several minutes prior to testing.
Although it is possible to test materials to greater strains than those shown in
Figures 4 to 6, the Hopkinson bar data cannot be accurately evaluated after necking
begins in the ten3ile specimens. Furthermore, at larger strains the effects of
adiabatic heating can also complicate the results. The elevated temperatures show a
distinct softening effect on the strength of the materials.
Photographs of the fractured Hopkinson bar specimens are shown in
Figures 7 to 9. rhe cross-sectional area of these surfaces can be used to obtain
fracture characteristics.
Quasi-static stress-strain data for both tension and torsion tests are shown in
Figures 10 to 12. An equivalent tensile flow stress is obtained from the torsion data
by using the von Mises flow rule, the te~nsile stress is a = V3/3, and the
corresponding tensile strain is e = y/V3.
The stress for the tension test data is based on the current area of the neck, and
the strain is defined as in (Ao/A), where A. and A represent the initial and current
areas of the neck. The notchYd tension bars give a concentration of hydrostatic
tension in the test specimen.
This is clearly shown in the data of Figures 10 to 12. For a specified true strain,
the stress (inchlding hydrostatic tension) increases for the notched geometry. It can
also be seen that the presence of the hydrostatic tension significantly decreases the
strain at which the material fractures.

"= • !
 NSWC TR 88-252

TABLE]. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IIY-80, I Y-lOO, AND HY-130 STEEL

HY-O STEEL HY-100 STEEL HY-130 STEEL

HARDNESS (ROCKWELL) C-21 C-25 C-30

ELASTIC PROPERTIES
ELASTIC MODULUS, E (OPA) 207 207 207
POISSON'S RATIO, ' .30 .30 .30
-SHEAR MODULUS, E/ 2 (1 + 1) (GPa) 79 79 79

BULK MODULUS, E / 3 (1 - 2-0) (GPa) 172 172 172

THERMAL PROPERTIES
DENSrITY, p (kg/m*) 7746 7748 7885
CONDUCTIVITY, k (W/mK) 34 34 27
SPECIFIC HEAT, c p (JftgK) 502 502 489
DIFFUSIVITY, k/pcp (m 1/s) .000009 .000009 .000007
1
EXPANSION COEF. (VOL.), a (K" ) .000011 .000014 .000013

MELTING TEMPERATURE, TMM.T (K) 1793 1793 1793

N07.020,JF

-- ,i

4,
 NSWC TR 88-252

Soo

HY-80 STEEL
700

400

AVERAGE SHEAR STRAIN RATESJ (S-9)

300 -H-I b3-.2MM? ORIO

200

100

0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

AVERAGE SP~'EAR STRAIN, Y =RO /L

[IGU RE 1. STRESS-STRAIN DATA FORTRoiSI ON TESTS AT VARIOUS ST1RAIN

HATES FOR IIY-80 STFEEL

5
 NSWC TR 88-252

800

7001- HY100 STEEL

400
.01

0 ~~AVERAGE &+-EAR STRAIN RATES,~s'

-*w -3.2mm

P(T~h 2 ~7~~TORSION
4(9 ý SPECIMEN
200 o~m

10

0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 a

AVERAGE St-EAR STRAIN, P7- RO /L

F1XGURE 2. SrVRIESS-SrVRAIN DAT'A FOR T'ORSION TEýSTIS AT VARtIOUS S'TRAIN

RATES FOR H-IY- 100 STEEl1.

6
 NSWC TR 88- 252

800

Hy-130 STEEL

34. U3 10.

~4OOAVERAGE Sl-F- STRAWl RATESTCfS-1)

~300

TORSION
SPECIMEN
200 -0,9mm
I---syMM --- *4

100

0
0 .6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

AVERAGE SH-EAR STRAt'J1 7 - RO A-

FIGURES3. STRIESS-STRA] N DAT'A FOR TORSION TESTIS AT VARIOUS STE'IAlN

RATES FOR HY-130 STEEL

,A7
 NSWC TRr 88-252

14.00 I

HY-80 STEEL
1200

THERMAL SOFTENINJG DATA

1000 -TAKEN AT e - .08

1000-ý4

9-668 T*113.15

6800 T*u .2 5
T4= .35

1.0

T*FMELT -TRoom
KT

200

0 T* 1.

0.0 .08 .16 .24 .32 .4o

TRUE TENSILE STRAIN, c = ba AI 0 )

FIGU RE 4. STRESS-STRAIN DATA FlOR IIOPK INSON BAR TESTS AT

VARI OUS TEMPERATURES VOR II Y-80 STEEL
 NSWC TR 88-252

1400

HY-100 STEEL
1200 THERMAL 8OFTENING DATA
2-.-2.mu["u
"9-521S-1
-- •:•"TAKEN AT e a.Ta
*

1000 ST IPECIME

/ 547 IT*- 0.0

TT 1.0
K78
SToo

2800-

200T.

.2 5 2 4
T*=1
0O6 .01.

(T /1 )
TENSLE STRAIN, E =
40TRUETM

FOR 11OKI~INSON BAR TESTS ATl VA RI OUS

FIGURE 5. STRESS-STPRAJN DATA
-OR I Y-T SoTEE
TEMPERATURES

KT \N
 NSWC TR 88-252

1400

HY-130 STEEL
THERMAL SOFTENIIG DATA
1200TAKEN AT .08
Z 623 s"' ."m Cm

1000. .6 TEST SPECIMEN

Co S800 T*= 0.0

T-.35 T*- .15

z 600
W" T*- .25
1.0 1 T

400
T* .. T " TROOM r
TmELT "T KT

200

0
0 T 1.0
0
0.0 .08 .16 .24 .32 .40
TRUE TENSILE STRAIN, e = L% (1/1o)

FIGURE 6. STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR IHOPKINSON BAR TESTS AT

VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FOR IIY-1 30 STEEL

10

I II III I II
 NSWC TR 88-252

Tý=.25

441~

101GUIUE 7. P1IIOrIlOORAPýII.IS 01' ill'1!EFItAC'I'U REi, PROF'ILE'SON TI IICIY-8O

STEEL HIOPKINSON BAR SPECIMENS
 NSWC TR 88-252

1~.25

..... .......

TIv
FIGURE'8. P)IIOTOGRtAPliIS 011'il' ACTIURtE IlROFILES ON rjl viiylo
100
SThEM HOPKINSON I3AR SPECIMENS

12
 NSWC TR 88-252

mmm 1

F'IGUREM9 P1 IOTOGRIAPIIS OP TIlIIý FRACTIURE PRiOFILES ON TI I E'II Y-130

STE'EL HIOPKINSON BAR SPECIMENS

13
 NSWC TR 88-252

2000

1800 NOTCHED TENSION BAR DATA

15.2 tv F6m TEST

law mM n .IM ýSPECIMEN

SMOOTH BAR TENSION TEST

DATA (0 P,.002 Sf-)
.1400

EQUIVALENT TENSILE FLOW

1200 - STRESS FROM SMOOTH BAR
TENSION TEST DATA (BRIDGMAN)

1000 EQUIALENT TENSILE FLOW

STRESS FROM TORSION DATA
(VON MISES)

S800

600 •

TORSION DATA
_ ~(p'.01 8'
400

HY-80 STEEL
200

_-0 I .... I
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
TRLE PLASTIC STRIAN

FIGUIRIE 10. S'ITRESS STRAIN D)ATA FOR QUASI -STATIC TENSION AND
TOIRSION I)ATA FOI1 IY 80 STEEL

14
 NSWC TR 88-252

2000

1800 NOTCHED TENSION BAR DATA

4At ~/ R - 2.5MM--

7.6MM TEST
SPECIMEN

+SMOOTH BAR TENSION TEST DATA

(1;,.002 S'
1400 ~

EQUIVALENT TENSILE FLOW STRESS

t FROM SMOOTH BAR TENSION TEST
1200 DATA (BRIDGMAN)

EQUIVALENT TENSILE FLOW STRESS

1000 - FROM TORSION DATA (VON MISES)

800

600 - ------

TORSION DATA
400 - .0o- S")

HY-100 STEEL
200

o0 I , 11l I . .
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
TRUE PLASTIC STRIAN

FIGURE8 1. STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR QUASI-STATIC TENSION AND

rORSION DATA FOR iiY-Io1 STEEL

15
 NSWC TR 88-252

2000 1 1 ,
NOTCHED TENSION BAR DATA

jr~amm TEST
1800 s6.im a SPECIMEN

SMOOTH BAR TENSION TEST DATA

1600

1400 - EQUWVALENT TENSILE FLOW STRES3

V FROM SMOOTH BAR TENSION TEST
DATA (BRIDOMAN)

1200

EQUIVALENT TENSILE FLOW

STRESS FROM TORSION DATA
(VON MISES)
1000
Co

800

600

TORSION DATA
(•-.01 S)
400

HY-.130 STEEL
201

0 .5 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0

TRUE PLASTIC STRIAN
FIGURE 12. STRESS-STRAIN I)ATA FOR QUASI-STATIC TENSION AND
TORSION DATA FOR IIY-130 STEEL-

16
 NSWC TR 88-252

SECTION 3
STRENGTH MODEL

The origin of the strength model, and the techniques used to extract constants
for the model, are described in References 7 and 8. The analysis which follows is
essentially identical to that described in these references.
The model for the von Mises flow stress, a, is expressed as

a = IA + Brn"11 + CIni*jll - T*(1)

where Eis the equivalent plastic strain, 0* = O/to is the dimensionless plastic strain
rate for to = 1.0s1 and T* is the homologous temperature. The five material con-
stants are A, B, n, C, m. The expression in the first set of brackets gives the stress as
a function of strain for 0* = 1.0 and T* = 0. The expressions in the second and third
sets of brackets represent the effects of strain rate and temperature, respectively.
The basic form of the model is readily adaptable to most computer codes since it uses
variables (e, 0, T*) which are available in the codes.

The first step in the process is to determine the constants in the first set of
brackets. A is the yield stress and B and n represent the effects of strain hardening.
Since the torsion data in Figures 1 to 3 include the strain rate of interest (U* = 1.0),
it is a straightforward procedure to obtain the appropriate constants for this strain
rate.
The same three constants can also be derived from the quasi-tension data of
Figures 10 to 12. These results are for 0* = 0.002 and must therefore be adjusted
for &* = 1.0. This can readily be accomplished after the strain rate constant, C, is
determined.
Figure 13 shows the effect of strain rate for tension and torsion. In both cases
the stress increases as the strain rate increases. The results are shown for relatively
small strain values (c = 0.08, y = 0.20) to ensure that the strain rate effect is not
significantly altered by adiabatic thermal softening. Strain rate constants for both
tension and torsion can be determined from the 'least squares' linear approximations
of the data.

The effect of thermal softening is shown in Figures 4 to 6. The thermal

softening fraction, Kt = 1 - TVn, is simply the ratio of the stress at elevated
temperature to that at room temperature. The thermal softening constant, mn, is
shown to give an analytic expression which closely matches the experimental data.

17
 NSWC TR 88-252

At thispoint there are two sets of constants (tension and torsion) for strain and
strain rate effects (A, B, n, C) and one constant, re,for the thermal softening.
Averaging the tension and torsion constants for strain rate effects gives a final set of
constants (A, B, n, C) to be used in the strength model. The resulting stress-strain
relationships are shown in Figures 14 to 16.

It can be seen that the strength results for the three materials are well
behaved. As expected, the HY-80 steel has the lowest strength and the HY-130 has
the highest strength. The yield stresses, A, increase when going from the HY-80 to
the HY-130; the strain rate effects, C, decrease when going from the HY-80 to the
HY-130; and the thermal softening effects, m, are essentially identical for all three
materials.

1400

1200 TENSION DATA (e .08)

Hy- 130
1000 -H-0

HY-80

l4 800

600 HY-130---
HY
IO .. _J . ............
HY-80
400 HYBO -

TORSION DATA (7-..20)

40
200-

0 _ I I I . . . I ... .

.0001 .001 .01 .1 1.0 10 100 1000

STRAIN RATES, 9 AND¶' (S-1)

FIGURE 13. STRESS VERSUS STRAIN RATE FORTENSION AND TORSION

THIS18
 NSWC TR 88-252
1600

1400 STRAENRATE,~(
100,000
ISOTHERMAL`"AT.E 10,000
1,000

1200

~101000

o[672+425 ~1 +.014br Lemt] T*. 4

~600

400-

200
HY-80 STEEL

S0 . . . I I I, I•I ,

0.0 .25 0.5 .75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75

TRUE TENSILE STRAIN, C

FIGURE 14. ANAI,YTIC STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSIIIPS FOR ISOTIIERMAL

AND ADIABATIC CONDITIONS FOR I-IY-30 STEEL

Z1
 NSWC TR 88-252

1400 STRAIN RATE,(8

1200

~00,00

o 800-

aa[758 +402P.28 1[I+ .()II Ai~[- T* IA

1600-

HY-100 STEEL
200

0.0 26 0.5 .15 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75

TRUE TENSIL STRAt'J e

FIGURE 15. ANALYTIC STRESS-STRAIN RE1LATIONSi ips FOR ISOTHERMAL

AND AD)IABATIC CONDITIONS FORl H Y-100 STEEL

20
 NSWC TR 88-252

1600

STRAIN RATE, I (Sl

1400 IOHFA

1200

'~1000

~800

-[920
600 +333 1~]f
+.008 6 j*[1 T.T

400

HY-130 STEEL
200

0.0 .25 0.5 .75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75

TRUE TENSILE STRAIN, C

FIGURH'16. ANALYTIC STRESS-STRAJN HELATPIONSHIPS FOR 150Thl WERAWA

AND) ADIAI3ATIC COND)ITIONS FOR 11Y- 130 STEEL

21/22
 NSWC TR 88-252

SECTION 4
FRACTURE MODEL

The origin of the fracture model and the techniques used to obtain the appro
priate constants are presented in References 7 and 9. As was the case with the
strength constants, the fracture constants are obtained in a manner similar to that
presented in these referencest
To begin, the damage to an element is defined as

) - -(2)

where Ac is the increment of equivalent plastic strain which occurs during an

integration cycle, and cc is the equivalent strain to fracture, under the current
conditions of strain rate, temperature, pressure and equivalent stress. Fracture is
then allowed to occur when D = 1.0.
The general expression for the strain at fracture is given by

el'= [I)1 + l) 2 oxp l) 30*111 + D 4 1n0*]I1 + D IIT*I (3)

for constant values of the variables (0*, t*, T*) and o* < 1.5. The dimensionless
pressure-stress ratio is defined as 0* = am/5 where am .-1 the average of the three
normal stresses anm B is the von Mises equivalent stress. The dimensionless strain
rate, &*and homologous temperature, T*, are identical to those used in the strength
model of Equation (1).
The five constants are D1 ...D5 . The expression in the first set of brackets
follows the form presented by Hancock and Mackenzie.10 It essentially says that the
strain to fracture decreases as the hydrostatic tension, am increases. The expression
in the second set of brackets represents the effect of strain rate, and that in the third
set of brackets represents the effect of temperature. For high values of hydrostatic
tension ( a* > 1.5), cris linearly interpolated between egat o* = 1.5 and Efpnin at
0* = Ospall/U, where Ospall and ejrnin are input values of spall stress and strain.7,'

The first step required to obtain the fracture constants is to determine the
effect of the dimensionless pressure-stress ratio, o*. This can be done by considering
the quasi-static tension and torsion data of Figures 10 to 12 and 17. For the torsion
data o* = 0 and for the unnotched tension data o* = 1/3. For the notched tension
bar, EPIC-2 simulations were performed to compute o* at the center of the specimen.
These results are shown in Figure 18. For these computations, an average pressure
for each set of adjacent triangular elements was used to eliminate any excessive
stiffness due to the triangular element formulation. II

23
 NSWC TR 88-252

- - - TENSV. DATA
vs t
- TORSPN DATA
2.5 (vs)

2.0 A

• 1.5
0A
--. . ..-------- 0 HY--80
to Z a .... -W HY-130

- -.... ---- -- -- A- HY-100

~1.0
<.QiAS-TATIC HOPKINSON BAR, ,
w TESIN DATA
> TENSION DATA

0.5

0 I I I I J . . t . .

.0001 .001 .01 .1 1 10 100 1000 10000

AVERAGE STRAIN RATES, TANDT'(S-

FIGURE 17. AVERAGE FRACTURE STRAIN VERSUS STRAIN RATE FOR

TENSION AND TORSION TESTS FOR 1-1Y-80, 1I Y-100,
AND HY-130 STEEL

24
 NSWC TR 88-252

1.6

dINIIALacOMiruqy
COMPUTED RESULTS FOR' U ý
1.4 NOTCHED TENSION BAR

'1.27 HY-100 '~HY-80

o COMPUTED GEOMETRY AT FRACTURE

U..1.0
0 MM

00.8
HY-80 HY- 100 HY-130

< HY-130 HY-80

0.6 HY-100

o .4
D BRIDGEMAN FACTOR FOR
UNNOTCHED TENSION BAR
CL

0.2 -

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

EQUIVALENT STRAIN AT CENTER, E

FIGURE 18. PRESSURE-STRESS RATIO VERSUS EQUIVALENT STRAIN FOR

TIHI TENSILE SPECIMENS

25
 NSWC TR 88-252

For the notched tensions bars, the computed pressure-stress ratio begins at
approximately o* = 0.8 and peaks somewhere between o* = 1.3 to 1.4, depending on
the material. After its peak the pressure-stress ratio gradually decreases until
fracture. It should be noted that each curve's maximum pressure-stress ratio is in the
same order as their respective strengths.

Figure 19 shows the equivalent plastic strain to fracture as a function of the

pressure-stress ratio for quasi-static conditions. For all three materials an apjproxi-
mate analytic fit to the data was performed by setting D3 = -0.5, and solving or
D1 and D2.
Figure 20 shows the effect of strain rate and temperature on the strain to
fracture. The fracture strains are expressed as the ratio of the Hopkinson bar frac-
ture strains divided by the quasi-static tensile fracture strains. The Hopkinson bar
fracture strains are approximitely determined by measuring the cross-sectional area
of the post-tested specimens as shown in Figures 7 to 9. Unfortunately, these areas
cannot be measured with a high degree of accuracy. The temperatures for each test
range from the initial temperature at the beginning of the test to the computed
temperature at the strain where fracture occurs.
For example, in Figure 20, for the first test performed on the HY-100 material
the specimen was initially at room temperature (T* = 0). If all the plastic work is
converted to adiabatic heat, the computed final temperature is 606K (T* = .21). The
strain at-which this specimen fractured was cf = 1.13, at an average strain rate of
t 550s 1. The quasi-static (t - .002s-0), room temperature (T* = 0) tension test is
used as the normalizing denominator for the vertical axis. For the HY-100 material
this fracture strain is ef = 1.04. The ratio of these two fractures strains is 1.09 and is
the value plotted on the vertical axis. The same procedure is used for the remaining
three HY-100 tests with the only difference being the initial temperature of the
specimen.
Under normal conditions a linear least squares fit is performed on the data of
each material in Figure 20, of which the intercept is the strain rate'influence on
fracture and the slope is the temperature influence. The HY-80, HY-100, and
HY-130 materials acted differently than expected, displaying a consistent trend of
reaching a peak fracture strain ratio between. 15T* and .35T* and then becoming
less ductile as the temperature is increased (Figure 20). Possible explanations for this
behavior is that the material becomes strain rate sensitive at higher tempera-
tures as shown in Figure 17, or it may be experiencing a phenomena referred to as
'temper embrittlement' where under certain tempering processes a metal becomes
less ductile.
The current fracture model was not developed to handle the phenomena which
is occurring with the HY materials. By applying the linear least squares fit to the
data, one obtains deceiving results, implying that the material is very strain rate
sensitive and loses ductility as the temperature increases. A more realistic approach
to incorporate this data into the fracture model is to obtain an 'average' strain rate
coustant and neglect thermal effects. In graphical terms, fit the best horizontal line
to the data points of each material as shown on the right hand side in Figure 20.
Now the fracture constants can be determined. The strain rate constant, D4, is
obtained by averaging the fracture strain ratios of Figure 20 for each respective
material. The average strain rate constant for all three is greater than 1.0. This

26
 NSWC TR 88-252

3.0

2.5
C,

E2.0 HY-8O STEEL***

I- 1.05

TORSIONDT

QQAAS-STSICAOTCH

TENSION TEST DATA

0. 1 I I I I 1 - 11

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0,6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1,4

PRESSURE-STRE~SS RATIO, cy*=a, 11C

FIGURE 19. FRACTURE STPRAIN VERSUS PRESSURE-STIRESS RA'rIO FOR

ISO'VhERMAL QUASI-STATrIC CONDITIONS

27
 NSWC TR 88-252

1.4 p

O- HY-80 STEEL

S1.3 A--& HY-O00 STEEL

o U-U HY-130 STEEL

0z 1.2
AVERAGE RATIO$
- Y-100

S. ------HY-130

1-0

ZOpuI~TE TEPERATURE
OIT AT FRACTURE
TEMPERATURE OFI
NTILHOPKINSON BAR TEST

0.8 , .. . .•t•. ..
0 O,1 0.2 0.3 0.4 045 0.0 0.7

DIMENSC)NLESS TEMPERATURE, T*

FIGURE 20, EFFECTS OF STRAIN RATE ANDFTEMPEIATUIE ON FRACTUR1'

STRAINS

28
 NSWC TR 88-252

ratio indicates that the strain to fracture, ir ,reases slightly as the strain rate
increases. This same trend is verified by the fracture data of Figure 17, (The
decrease in fracture strains for the higher strainwrate torsion data may be due to
shear localizations resulting from adiabatic heating. 4 ,5 ) The constants related to the
pressure-stress ratio (D1, D2, D3) are those of Figure 19, adjusted from quasi-static
conditions (t = .002s 1) to 0- = 1.0. Finally, the temperature constant, D5, is set to
zero, due to the unconforming data of Figure 20. The resulting relationships are
shown in Figures 21 to 23.

Unlike the strength relationships, which transitioned in a well-behaved

manner from HY-80 to HY-130, the fracture characteristics do not follow a well-
behaved pattern. The HY-80 steel exhibits the most ductility, as expected, but the-
HY-100 is the least ductile. Generally, it would be expected that the higher strength
HY-130 steel would exhibit less ductility. The reasons for this apparent discrepancy
are not clear.
Although no tests were performed to obtain spall characteristics of HY-80,
HY-100, and HY-130, it is necessary to designate a spall stress and strain to complete
the model. Based on comparisons with materials of similar yield strengths, the spall
stress and strain were estimated and are shown in Table 2.

29

lO'l l '! •! • • ,••l"l'I•1 '• I q ••'r P

 NSWC TR 88-252

3.0

HY-80 STEEL

2.0 . -[-,85 0
-2.70EXP ][1 +.006 i.L' ](1 +0.0T*

1.N5

1.0
.

--- •mI18-1

0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
PRESSURE-STRESS RATIO. a* = % /'d

FIGURE 21. FRACTURE STRAIN AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURIE-STRESS

RATIO, STRAIN RATE, AN I) TEMPERATURE FOR IIY-80
STEEL

30
 NSWC TR 88-252

3.0

HY-100 STEEL
23

2.0

et [-.61 +2.07EXP 4 5s'][1 +.010 fmtn ][1 +o.orj

S1.5 -

1.0

0o.5 - u lops-,

0 t . I i ii ,

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

PRESSURE-STRESS RATIO, or* = /'

FIGURE 22, FRACTURE STRAIN AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE-STRESS

RATIO, STRAIN RATE, AND TEMPERATURE FOR II Y-100
STI'E EL

31
 NSWC TR 88-252

3.0

2.6 HY- 130 STEEL

i 2.0

1.0
- • ,-

0.1

0.
0 . .I I I I I

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

PRESSURE-STRESS RATIO, G* = 0/ /

FIGURE 23. FRACTURE STRAIN AS A FUNCTION OF PIESSURE-STRESS

RATIO, STRAIN RA'I'T, AN!)"rIMPE' A' 'UJ{ FOIZ11Y-130
STEEL

32
 NSWC TR 88-252

TABLE 2. SUMIMARY OF STRENGTJI AND FRACTURE MODEl, CONSTANTS

FOR IIY-80, IIY-100, AND HY-130 STEEL,

"HY-80 STEEL HY-100 STEEL HY-130 STEEL

STRENGTH CONSTANTS FOR

'- [A +BB C•n 1 +iCn *] (1 -T*m]
A (MPa) 672 758 920
B (MPa) 425 402 333
n .36 .26 .39
C W014 .011 ,008
m 1.14 1,13 1,15

FRACTURE CONSTANTS FOR

&.I P,[ +D 2 EXP 03o* ][1+D 4 1n'el][ +DT ]
D -.85 -.61 -.69
D2 2.70 2.07 2.39
-0.50 -0.50 .0.50
D4 .006 .010 .004
D' 0.0 0,C 0.0
SPALL STRESS, aSPAL. (MPa) 5500 5600 5900
Im"h .033 .034 .036

! S
c% ZeCA,, FOR *£ -10 -
"
N07-021 .JF

33/34
 NSWC TR 88-252

SECTION 5

CONSTANTS FOR EPIC-2/EPIC-3 I)ATA LIBRARY

A sunmmary of the strength and fracture model constants is given iii Table 2.
Data statements for the EPIC-2/EPIC-3 material library (Subroutine MATLIB) are
shown in Figure 24, and the corresponding Preprocessor output is shown in
Figures 25 to 27.

35

fL
 NSWC TR 88-252

C
*Y
H-80 STEEL *********u,*****~*aTJki .- AUG 1987
C **LIMITED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ONLY
C PRESSURE - KOHIN, AFWL-TR-69-38, 1969, P. 140 (STAINLESS STEEL 304L)
C STRENGTH - HOLMQUIST, NSWC REPORT 1987
C FRACTURE - HOLMQUIST, NSWC REPORT 1907
C SPALL - OVERESTIMATED FROM DATA IN AFWAL-TR-61-.4040, 1981
DATA MTýYPE(25)/1/,IDAM( 25)/Of, IFAIL(25)/O/,EFAIL(25)/999./.
1 DEN(25)/.000725/,BPH(25)/433000./,CDUCT(25)/4.32/,
2 ALPMA(25)/.0000063/,TZMP1(25)/70./,TROOM(25)/70.'/,
3 TREL'I(25)/2768./,CO( 25)/.02/,G( 25 )/11240000 ./,
4 C1( 25)/97460./,C2(25)/61640./,AN( 25 )/.36/,C3(25 )/. 014/,t
5AW(25)/I. 14/,C4( 25)/O./,C5(25)/O ./,C(25)/23776000./,
6 DC25)/42693000./,S(25)/72513000./.GRUN(25)/1.16/,
71 Q1( 25)/.2/,Q2C25)/4./,PMIN(25 )/10000000./,C9(25)/O./,
a Dl(25)/-.85/,D2(25)/2.70/oD3( 25)/-.50/,D4(25)/.006/,
9 05( 25)/O.OO/,PFAzL(25)/795OOOý/,ZFMzIq(25)/.033/,ClO(25)/O./,
A (DESCM(25,3)5 3-1,4) /4H*HY-,4HBO S,4HTEEL,4H /I
B (DZsCm(25,j),J-'5,8) /4H. ,4H ,4HRC-2,4Hl /.
C (DESCM(25,J),J7-9,12)/4H ,4H ,4H ,4H /

C
C B Y-100 STEEL ****************A* TJH -AU(. 1987
C LIMITED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ONLY
C PRESSURE - KOHN, AFWL-TR-69-38, 1969, P. 14U (STAINLESS STEEL 304L)
C STRENGTH - HOLMQUIST, NSWC REPORT 1987
C FRACTURE - HOLMQUIST, NSWC REPORT 1987
C SPALL - OVERESTIMATED FROM DATA IN AFWAL-TR-81-4040, 1981
DATA MTYPE (26)/1/, 1DAM ( 26 1/0/,IT A L (26)/0/,EFAIL (26 )/999./
I DEN(26)/.0 007 25/, SPH (26 )/4 33 00 0./,CDUCT (26 )/4. 32/,
2 AL PRA (26)/. 00 0 0 077/, TEMP 1 ( 26 ) /70Q. / TROOM ( 2 6 ) /7 0./
3 TMELT(26)/2768./,CS(26)/.02/,GC26 )/11240000,/,
4 CI(N )/109 9 ./,C 2(26) /58 3 0./,AN (26 )/. 26/, C3(26)/ 011/,
5 AM(26)/1.13/,C4(26)/O./,C5(26 )/O./,C(26)/23776000./,
6 D(26)/42693000./,S(26),'72513000./,GRUN(26)/1.16/,
7 Q1(26)/.2/,02(26)/4./,PMIN(26 )/10000000./,C9(26)/O./,
8 D 1(2 6)/-. 61/, D2 (2 6)/2.07 /, D3 ( 26 )/-. 50/, D4(2 6 )/. 010/,
9 D 1 2 6)/0 . OO/ ,P TAI L(2 6)/819 3 00 ./, EFMI N(2 6)/. 0 34/, C 10( 26)/0./
A (DESCM(26,J),J-1,4) /4H*HY-,4HlO0 ,4HSTEE,4HL /
B (DESCM(26,J),J-5,8) /4H ,4H ,4HRC-2,4HS /
C (0ESCM(26,J),J-9,12)/4H ,4H ,4H ,4H /

C
C P** HY-130 STEEL TJH - AUG 1987
C ** LIMITED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ONLY
C PRESSURE - KOHN, ATWL-TR-69-38, 1969, P. 140 (STAINLESS STEEL, 304L)
C STRENGTH - HOLMQUIST, NSWC REPORT 1987
C I-RACTURE - HOL.MQUIST, NSWC REPORT 1987
C SPALL - OVERESTIMATED FROM DATA IN ArWAL-TR-81-4040, 1981
DATA MTP(7//IA(7//IAI(7//EAL2)99/
1 DEN(2 7)/.000738/,BPH(27)/422000./CDUCT(27)/3.46/,
2 ALPHA(27)/.0000073/,TEMP1(27)/70./TROOM(27 )/70./,
3 TMELT(27)/2768./,C8(27)/.02/,G(27)/112 4 0 0 0 0 ./,
4 Cl( 2 7)/13340O./,C2(27)/48300o/,pAjNv27)/. 39/,C3( 27 )/.008/,
5 AN(27)/1.15/,C4(27),/0./,C5(27 )/O./,C(27)/23776000./,'
6 D( 2 7 )/ 4 2 6 9 3 0 0 0./S5(27)/72513000./,GRUN(27)/1.16/,
I Ql(27)/.2/,Q2(27)/4./,PMIN(27 )/10000000./,C9(27)/0./,
8 Dl(27)/-.69/,D2(27),/2.39/,D3( 27)/-.50/,o4(27/, 004/,
9 DS(27)/O. OO/,PFAXL(27)/860000./,EFMIN(27 )/.O36/,CIO(27)/0,/,
A (DESCm(27,.7),J-1.,4) /4a*HY-,41,1130 ,4HSTEE,.4HL /
B (DESCM(27,J),J..5,8) /4H ,4H ,4HRC-3,4H0 /
C (DESCM(27,J),J-9,12)/4i ,4H ,4H ,4H /

FIGURE 24. DATA STATEMENTS FOR TII E PIC-2/EIPIC-3 MATERIA I

LI1BRAIIY IN ENGLISH UNITS

36
 NSWC TR 88-252

INPUT DATA FOR SOLID MATERIAL

MATERIAL NUMBER 25 *HY-80 STEEL RC-21

MASS/THERMAL PROPERTIES
DENSITY w 0.725000E-03
SPECIFIC HEAT 0 0.433000E+06
CONDUCTIVITY 0.432000E+01
VOLUME EXPANSION COEF 0.630000E-05
INITIAL TEMPERATURE 0o.700000E+02
ROOM TEMPERATURE 0.700000+02
MELTING TEMPERATURE 0.276800E+04
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
SHEAR MODULUS - 0.112400E+08
YIELD STRESS, Cl - 0.974600E+05
HARDENING COEF, C2 - 0.616400E+O5
HARDENING EXPONENT, N - 0.360000E+00
STRAIN RATE COEF, C3 - 0.140000E-01
SOFTENING EXPONENT, M - 0.114000E+01
PRESSURE COEF, C4 - 0.000000E+00
MAX STRENGTH (OPTIONAL) O.OOOOOOE+00
EQUATION O' STATE
El - 0.237760E+08
K2 - 0.426930E+08
K3 - 0.725130E+08
GRUNEISEN COEF - 0.116000E+01
MAX NEGATIVE PRESSURE - 0.100000E+08
ARTIFICIAL VISCOSITY
LINEAR COEF - 0.2000OOE.00
QUADRATIC COEF - 0,400000E+01
HOURGLASS COEF - 0.200000E-01
FRACTURE PROPERTIES
DAMAGE COMPUTED - 0
FRACTURE ALLOWED - 0
Dl - -0.850000E+O00
D2 - 0.270000E+01
D3 - -0,500000E+00
D4 - 0.600000E-02
D5 - 04000000E+00
MINIMUM FRACTURE STRAIN - 0.330000E-01
SPALL STRENGTH 0.795000E+06
STRAIN FOR TOTAL FAILURE - 0.999000E+03
EXTRA CONSTANTS
X1 (C9) CERAMICS CRUSHED - 0.OOOOOOE+00
X2 (Cl0) - O.OOOOOOE+00

FIGUIRE 25, EPIC-2/I'PIC-3 1IPREPROCESSOR OUTIPtITUFORI'TlE MATEi IAIL

)ATA IN ENGLISII UNITS FOR IIY-80STI'XI,

37
 NSWC TR 88-252

INPUT DATA FOR SOLID MATERIAL

MATERIAL NUMBER 26 *HY-100 STEEL RC-25

MASS/THERMAL PROPERTIES
DENSITY 0.725000E-03
SPECIFIC HEAT 0.433000E+06
CONDUCTIVITY 0.432000Z+01
VOLUME EXPANSION COEF 0.770000E-05
INITIAL TEMPERATURE 0.700000E+02
ROOM TEMPERATURE. 0.700000E+02
MELTING TEMPERATURE 0.276800E+04
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
SHEAR MODULUS 0.112400E+08
YIELD STRESS, Cl 0.1099005+06
HARDENING COEr, C2 0.583000E+05
HARDENING EXPONENT, N 0.260000E+00
STRAIN RATE COsF, C3 0.1100001-01
SOFTENING EXPONENT, M 0.113000E+01
PRESSURE COEr, C4 0.000000E+00
MAX STRENGTH (OPTIONAL) 0,000000E+00
EQUATION OF STATE
K1 - 0.237760E+08
2- 0.426930E+08
K3 0.725130E+08
GRUNCISEN COEr - 0.116000E+01
MAX NEGATIVE PRESSURE 0.100000E+08
ARTIFICIAL VISCOSITY
LINEAR COEF - 0.200000E+00
QUADRATIC COEr - 0.400000E+01
HOURGLASS COEF - 0.200000E-01
FRACTURE PROPERTIES
DAMAGE COMPUTED 0
FRACTURE ALLOWED 0
D1 -0.610000E+00
D2 0.207000E+01
D3 ft -0.5OOOOos+00
D4 w 0.100000E-01
D5 w 0.OOOOOOE+00
MINIMUM FRACTURE STRAIN - 0.340000E-01
SPALL STRENGTH 0w819300E+06
STRAIN FOR TOTAL FAILURE - 0.999000E+03
EXTRA CONSTANTS
Xl (C9) CERAMICS CRUSHED - 0.OOOOOOE+00
X2 (C10) - 0.OOO E+00

FIGUR E 26. E PIC-2/,I IC-3 PREPROCESSOR OUTPUT FORITII•E MATERIAL

DATA IN ENGLISII UNITS FOR IIY-100 STEEL

38
 NSWC TR 88-252

INPUT DATA FOR SOLID MATERIAL

MATERIAL NUMBER 27 *HY-130 STEEL RC-30

MASS/THERMAL PROPERTIES
DENSITY
SPECIFIC HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
VOLUME EXPANSION COEF
INITIAL TEMPERATURE
ROOM TEMPERATURE
MELTING TEMPERATURE
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
SHEAR MODULUS
YIELD STRESS, Cl
HARDENING COEF, C2
HARDENING EXPONENT, N
STRAIN RATE COEF, C3
SOFTENING EXPONENT, M
PRESSURE COEF, C4
MAX STRENGTH (OPTIONAL)
EQUATION OF STATE
K1
K2
K3
GRUNEISEN COEF
MAX NEGATIVE PRESSURE
ARTIFICIAL VISCOSITY
LINEAR COEF
QUADRATIC COEF
HOURGLASS COEF
FRACTURE PROPERTIES
DAMAGE COMPUTED
FRACTURE ALLOWED
Dlw
D2
D3
D4
ps
MINIMUM FRACTURE STRAIN w
SPALL STRENGTH 0 0.860000E+06
STRAIN FOR TOTAL FAILURE -
EXTRA CONSTANTS
XI (C9) CERAMICS CRUSHED -
X2 (C10) - 0.000000s+00
- 0.738000E-03
- 0.422000E+06
- 0.346000E+01
- 0.730000E-05
- 0.700000E+02
- 0.700000E+02
- 0.276800E+04
- 0.112400E+08
- 0.133400E+06
0.483000E+05
- 0.390000E+00
w 0.800000E-02
- 0.115000E+01
- 0.000000+E00
- 0.OOOOOOE+00
- 0.237760E+08
- 0.426930E+08
- 0.725130E+08
w 0.11600054,01
- 0.100000E+08
- 0.200000E+00
- 0.400000E+01
- Q.200000E-01
0
0
-0.690000E+00
- 0.239000E+01
w -0.500000E+00
w 0.400000E-02
w 0.0000005+00
0.360000E-01
0.999000E+03
0.000000E+00

FIGURE 27. EP'IC-2IEP-IC-31 I'RE.I)IOCESSOR OUTIPUT'FOR I IIE MATERIAL

IJATA IN INGLISh UNITS FOIl IIY-130 STEEiL

39/40
 NSWC TR 88-252

SECTION 6
SUMMARY

HY-80, HY-100, and HY-130 steels have been tested at various strains, strain
rates, temperatures and pressure. Th P .'2sultsof these have been analyzed to obtain
strength and fracture constants for the corresponding models in the EPIC-2/EPIC-3
codes. These constants have lBeen incorporated into the EPIC-2/EPIC-3 material
data library.

41/42
 NSWC TR 88-252

REFERENCES

1. Johnson, G.R. and Stryk, R.A., User Instructions for the EPIC-2 Code,
AFATL-TR-86-51, Honeywell Inc., Defense Systems Division, Edina, MN,
Sep 1986.
2. Johnson, G.R. and Stryk, R.A., User Instructions for the EPIC-3 Code,
AFATL-TR-87-10, Honeywell Inc., Defense -ystems Division, Brooklyn
Park, MN, May 1987.
3. Alloy Digest, Published by Engineering Alloys Digest, Inc., Upper Montclair,
NJ, Aug 1970.
4. Johnson, G.R., Hoegfeldt, J.M., Lindholm, U.S., and Nagy, A., "Response of
Various Metals to Large Torsional Strains Over A Large Range of Strain
Rates - Part 1: Ductile Metals," ASME Journal of Engineering Materials
and Technology, Vol. 105, No. 1, San 1983, p. 4 2 .
5. Johnson, G.R., Hoegfeldt, J.M., Lindholm, U.S., and Nagy, A,, "Response of
Various Metals to Large Torsional Strains Over a Large Range of Strain
Rates - Part 2: Less Ductile Metals," ASME Journal of Engineering Materials
and Technology, Vol 105, No. 1, Jan 1983, p. 48.
6. Mackenzie, A.C., Hancock, J.W., and Brown, D.K,, "On the Influence of State
Stress on Ductile Failure Initiation in High Strength Steels," Engineering
Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 9, 1977, p. 167.
7. Johnson, G.R., Development of Strength and Fracture Models for Computa-
tions InvolvingSevere Dynamic LoadinM - Volume Strength and Fracture
Moes FT-R8-5 Honeywell Inc., Defense Syrstems Division, Edlina,
MNiJan 1986.
8. Johnson, G.R. and Cook, W.H., "A Constitutive Model and Data for Metals
Subjected to Large Strains, High Strain Rates and High Temperatures,"
Proceedings of Seventh International Symposium on Ballistics, The Hague, The
Mth-eilands, Apr 1983.
9. Johnson, G.R. and Cook, W.H., "Fracture Characteristics of Three Metals
Subjected to Various Strains, Strain Rates, Tem peratures and Pressures,"
Journal of Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1985, p. 31.
10. Hancock, J.W. and Mackenzie, A.C., "On the Mechanism of Ductile Failure in
High-Strength Steels Subjected to Multi-Axial Stress.-States," Journal of'
Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Jun 1976, p. 147.

43
 NSWC TR 88-252

REFERENCES (Cont.)

11. Nagtegaal, J.C., Parks, D.M., and Rice, J.R., "On Numericall y Accurate Finite
Element Solutions in Fully Plastic Range," Computer Methods in Mechanics
and Engineering, Vol. 4, 1974, p. 153.

44
 NSWC TR 88-252

APPENDIX A
METALLURGICAL, RESULTS OF HY-80, HY-100,
AND HY-130 STEEL

The metallugrical samples c iazh material were prepared in cross section for
examination in three planes using an antopolishing technique and etched with
3 percent nital. The three oriental, ons examined were: a plane parallel to the plate
surface and two planes 90' to pach other viewing the plate cross section. Various
degrees of typical inclusions were noted in the fine tempered martensitic structures,
The HY-130 (highexrtrength material) exhibited only spot, no linewr inclusions.
Tyuical microstructures are illustrated: HY-80, Figures Al1 to A-5; HY-100,
Figures A-6 to A-10; and HY-130, Figures A-Il to A-14.

A-1
 NSWC TR 88-25 2

H oneyw~ell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING 6014umif

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

VILW 13
MAGNIFICATION; 500X

PIGUMP LAB4
NUMM[IA M 6 PCENOINUIlM& tTCH'INflV1iFIM1

A1 2478 .Domr Y-80 Steel

Photoniicroqr~i hs, of I-Y80 steel In cross s3ection at various an4li,'Icatiofl5 viewirij

__plano po'cciui oth san1c 1,ench. Vflewc A an] B 1i1t~stritc.typ)1ca'i

incl us ionspioci' ýtoechig Etchaen 3% nital.

A-2
 NSWC TI{ 88-252

Honeywell DAEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATEIALSAND PROCESS ENGINEERING
E
F4

MAGNIFICATION: 20OX

'~

is . .
VIEW 13
MAGNF ICAT iON: 50OX

T i A AI3
A.~r
I' It .ý.:IMU-11 11 NJPN4IEtI
__Z7478 ____ ____ . D01hnolI flY
iy Steel
Miclostrucjturo phomiLr'uugroiphs of HY10 steel in cros,. ýuction at vm'icImrdjý, - nlfh
ations, viowing a plan., paidl lol to tho ý,afnplo loiwjth. Viowt; A A [A illuistrIto
typ)ic0f i nclu,.iofs lol lowinq ob1:Iin 1 .Ecat: 3ý4 n i U~ I__

T4PS37 Fltvq
V- . . . . . . .- ___,-..- -

A -3
 NSWC TR 88-252

Honeywell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS.ENGINEERING
7

MAGIFICATO:20

MAGNIFICATION: 20OX

IC
M' MII A, UI1 y&'Ii~;',A ~ ~ CCWIAJ(M,(pC~_.UCJI

6 A
 NSWC TP. 88-252

HoneywellDEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING" r

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

41
MAGNIFICATION: 500X

01LI iM PA B N~UMU~t E'E &iINWIl&' ~C~(CA ft

Alit NU&MOL
jDCYICrjl

A- 4 27478 ______ _______ .Dhnr JHY-80 Steel

flicrostr'ucturo photomicra:graphs of IIY60 steel in cross, soction at various
inagni Fications, vlewirg a plano paralleil to the sample longth. Views A a B
illustrate tempered mar-tersite. Etchan! ;3% nital. ___ _____ __

"*3EV I _80
 NSWC TR 88-252

HoneywellDEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PRiOCESS ENGINEERING

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

...... . . . . . AliVIEW B
MAGNIFICATION: 50OX

OFIGPE m_&_'lLAD HUMBE1 M 4 PL ENOINEER 1.P EHIIN MCI U 10

A5 27476 D,Dhnor HY--cO Ite

Microstructuro photomnicrographs of IIY80 steel in C~ross section at various
magni ficat Ions, viewing a plane, porpendicular to the sample length. Viows A & B
illu~strate tempered martionsito. Etchant: 3l% nital.

IIP-532 REV liall

A-(6
 NSWC TI{ 88-252

Honeywell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION r1 61

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

VINW B
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

I wunf.- 7m &-I,[ LAOJ

NumutA &A O'fLNGINL1 11 11NOADV IIAI~A
1A&I

LA-6 27476 B. L~hnr~ yOStee

Photomicrographs of HYlOB stesel in cro55 socti on, viewing a p] anu parallel to the
saniple long-th. Views A ý B illustrate all inclusion at tho 5urfdcu continuing
-irn the plato prior to otch ing. Etchant: 3% nital

A-7
 NSWC TR 88-252

Honeywell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION ITR WdefT

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEEPING

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 20OX

VIEW B
MAGNIFICATION: SOOX

.IOUME M&
1t LAB NUMBII M & PCENGINEER m & PE TECHNICIAN CVICE:IPAAI NUMBHE
A- 27478 j D. Dehmer HY-00 Steel

Microstructure ohotomicrographs of HY100 steel In cross section at various

magnf -ftons•_yi.gwiny a plane pdrallol to the sample length. Views A & B

ilhustr'a-I a line etching, Etcharnt: 3% nital.

HP-532 -[V 1I1R

A-8
 N.SWC TR 88-252

Honeywell ~ DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION HNfP

Hone wellMATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

A-.WA

Mict-Osti-uctul'o photomnicrographs, of H1YIQO stecol In crosssect ion at varioujs

magnifications, Vil3wiFg ai planle parallel to U10 platO srfaco V10ws A & 3

Illustrate tumpurad martunsito. Etchant: 3% nital, __

 NSWC TR 88-252

HoneywellDEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIAL~S AND PR~OCESS. ENGINEERING
T

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

VILW
~ MAGNIVICAIION: 500X

______0.
- mer fly-]0 te
Mcrostructuro phatoniicrographs of HY1OG steel in cro5
o otna varloui3
inagitq~ifica-ioils, v-iowi ig ýi pladno -par-11o1to tic. sampl lonagt oiw5 A& 13
Illus-trato tomporod rnartensito. E-tchant: 3% oftal.

A-10)
 NSWC TR 88-252

Honeywell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING I

MANFIAIN:20

VIEWA

MAGNIFICATION: 200X

.4'

1`U0iII 0"P CLA ONUMBF111& EN Nl M A. t(IITCNICIAN IE~FPR UI

A1iiL 47 8
27 ____ D. Dohrnr IY10 te
Microsti ucturo photornlcroqrapiis of HYlOC Stnr 1 in cross section at v,,,rious
mdcjnlficdtions, viewingj a piano purpondic:Kor, to the sample length. Views A [0
illustrate tumpaord iar-tonsito, EtRInt: 3 nital.

,lI'7.]:lrV S tA -1 I
 NSWC TR 88.252

Honey-well1 DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING 6014

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

i.|

- -- z 11r

MAGNIFICATION: 200X

LA J.PMOI~ln
NI4 Pt ENGINEA . P( 1CHI~ CIAN DEYICMPA141NUMHEll

A1780 Dehmor HY-130 S~teel

Photomicr'ographs of HY130 steel In cross section, vlowin a~p~anj~prallel to the
.w A ---- '•us - -hol_ of

Lniu-qin-.pn
-- .n.a ..
rior to nt"1_
ing- r .,ju"inf!

A-12
 NSWC TR 88-252

Honeywell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING4
E

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

, ' 4:5',

MAGIFICATION: SOox

A1 24T
7478 ___ ______ I2 IYiD Steed
Mict-ostructuro photornicrograph5. of !IYiJO steel in cros soto t various
magnifications, viewingj a piano parcillel to the plat ____(o Vlows A E3

illustratoi tempeord martonsito. Etchant: 3% nital.__ _____

A- 13
 NSWC TR 88-252

Honeywell DEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING E ~~

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

VIEW B
vp:. MAGNIFICATION: 500X

FloJIHL M &PC LAU NUPOWtI FtI~ENC NFUE Er(CHNIIIAN

t DVClATNJQI

A-i13 27478 D. Dohrner w-3Stl

Microstlru(tuire photomlcrographs of 1HYI30 steel in cross section dt var'ious~
magnilicationsp vinwing i plane parallel to the sample leng-th. Viow5 A & B
Illustrato tompered niartensito. rtchant, 3% nital.

A-14
 NSWC TR 88-252

Hyn elDEFENSE SYSTEMS DIVISION ETAMNUMUL4

MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING 61

VIEW A
MAGNIFICATION: 200X

.i MAGNIFICATION: 50OX

PIIUHE M Ph KLAH NUMBIN

A 4 ' NIAEIPDvII ,~I JMI
A- 141 27/478 DHW1OSte
Microstl'UCtUr ploton Icro~jraph ofLNY130 steelI in cros 5oto t varfolls
mnajol tIcatlorns, Yiewio Dln iopnCllto .3'm(jL1~ývuý A & [3
illustratoi tlrnmiqod ThAt jmnIto
-ý L.UdiL;.i~Ili

A-15
 NSWC TR 88-252

DISTRIBUTION

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 NSWC TR 88-252

DISTRIBUTION (Cont.)

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