21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES  Epics – are long poems that exemplify the
AND THE WORLD (1st QUARTER) adventures of epic heroes and divine forces.
LITERATURE
 Literature – is a written record of man’s best
thoughts and feelings.
LITERARY STANDARDS
 Permanence – stands through the ages and still
opens a new world of meaning and experience.
 Universality – appeals to anyone, anywhere,
anytime, forever relevant.
 Artistry – appeals to our aesthetic sense of beauty.
 Intellectual Value – stimulates our thought.
 Spiritual Value – inspires and brings out moral
values making us better persons.
 Style – is marked with the peculiar way in which the
writer sees life, forms his/her ideas, and express
them distinctly.
 Suggestiveness – appeals to our emotions, stirs our
imagination, feeling, moves us deeply and evokes
visions over beyond the level of ordinary life and
experience.
PROSE AND POETRY
 Prose - a discourse that follows the usual flow of
conversation which uses sentences forming
paragraphs to express ideas, feelings and actions.
 Fiction – a literary work which is a result of the
author’s imagination.
 Short story – a narrative involving one or more
characters and one single plot.
 Novel – divided into chapters where many
characters are involved.
 Play – a scripted story executed on stage.
 Legend – a narrative about the origin of man, place
and event.
 Fable – a narrative where the characters are
animals and inanimate objects that speak and act
like people.
 Nonfiction – based on facts or reality.
 Essay – an attempt to express the viewpoint and
opinion of the writer on a particular topic or issue.
 Oration – a formal treatment of the subject and
intended to be spoken before a crowd.
 Biography – a literary work that gives the life
account of a person written by another person.
 Autobiography – a literary work where the author
writes his own life account.
 News- a report of current issues in our
surroundings.
 Poetry – is made up of lines forming stanzas. It can
have a rhyme or meter.
 Narrative Poetry – a poem that tells story.
 Ballads – are narrative poems intended to be sung.
 Dramatic Poetry – tell stories but one or more
characters act out the poem.
 Lyric Poetry – most common type of poetry that
expresses the poet’s thoughts and feelings.
 Haiku – shortest lyric poem that has 17 syllables
arranged in three lines following the pattern of 5-7-
5 syllables.
 Ode – a serious elaborate poem full of high praises
and noble feelings.
 Elegy – a poem of meditation on life and death.
 Sonnet – is a 14 line lyric poem with a certain
pattern of rhyme and rhythm.
 Song – lyric poem intended to be sung.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
 Simile – is a direct comparison between two things
of different classes.
 Metaphor – an indirect or implied comparison
between two objects of different classes.
 Personification – gives human attributes or qualities
to inanimate object.
 Synecdoche – names a part of an object to stand for
the whole, or the whole for a part.
 Metonymy – involves the use of a term connected
with an object to represent that object.
 Hyperbole – involves a deliberate exaggeration used
for effect.
 Oxymoron – putting side by side two contradictory
words.
 Paradox – a self-contradictory statement which sees
untrue, but on close examination, proves to be true
or partly true.
 Allusion – is a casual reference either by directly or
by borrowing familiar phrases from the Bible history
or literature.
 Irony – involves a contrast. Their intended meaning
is different from the actual meaning.
 Onomatopoeia – use of words having a sound that
imitates what they denote.
 Litotes – is a deliberate understatement used to
affirm by negating its opposite.
 Apostrophe – is a direct address to someone
absent, long dead, or even to an inanimate objects
or ideas.
 Alliteration – is the repetition of initial consonant
sound. Also known as “tongue twister”.
 Assonance – is the repetition of the middle vowel
sound.
 Consonance – is sometimes called “slant” rhyme.
Both consonants occur at the end of the words.
 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
 Folktales – are made up of stories about life,
adventure, love, horror and humor where one can
derive lessons about life.
 Myths – narratives that describe and portray in
symbolic language the origin of the basic elements
and assumptions of a culture.
 Folksongs – none of the oldest forms of Philippine
literature that mirror the culture of the early
Filipinos.
 Kundiman – love song
 Kumintang – war song
 Dalit or Imno – praise song
 Oyayi o Hele - lullaby
 Soliranin – traveller’s song or laborer’s song
 Talindaw – song for fishermen
 Dung-aw – song for the dead
 Epigrams – served as laws or rules on good
behaviour by our ancestors.
 Riddles – a puzzling question intended to be
answered.
 Chant – used in witchcraft or enchantment.
 Maxims – a well-known phrase that expresses a
general truth about life.
 Sayings – an old and well known phrase that
expresses an idea that most people believe is true.
 Sawikain – also known as idioms; it has a hidden
meaning.
SPANISH PERIOD
 The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana) – first
book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in
Xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia
and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish.
 Nuetra Señora del Rosario – second book printed in
the Philippines written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in
1602.
 Libro de los Cuatro Post Primeras de Hombre – first
book printed in typography.
 Ang Barlaan at Josephat – first Biblical story printed
in the Philippines and translated from Greek to
Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
 The Passion – is a book about the life and sufferings
of Jesus Christ. It is only read during lent.
 Urbana at Felisa – written by Modesto de Castro,
known as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog.
 Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) –
collection of songs praising Virgin Mary. It was
written in 1865 by a Filipino priest, Fr. Mariano
Sevilla.
 Tibag – means to excavate. It is a ritual to remind
the people about the search of Saint Helena where
Jesus Christ was nailed and died.
 Lagaylay – it is sa special occasion to get together
during the mont of May where ladies are chosen or
mothers volunteer their girls to fulfil a vow or
panata during illness or for a favor received.
 Cenaculo – a dramatic performance to re-enact the
passion and death of Jesus Christ.
 Panunuluyan – re-enactment of Virgin Mary and
Saint Joseph in search for an inn to deliver the baby
Jesus.
 Salubong – an Easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ and His Mother.
 Carillo or Shadow Play – a dramatic entertainment
performed on dark nights projecting cardboard
figures before a lamp against a white sheet.
 Zarzuela – considered the Father of Drama. It is a
musical comedy or melodrama in three acts which
dealt with man’s passions and emotions.
 Sainete – a short exaggerated musical comedy
performed by people from the lower class. The
themes were taken from everyday life situations.
 Moro-moro – performed during town fiestas to
entertain the people and to remind them about
their Christian religion.
 Karagatan – a poetic contest where a ritual is
performed based on a legend about a princess who
dropped her ring into the middle of the sea and
who offered her hand in marriage to anyone who
can find it.
 Balagtasan – a poetic joust or contest of skills in
debate on a topic or issue.
 Dung-aw – a chant in free verse by a bereaved
person beside the corpse of the dead.
AMERICAN PERIOD
 Dead Stars – first short story written in English by
Paz Marquez Benitez.
 Footnote to Youth – written by Jose Garcia Villa.
 Child of Sorrow – first novel written in English by
Zoilo Galang.
 El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) – established by Sergio
Osmeña in 1900.
 El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) –
established by PAscual Poblete in 1900.
 El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) – founded by Rafael
Palma in 1901.
 Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas – written by Aurelio
Tolentino. It is a play that depicts the suppression
done by the Americans and their plan to colonize
the Philippines.
 Walang Sugat – a play written by Severino Reyes.
 Amado V. Hernandez – known as “Poet of the
Laborers”. He pictures in his poem the intense love
of the poor workers or laborers.
 Pedro Bukaneg – Father of Ilocano Literature.
 Bukanegan – poetic contest in Ilocano which means
Balagtasan.
 Claro Caluya – Prince of Ilocano Poets.
 Leon Pichay – known as the best Bukanegero.
 Juan Crisostomo Soto – Father of Kapampangan
Literature.
 Eriberto Gumban – Father of Visayan Literature.

JAPANESE PERIOD
 Jose Ma Hernandez – wrote “Panday Pira”
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote “Sa Pula, sa Puti”
 Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote “Bulaga”

ILOCANO LITERATURE
 Dallot – an improvised, versified and impromptu
long poem delivered in a sing-song manner.
 Francisco Sionil Jose – wrote “The Molave and the
Orchid” in 2007. He is one of the most widely read
Filipino writers in the English language.

BICOLANO LITERATURE
 Mariano Perfecto – is the first Bicolano writer who
published Bikola newspaper and the one
responsible for the development of the first printing
press named “Imprenta de Nuestra Señora de
Peñafrancia”.
 Luis G. Dato – wrote “Day on the Farm”.
 Marne L. Kilates – wrote “A Cloud NAed Looking for
You”.

Prepared by: Miss RM Gonzales Bayona

“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO

STRENGTHENS ME.”
-PHILIPPIANS 4:13 