POLITICAL

INSTITUTIONS

Canete, Angel Mae Nuevo, Kyle Vincent

Duallo, Mark Kevin Obando, Karylle
Gasacao, Jean Lindsly Pogosa, Roda Mae
POLITICS, POWER, AND AUTHORITY (Karylle Obando)

Politics refers to activities through which people make, preserve, and amend
the general rules under which they live.

Aristotle - a Greek philosopher who is known as the father of politics.

Power refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve a desired

outcome.

Six forms of power:

1. Legitimate power – the power you derive from your formal position or office
held in the organization's hierarchy of authority.
2. Expert power - power based upon employees' perception that a manager or
some other member of an organization has a high level of
knowledge or a specialized set of skills that other employees
or members of the organization do not possess.
3. Reward power - simply the power of a manager to give some type of reward
to an employee as a means to influence the employee to act.
Rewards can be tangible or intangible.
4. Information power - is where a person possesses needed or wanted
information. This is a short-term power that doesn't
necessarily influence or build credibility.
5. Coercive power - the use of force to get an employee to follow an instruction
or order, where power comes from one's ability to punish
the employee for noncompliance.
6. Referent power - the ability of a leader to influence a follower because of the
follower's loyalty, respect, friendship, admiration, affection,
or a desire to gain approval.
Authority a person who has the right to exercise power.

Three types of authority:

1. Traditional authority
2. Charismatic authority
3. Legal-Rational authority

TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION (Jean Lindsly Gasacao)

Bands – it is usually a very small society (connected by family ties).

- less complicated and simple
- concerned with moving to another territory and food distribution
- their leadership was based on hunting skills

Tribe and chiefdom – more complex forms of organizations

- their leadership was no longer based on skills

DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS THROUGHOUT

THE CENTURIES:

1. increased population density

2. large surplus of resources and wealth
3. greater social inequality
4. less reliance on kinship relations as basis of political structures
5. increased internal and external conflict
6. increased power and responsibility of leaders; and
7. increased burden on the population to support political leaders
LEGITIMACY AND TYPES OF AUTHORITY (Kyle Vincent Nuevo)

1.Traditional Authority (also known as Traditional Domination)

- is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling
regime is largely tied to tradition or custom. Some people have this authority
because they inherited them or has been passed to them. The main reason for
the given state of affairs is that it 'has always been that way'.
Example:
those practiced by elders in a tribe or an indigenous group as well as by
monarchs who have inherited their power and authority.

2. Charismatic Authority
- an authority based on the special personal qualities claimed by and for an
individual in order to make the person attractive so that he could influence a
large number of people. Historical figures who exemplified charismatic authority
includes: Fidel Castro, Mao Tse Tung, John F. Kennedy, Margaret Thatcher and
Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay.
- the most unstable type of authority as leaders may eventually lose their
charisma due to people’s views or due to death or illness can also diminish the
level of charisma of a certain authority figure.

3.Legal-Rational Authority (Mark Kevin Duallo)

- is the most typical type of authority in modern societies. Leaders can rightfully
wield authority if they obtain their positions according to established
procedures such as elections or through appointment. Economically-developed
societies are most likely to have undergone the process of rationalization and
bureaucratization and adhere most closely to the legal-rational concept of
authority.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
(Angel Mae Canete and Roda Mae Pogosa)

Political and leadership structures have evolved as societies progressed over

time.

Nation - consists of a distinct population of people bound together by common

culture, history, and tradition who are typically concentrated within a specific
geographic region.

State - on the other hand is a Political unit that has sovereignty the legitimate
and ultimate authority of the state over an area of territory and the people
within it.

Bureaucracy - means rule by officials and its characterized by “rationality, rule -

governed behavior and impersonal behavior.

Political Liberalization - refers to the emergence of liberal democratic regimes

that are characterized by representative form of democracy where political
office is gained through formal competitive elections in many Western societies.

Political Culture - refers to the pattern of orientation to political objects such as

parties, government, and constitution expressed in beliefs, symbols, and values.