INTRODUCTION TO HORMONES

OBJECTIVES:

 Define what is endocrinology

 Understand the concept of endocrinology

 Know what the different types of hormones are

 Explain how different hormones act

 Analyze how hormones are released and controlled

ENDOCRINOLOGY

 The study of hormones, the endocrine system, and their role

in the physiology of the body.

Principal functions of the endocrine system:

 Maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum biochemical
environment)

 Integration and regulation of growth and development

 Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction

Two types of glands:

 ______________ glands

 Ductless glands interspersed with many blood capillaries

 Examples: pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes,

thyroid gland

 ______________ glands

 Glands with ducts

 Examples:

 sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous,

lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous

 Amylase, lipase and trypsin from the pancreas

Both exocrine and endocrine gland:

_________________

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NERVOUS SYSTEM VS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

TERMS AND CONCEPTS

 HORMONES

 TARGET CELLS

 RECEPTORS

HORMONES

 Chemical messengers

 released from living cells that travels through the blood to target tissues to have a biological effect

 Secreted in very small amounts

 Target cells have specific receptors

 Regulates cell reactions by affecting gene expression or with the use of secondary messengers

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 General function of hormones

 Maintain homeostasis

 Regulate growth and development

 Promote sexual maturation, sexual rhythms and facilitate reproduction

 Regulate energy production

 Adapt/adjust body to stressful/emergency situations

 Promote/inhibit production or release or other hormones

______________ Cells

 Body cells that contain receptors for specific hormones

 Note: The reaction is specific and concentration dependent.

Hormone ______________

 Located on cell membrane or within cell cytoplasm

 Binding of hormone to receptor initiates a ______________

 Ultimately causes a biological response

HORMONES TRAVEL VIA THE BLOODSTREAM TO TARGET CELLS

A CELL IS A TARGET BECAUSE IT HAS A SPECIFIC RECEPTOR FOR THE HORMONE

CONCEPT OF TARGET CELLS

MANNER OF SECRETIONS

 Autocrine

 Paracrine

 Endocrine

 Juxtacrine

 Ectocrine

 Intracrine

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 Paracrine: released from effector cell (E) interact with a different target cell (T)

 Autocrine: secreted by E interact with original E cell or similar cell types

 Endocrine: Chemical messenger produced by a ductless gland or tissue and carried in the bloodstream
to a target organ where it effects a change in cellular activity

 Juxtacrine: expressed on surface of effector cell and interacts with target cell via direct cell-cell contact

 Intracrine: secretes own hormone within an intercellular to bind to a receptor

 Ectocrine (Pheromones): One organism releases a subtance that causes a response in another organism

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THREE TYPES OF HORMONES

 Peptide/Protein

 Steroid

 Amine

CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER:

 CELL MEMBRANE are BILIPID-LAYER (HYDROPHOBIC)

 BLOOD is more than 90% water

 Any water-soluble substance cannot enter but a hydrophobic substance can easily enter a cell.

 Hydrophobic substances require transport proteins

 Example: Glucose (water soluble) cannot easily enter the cells. It requires channel for it enter.
On the other hand, cholesterol (hydrophobic) can easily diffuse into the cell.

THREE TYPES OF HORMONES

 Peptide/Protein

 Water soluble

 No need for transport proteins

 Most abundant

 Stored in ______________

 Cell surface receptors

 Activation of messenger enzymes

 Steroid

 Derived from ______________

 Water insoluble (hydrophobic)

 Requires transport proteins

 Longer half-life

 Intracellular receptors

 Protein synthesis

 Amine

 Derived from ______________ amino acid

 T3/T4, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

 T3/T4 behaves like steroid

 Norepi/Epi behave like protein

 Cell surface or Intracellular receptors

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PEPTIDE HORMONES

 synthesized in ribosomes

 stored in vesicles

 water soluble

 fast acting

 short half-life

NOTE

 All peptide hormones are

synthesized as inactive “pre-pro”
precursors
 A signal peptide must be cleaved
off to activate the mature form
of the hormone

PEPTIDE HORMONES: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE

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