input impedance for which the input current is zero and produces a

Abstract_​Change is inevitable.There is replacement for

high gain.[8]
everything.From machines in Industrial Revolution 1 to
now of small chips to do the same work in present time
there is change and improvement .Higher performance
with smaller size has always been the major concept of
engineers.One of the smaller size device is operational
amplifier(op-amp) with higher performance.This paper
expresses the advancements and applications of
op-amp.
Keywords: revolution, operational amplifier

1.INTRODUCTION:
​ ​Without the introduction of vacuum tubes into the world ,to
lead our day today life would have been difficult.The logic Fig.1.Electronic circuit of op_amp
circuitry for first generation computer is made up of vacuum tubes
, which was called as a vacuum tube computer[9].The basis of flip 2.1.PIN CONFIGURATION AND
flops were vacuum tube amplifiers.These amplifiers are improved,
OPERATION
modified and have attained a growth which make the life of
humans simple.One such amplifier is the operational V+: non-inverting input
amplifier.Basic building blocks of analogue electronic circuits are
V−: inverting input
operational amplifiers. For a design of any new product ,low power
Vout: output
consumption,greater accuracy and higher bandwidth are necessary
VS+: positive power supply
parameters.This a major reason for which operational amplifiers
VS−: negative
are in constant demand because all the above features are rich in
op-amp.[1]
Non-inverting voltage(V​+​) and inverting input(V-) are the inputs of
an operational amplifier.The differential input voltage is the
2.BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUIT AND DESIGN amplified voltage of the amplifier which is the difference between
This amplifier is a DC coupled amplifier.It has high voltage inverting and non-inverting inputs.V​out -​ the output voltage of the
gain.This amplifier comes out with a single ended output and transformer is given by
differential output.[3].The basic operational amplifier electronic V​out​=A(V​+​-V​-​)
circuit diagram is shown in Fig.1.Operational amplifier is mainly
characterised by its infinite input impedance or very high where A, is the gain of the amplifier.[3]
 5.REFERENCES

3.INPUT AS A MAJOR FACTOR: [1].​https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-docume

nts/app-notes/3/3810.html

Some of the real time applications of operational amplifiers is that

[2]​https://www.edn.com/design/analog/4318491/Future-Trends-in-
they are used in analog to digital converters and digital to analog
IC-Operational-Amplifiers
converters.For designing a circuit ,instead of making the use of
resistors , and transistors an operational amplifier is enough to do
[3]​https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
the required function. [2]The one major factor discussed in this
paper is the improvements in input current to enhance the
[4]​https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET
Operational amplifier to be used in future.The input stage current is
the major factor in which the future of op-amps is all about.For a
[5]​https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/what-is-mosfet-basics-types-w
low input current ,the improvement in output voltage is necessarily
orking-and-amplifier-design
to be designed.At present the integrated amplifiers using bipolar
transistors use an input current of 100nA.But certain applications
[6]​https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317427121_Operation
require 1 nA and even 100pA.The major components considered to
al_Amplifier_using_Discrete_Components
produce the required input current are junction FET , MOSFET
and improved junction transistors.FET and MOSFET are some of
[7]​https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/amp_3.html
the components used in a much larger extent to provide low input
current.MOSFET has some more advantages over FET which has
[8]​https://electronicsforu.com/resources/learn-electronics/operation
input current in the order of 10​-14​A.[4]But one such disadvantage is
al-amplifier-basics
that the voltage gain produced by this component is low when
compared to FET[7].By using bias-current compensation factor
[9]​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_computer
which is primarily used in discrete-component operational
amplifier the input current can be reduced.[6]MOSFET devices are
[10]​https://www.electronicproducts.com/Analog_Mixed_Signal_I
used as reset stabilized amplifiers which has the application of
Cs/Future_trends_in_op_amps.aspx
being used as a switch and high input impedance amplifier.[5]Over
the last two years the stability of MOS transistors has
improved.Since it has a high input impedance parameter it can be
used in the following years to an op-amp.;.The final way of
reducing the input current is temperature stabilizing the integrated
circuit(IC).Increased current gain are seen in double diffused
bipolar devices at higher temperatures , and if temperature
stabilization is done it even improves the current gain.

4.CONCLUSION:

From a small diode to processors and integrated chips everything

has improved.For any new device bipolar transistors will probably
play a dominant role.At the same time the op-ams which work
under low input currents will be developing throughout the years
.But anyway low input and high output is always expected in any
device,which is provided by op-amps.World and technology may
be developing but op-amp has it role to be played.[10]