CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

The researcher use quantitative approach as a research design.

In this research the researcher will be explain the data collected and

their statistical treatment as well as all relevant results in relation to

the research problem of investigating. Interpretation of results is not

appropriate in this section.

Quantitative research is closely associates with numerical

values and statistic (Dornyei, 2007). Sugiyono (2015 : 14) said,

“Metode penelitian kuantitatif dapat diartikan sebagai metode

penelitian yang berlandaskan pada filsafat positivisme, digunakan

untuk meneliti pada populasi atau sampel pada umumnya dilakukan

secara random, pengumpulan data menggunakan instrument

penelitian, analisis data bersifat kuantitatif/statistic dengan tujuan

untuk menguji hipotesis yang telah ditetapkan.”

According to Dornyei (2007), there are main characteristics of

quantitative research;

1. Using numbers
 2. A prioricategorization

3. Variables rather than cases

4. Statistics and the language of statistics section

5. Standardized procedures to assess objective reality

6. Quest for generalizability and universal laws

The model of design quantitative that the researcher present

here is call true experimental design. True experimental design is

consists of the components of a research study and the ways in which

these components may control all outside variables which affects the

research.

R O1 x O2

R O3 O4

Expalanation:

O1 : Score pre-test writing using WhatsApp

O2 : Score post-test writing using WhatsApp

O3 : Score writing pre-test using text book

O4 : Score writing post-test using text book

B. Population Sample

1. Population

Population : Junior High School, Class VIII

1.) 𝜖 Class :4

2.) 𝜖 Student/Class : 30

3.) Total (4 x 30) : 120 students

2. Sample

Technique of sampling : Cluster Random Sampling

V V

A B C D

9 9 9 9

To decide class experiment and class control the researcher

will lottery every class. There are two class, include one class for

experiment and one class for control.

C. Research Variables

1. Variable Identification

Dependent Variable : Writing Achievement

Independent Variable : Using WhatsApp

2. Operational Definition of Variables

Conceptual Variables Operational Definition

Using WhatsApp (Independent  Step to teach writing using

Variable) WhatsApp:

(Group Assignment)

1. Teacher can divide students

into small group.

2. The each group has to make a

group discussion on

WhatsApp and add the

teacher.

3. The teacher gives task to the

students.
 4. The students answer the task

on WhatsApp

(Individual Assignment)

1. The students can still use

design without group.

2. The teacher gives task on

WhatsApp

3. Each students must answer

the task.

Writing Achievement  The score of students’ writing

(Dependent Variable) achievement test which

measures students’ ability to:

1. To organize a paragraph

well.

(5): The paragraph has clear

beginning, middle, and

ending. Ideas and details are

presented in logical order.

Transitions are used to show

the relationship among

ideas.

(4): The ideas and details are

mostly presented in logical

order. The writer uses some

transitions to show the

relationship among ideas.

(3): The paragraph is

somewhat organized, but

seems unfinished.

Sometimes it is not clear

how details used connect to

the main idea.

(2): there is little

organization to the

paragraph. A lot of writing

does not connect to the main

 idea or story.

(1): There is no organization.

2. To form logical

development or idea

(5) the idea is clear and

specific. Writing is full of

details for support and

shows what is important

about the topic.

(4): the writing generally

focused on the topic and

purpose.

(3): the writing is somewhat

focused on the topic and

purpose. Details are general

and not specific.

(2): the writing is related to

the topic, but does not have

 clear and focus.

(1): the writing is not

focused on the topic and

purpose.

3. To apply grammar and

mechanics

(5): there are few or no

errors in grammar and

mechanics

(4): there are a few errors in

grammar and mechanics

(3): errors in grammar and

mechanics

(2): there are many errors in

grammar and mechanics.

(1): the errors in grammar,

mechanics, and interfere

with understanding.
 4. To produce sentences

(5): the writer constantly

uses a variety sentences.

Sentences begin with a

variety words.

(4): the writer uses some

variety sentences.

(3): writer uses simple

sentences.

(2): the writer doesn’t much

variety in his or her

sentences.

(1): there is little or no

variety in sentences.

D. Research Instrument

Research instrument is test. The test is pre-test and post-test.

The researcher used test to get result about teaching writing using

WhatsApp, and also want to know its effect on students’ writing

achievement. Its appropriate with the characteristic of the data score

of students’ writing achievement. Brown (2004:3) said, “A test, in

simple terms, is a method of measuring a persons’ ability, knowledge

or performance in a given domain”. There are several aspects of test,

there are:

a) Completing the vocabulary on the text.

b) Answering short-answer questions

c) Answering long-answer questions

d) Writing a summary

e) Writing a recount text.

The test consisted of pre-test and post-test to measure the

students’ writing achievement. The pre-test is used to know the

students’ writing achievement before treatment and the post-test to

know the students’ writing achievement after treatment.

E. Data Collection Technique

To collect the data, the writer used instrument which is

subjective test and objective test. The test divided into two tests, pre-

test and post-test. The pre-test is given to the students before treatment
and the post-test given after the treatment. The kind of test is

completing vocabulary, writing a summary, and writing recount text.

The design of data collection used Pretest-Posttest Control

Group Design.

R O1 X O2

R O3 O4

Explanation:

O1 : Score Pre-test writing using WhatsApp

O2 : Score post-test writing using WhatsApp

O3 : Score Pre-test writing using writing book text book

O4 : Score post-test using writing text book

F. Data Analysis

The analysis of quantitative data used in this research is the

numerical data, the researcher tried to get the comparison of using

WhatsApp on the students writing achievement. It used to know how

good students score in writing achievement using WhatsApp as

media learning.
 The data analysis is using formula of T-Test.

̅ − ̅̅̅̅
X ̅2
1 X
∑ 𝐷2
2
√∑ 𝐷 𝑁
𝑁(𝑁−1)

Explanation:

̅
X1 : Mean of score writing using WhatsApp

̅
X2 : Mean of score writing using text book

D : Difference between ̅
X1 with ̅
X2

N : Number of subject