Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
R=19770005050 2019-10-01T15:02:48+00:00Z
M
u-
cy
w
n
z
c
16. Abstract
This report brings together and refines the previously scattered and over-simplified
techniques for the aerodynamic design and l o s s prediction of the components of subsonic wind
tunnels. General guidelines are given for the design of diffusers, contractiohs, corners, and
the inlets and exits of non-return tunnels. A system of equations, reflecting the current tech-
nology, has been compiled and assembled into a computer program (a user's manual for this program
is included) for determining the total pressure losses. The formulation presented is applicable
to compressible flow through most closed- or open-throat, single-, double-, or non-return wind
tunnels. A comparison of estimated performance with that actually achieved by several existing
facilities produced generally good agreement.
Page
...
NOTATION (Engineering Symbols)
SUMMARY ... .... ....... V
1
.
INTRODUCTION . . . 1
....
e
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .C o n c l u d e d
Page
APPENDIX B .NUMERICAL FUNCTION-APPROXTMATIONS ............. 35
Corners ............................... 35
Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............
Mesh S c r e e n 38
...........................
Vaned D i f f u s e r s 38
APPENDIX C .COMPUTER PROGRAM F0RTRAN CODES .............. 39
..........................
N o t a t i o n (F0RTRAN) 40
PERF0RM ............................... 52
DATACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 79
SPEED . . . . . . ............. 97
FRICTN................................ 98
0UTPUT.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
PLgTIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 104
.............
APPENDIX D .INPUT .AND OUTPUT FOR SAMPLE CASES 107
REFERENCES
TABLES
. .
....................
6 . .. ..............
.............
142
144
FIGURES . . . . . ............. 153
.t
iv
NOTATION
(Engineering Symbols)
F0RTRAN
Symbol name Description
A A cross-sectional area of local section, m2 (ft2)
tion: -
*PT
9
KCONTRACTION EKCNTR local total pressure loss coefficient from con-
tracting portion of thick-airfoil flow
straighteners
vi
FQRTRAN
Symbo1 name Description
EKZDC estimated expansion loss value for a hypotheti-
KExp2DCircular cal two-dimensional diffuser with circular
sides:
K~~ c ircular
KEXP
2DRec tangular
'>2
(ARi
KFRICT ION turning vane loss due to friction
vi i
FdRTRAN
Symbol name Description
flow obstruction (drag item) total pressure
loss coefficient referred to test section
conditions
povo2
QO test section dynamic pressure: -
2 , N/m2
(lb/ft2)
-
Re equivalent' radius: dA/n ,m (ft)
viii
F@RTRAN
Symbol name Description
pVR .
RN RN Reynolds number: -
!J
ix
F~RTRAN
Symbol name Description
average total pressure rise across a single fan,
APTFDUCT N/m2 (lb/ft2)
total pressure drop through a multiple-duct
section, N/m2 (lb/ft2)
PF RHdSF
x
static densit at the fan(s),
(lb sec2/ft )
N sec2/m4
PO
RHOSO static density at upstream end of test section,
N sec2/m4 (lb sec2/ft4)
N
SUMEKO summation of section total pressure losses
i=1 referenced to test section conditions
xi
AERODYNKiXXC DESXGX GUIEELINES fi'E COMFLTER PROGRAM FOR ESTIMATION
SUMMARY
This report brings together and refines the previously scattered and over-
simplified techniques for the aerodynamic design and loss prediction of the
components of subsonic wind tunnels. General guidelines are given for the
design of diffusers, contractions, corners, and the inlets and exits of non-
return tunnels. A system of equations, reflecting the current technology, has
been compiled and assembled into a computer program (a user's manual for this
program is included) for determining the total pressure losses. The formula-
tion presented is applicable to compressible flow through most closed- or open-
throat, single-, double-, or non-return wind tunnels. A comparison of
estimated performance with that actually achieved by several existing
facilities produced generally good agreement.
INTRODUCTION
In the past, most of the work on the design of ducts and wind tunnels and
on the determination of their pressure (and power) losses has been either
highly specialized, considering only one type of component, or over-simplified,
covering several types of components but giving only a superficial idea of
what parameters are important. However, for the recent NASA studies directed
toward new and modified wind tunnel facilities, it has been necessary to do a
careful job of estimating, easily and quickly, the performance of all circuit
components. This report brings together, revises, and updates the techniques
for the aerodynamic design and performance prediction of subsonic wind tunnels.
This report presents the means for rapidly estimating the performance of
a wind tunnel circuit after its geometry has been determined. However, an
improper design of any of its several components (diffusers, contractions, or
corners, for example) could result in performance penalties caused by inter-
action with the flow in other components; such penalties cannot be predicted.
In addition, improper design could cause poor test-section flow quality which
would not be indicated by the performance analysis. Therefore, the purposes
of this section are to point out critical areas of concern in wind tunnel
design and to attempt to establish proper design criteria.
Diffusers
Since the portion of the wind tunnel between the test section and the
fans is usually the higher-loss segment, it is the most critical in affecting
circuit performance. Therefore, it was used as a basis for establishing
recommended design limits as a guide to diffuser selection. It was assumed
that the fans serve to reenergize the boundary layer of downstream sections
and that the fans and the upstream and downstream components have no inter-
action that affects their losses; this may or may not be true (see ref. 12).
The overall area ratio and cone angle between the test section and fan contrac-
tion were examined for several wind tunnels. This analysis used the centerline
lengths o f all intervening components, including corners. (The actual effect
of corners is unknown: they may alter the onset of separation somewhat.)
Figure l(a) compares curves for the first appreciable stall for flows with
thin inlet boundary layers, from references 1 and 2, with the design points of
selected existing wind tunnels. These. curves were used to aid in defining the
separation trend; good correlation with the symbols is not necessarily
expected. Figure l(a) shows that most of these wind tunnels were designed
beyond (above) the two-dimensional stall curve but below the conical stall
2
curve. (Snme of these diffusers are f a r from conical.) The recommeiided
design region, shown in figure l(b), was positioned with the prior knowledge
that the NASA-Ames 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel has a partially separated dif-
fuser just downstream of the test section, and that the NASA-Ames 4G- by
8O-Foot Wind Tunnel has some local separation in the corners of the primary
diffuser. The upper portion of the design region is recommended for diffusers
with rounded corners, and the lower portion for diffusers with sharp corners.
Contractions
Corners
The corner losses in a wind tunnel can be large. To minimize them, turn-
ing vanes should be used for more efficient turning. Also, as with any other
high-loss item corners should, where possible, be located in a large-area sec-
tion where the flow speed is low. Corner vane losses can be minimized in two
additional ways: (1) by selecting an efficient vane cross-sectional shape and
adjusting it for proper alignment with the flow, and (2) by choosing the best
chord-to-gap spacing.
With reference to item (l), turning vane shapes can vary from bent plates
to highly-cambered airfoils. Some sources favor airfoil vanes as being more
efficient (ref. 4 , p. 63) while others claim that thin vanes can have lower
losses (ref. 5, p. 9 3 ) . But airfoil vanes with blunted leading edges may be
more forgiving of misalignment with the flow. The thicker vanes may,
therefore, hold some advantage.
When considering item (2), the best chord-to-gap ratio depends on the
vane type. For thick vanes, a ratio of about 2.5-to-1 is recommended (ref. 4 ,
p . 62) and for thin vanes a ratio of about 4-to-1 is suggested (ref. 5, p. 92).
3
Non-Return Wind Tunnels
A recent series of NASA studies, which dealt with wind s.nsitivity prob-
lems, showed that a non-return wind tunnel should have three 2atures: (1) a
vertical exit system, (2) a horizontal inlet, and ( 3 ) an enclused area of pro-
tection, with a solid roof, at the inlet. References 14 and 15 detail the
development work for the end treatment considered in those studies.
I PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION
General Approach
The equations were derived in forms that use the most common and conveni-
ent defining parameters. The equations are listed and explained below and may
be used for component after component, each in turn.
4
Problsin Restrictions
(ref. 17, p. 8)
0.76
PT = USID(%) (ref. 18, p . 19)
aT
a, = (ref. 18, p. 4 )
PT
(ref. 18, p. 4 )
{ }*
2(Y-1)
(appendix A)
A* = (+
2 [1+ y + ]l) : M
Local conditions- The local flow conditions were determined for each end
of each section.
5
1. Mach number: The local Mach number was found from a Newton's-method
solution of the relationship
(appendix A)
J
2. Reynolds number: The Reynolds number based on the characteristic
length R, usually the local hydraulic diameter, was determined from
0.76
(appendix A)
(<r
found from the expression
AL (ref. 6 , p. 5 2 8 )
K = 0.32 -
Dh
6
4 . Corners with no net area change ("constant area"): A duct can change
direction with or without the aid of flow guide vanes. For a constant-area
turn employing turning vanes for efficiency, with a 'hormal" number of vanes
(ref. 7, p. 241), and with chord-to-gap ratios between 2-to-1 and 4-to-1, the
losses resulting from friction and rotation caused by the vanes are
= KTV
3 2[ + ( loglo REF
loglo m )
2.58
3 (appendix A)
The "Reynolds number used for the turning vane l o s s should be based on vane
chord. The turning vane loss parameter K T ~ is plotted as a function of turn-
ing angle in figure 3(a), with the assumption that KTV = 0.15 is a reasonable
value for a 90' corner. Corners without turning vanes are less efficient and
the loss function may be approximated by a sixth-order polynomial as shown in
figure 3(b) :
K = - 6.021515~10-~
4.313761~10-~ $' - 2.755078~10-~
$ + 1.693778~10-~ (p3
+2.323170~10-~$4 - 3.775568~10-~
$5 + 1.796817~10-~~
$6
(appendix B)
This function assumes a l o s s value of about K = 1.8 for a 90' turn. The
foregoing losses are those associated with the turning of the flow only. The
losses for a corner system (with or without vanes), with the walls of the duct
to be considered as well, requires an additional term for the frictional loss
of the constant-area duct based on the centerline length.
(appendix A)
where u(20 - 21.5') is the unit step function and the turning vane loss
parameter is defined as for a constant-area corner. This loss function
includes the effects of friction.
= CKEXp +
A
(8 sin 0 AR - 1
AR + l)](AR-; !)l (appendix A)
7
where t h e expansion p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s , KEXP, are p l o t t e d a g a i n s t e q u i v a l e n t cone
a n g l e i n f i g u r e 4 and t h e t e c h n i q u e used f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e KEXP v a l u e s is
d e s c r i b e d i n appendix A.
7. E x i t : The t o t a l p r e s s u r e l o s s a t t h e e x i t of a n o n - r e t u r n wind t u n n e l ,
o r o f any e x p e l l e d flow, i s due t o t h e l o s s of t h e k i n e t i c energy of t h e e x i t -
i n g flow. T h i s i s g i v e n by
Y
(appendix A)
for RN 5 2 7 5 ,
and f o r RN > 2 7 5 ,
(appendix A)
8
where t h e h y d r a u l i c d i a m e t e r is t h a t of each c e l l of t h e f l o w s t r a i g h t e n e r ,
t h e f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t is determined from a Reynolds number based on t h a t
h y d r a u l i c d i a m e t e r , t h e area r a t i o and e q u i v a l e n t cone a n g l e a r e based on t h e
e x i t and minimum f l o w areas, and u(28 - 21.5') is t h e u n i t s t e p f u n c t i o n .
(appendix A)
1 2 . P e r f o r a t e d p l a t e : P e r f o r a t e d p l a t e w i t h sharp-edged o r i f i c e s , used
a s p r o t e c t i o n s c r e e n o r as s c r e e n around the i n l e t of a n o n - r e t u r n t u n n e l ,
produces l o s s e s g i v e n by
K = K R N K ~ S H (1 - AFLOW +
7) - ("AFLOW
1)2 ( r e f . 7 , p. 308)
( r e f . 7 , p. 128)
K = ( 0 . 3 + [0.006(2e -
21.50) 1}(AR& '> 2
(appendix A)
9
17. Multiple ducts: In a system of multiple ducts, where the local flow
passes through two or more separate, identical passages at the same time, the
losses have the same value as those for the same type of single duct. Some of
the pertinent parameters, such as hydraulic diameter and equivalent cone angle,
should be based on the geometry of one of the individual ducts. The loss for
the system of ducts may then be determined from the l o s s for a single duct:
(appendix A)
13. Overall and summary performance: The energy ratio of the wind
tunnel under consideration is given by
1 (ref. 4 , p. 69)
ER =
N
i=1
The pressure difference across the wind tunnel walls, determining the minimum
required structural strength for each section, is given by
The power required to be input into the flow in order to drive the flow
through the wind tunnel at a specified test section speed is expressed as
(appendix A)
10
COMPUTER PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
Method of Solution
In the main portion (designated PERFQRM), at first entry into the program,
various section-shape geometry relationships and certain semi-empirical dif-
fuser, turning vane, and honeycomb l o s s functions are defined. The case title
card is read and checked for validity by specified code. The tunnel master
data control card is then read, checked for validity, and checked for content
of pertinent data by the data-checking subroutine. If any errors are found in
either of these two preliminary cards, error messages will be printed.
Although detected errors will not abort the computer run (unless a card of
improper format is encountered where not expected), the case under current
consideration will not be computed - only the checking of input errors will
then be performed on each section card. Prior to reading the section cards,
the units of measure (International System or U.S. Customary System) to be
used for the particulai- case are read. These units of measure are used as the
basis for the development of the appropriate flow parameters and test section
conditions.
The section cards are read and operated on one at a time. They are
checked for validity and input errors by the data-checking subroutine (called
DATACK) and the input information, if sufficiently complete, is then used in
the computation of the section upstream- and downstream-end geometries.
Adjustments to these geometry calculations are made for any multiple-ducted
sections. For diffusing sections where the ex7ansion loss parameter was not
input by the user, that parameter is generated from predefined functions.
Branching of the computational flow then transfers control to the appropriate
block of instructions for the remainder of the calculations which are peculiar
to the particular section under consideration.
After all section cards have been read in and operated on, each in turn,
a case termination card is encountered. The termination card specifies the
optional summary operations to be performed. The encounter of this card
11
signals the end of a case and triggers the final calculations. The codes
contained on this card determine the printing of velocity-optimizing and cir-
cuit summary information, the plottitg of the summary information, and the
return to the beginning for another case.
The data-checking subroutine evaluates the master and section input cards
for completeness of data (based on the requirements for the type of section).
Then, if any error was detected during computation of a case or if the
appropriate termination code was specified by the user, the complete set of
input data is tabulated. Messages about errors, omissions, or superfluous
information are included.
The subroutine SPEED computes the local Mach number based on local cross-
sectional area and determines the local flow velocity.
The subroutine FRICTN calculates the local Reynolds number, usually based
on the local duct hydraulic diameter, and the local friction coefficient for
smooth pipes.
The program is terminated after the last operations on a case for which a
no-return instruction on the termination card was given by the user.
Hardware and machine components- Although this program was written for
use on an IBM 360/67 with TSS Monitor, batch mode, an attempt was made to keep
it compatible with any system that uses FQRTRAN IV. No magnetic tapes were
used. In this version, input is made by cards and the data to be plotted are
stored on a disc file for plotting at a later time in an off-line mode. How-
ever, it is possible to use a typewriter-type terminal for conversational or
real-time computation, typing the data by card-image format, and plotting
immediately after the computation has been completed for a case.
The total core required for compilation on the IBM 360/67 was approxi-
mately 82 000 (decimal) bytes. If necessary this figure can be reduced by
eliminating two subroutines, DATACK and PLQTIT. The sizes of the main program
and of each subroutine were approximately as follows:
12
PERF@M 38 800 bytes
DATACK 25 700
SPEED 800
FRICTN 900
OUTPUT 12 900
PL0TIT 2 900
The program was executed on an IBM 360/67, writing plot data on a disc,
logical unit 10. Later the data file was accessed from a 14.8 character-per-
second binary-coded-decimal terminal and plotted on a Zeta plotter with
0.005-in. step increments. The plot page size was programmed not to exceed
25 by 38 cm (or 10 by 15 in.).
S o f t w e e - This program was written for use on any computer with suffici-
ent core and with a standard FgRTRAN IV compiler.
The Zeta plotter routines, with minor exceptions, are compatible with the
Calcomp routines. The subroutines AXIS, FACTgR, LINE, PLflT, SCALE and SYMBQL
are alike in both Calcomp and Zeta plotting.
CALL AXIS - draws the axis line and annotates the divisions at every two
centimeters or each inch (depending on the units of measure specified).
CALL FACTflR - enables the user to produce normal size drawings with plotters
which have either 0.01- or 0.005-in. increment size. The variable FACT
must be set to 1.0 for 0.01-in. increments and to 2.0 for 0.005-in.
increment plotters.
CALL LINE - plots centered squares connected by straight lines through the
coordinate pairs of data values.
CALL PLflT - is used to establish a new point of origin for the pen and paper
movements. Before plotting commences, the pen must be positioned where
desired along the X-axis. The program will position it along the
Y-axis. The plot-page size is defined by the values of YLEN and XLEN
which are equated to 25 and 38 cm or 10 and 15 in., as required.
CALL SCALE - examines the data and determines the proper scaling for the given
dimensions of the plotter paper, 25 by 38 cm or 10 by 15 in.
CALL SMflDE - is available only in the Zeta plot package. It permits the user
to choose from extensive capabilities which affect several of the plotter
routines. In this program the options have been set equal to the usage
found in the Calcomp routines, and therefore, if Zeta plotter routines
are not available, the call to SM@DE should be eliminated.
I 13
CALL SYMB@L - prints the input case title at the top left of each plot page as
it appears in columns 2 through 80 of the title card. For reference pur-
poses, it also draws a small plus sign at the origin of the plot.
Programming Techniques
C@MM@N and DATA statements were used as much as possible to simplify the
definition of parameter values. In the main program, arithmetic statement
functions were used for three purposes: (1) for the definition of section
hydraulic diameter, area, and equivalent cone angle geometry functions; ( 2 ) for
the conversion function from local to reference-section pressure losses; and
( 3 ) for the definition of the least-squares-polynomial-curve-fit functions.
The last group of functions includes: (1) the corner turning-loss parameters
as functions of turning angle (see fig. 3 ) ; ( 2 ) the diffuser expansion loss
parameters for the different cross-section shapes as functions of equivalent
cone angle (see fig. 4 ) ; and ( 3 ) the mesh screen Reynolds number sensitivity
factor as a function of mesh-diameter-based Reynolds number (see fig. 5 ) .
Certain functions not easily solvable in closed form were solved itera-
tively (some by Newton's method) to 0.01 percent accuracy. These functions
include test section Mach number, local section Mach number, and local section
friction coefficient.
Numeric codes were used for specifying such things as section type, sec-
tion end-shape types, and system of computational units; for decisions on
requirements for inputs to each section type; and for case-termination pro-
cedures and outputs desired. The various important input codes are listed in
tables 1 and 4 . All sections of the multiple-ducted type were assigned high
code numbers for simplicity in selecting them for special handling. The
14
various s e c t i o n types were grouped in code decades for reasonable association
of section code and component function. Where possible, the second digit of
the code (if that second digit is not zero) reflects the basic characteristic
of the section: constant area, contracting, or diffusing.
The information input fields on the master data and section cards were
arranged in three basic groups: (1) qualitatrve information (type and shape);
(2) quantitative geometry information (number of ducts, cross-sectional end
dimensions, and length); and (3) loss-related parameters. The case termination
card employs the same format as the section cards so that it may be encoun-
tered at random intervals without causing a program crash. For the tabulation
of the input data (for error-location and record-keeping purposes), object-
time formatting was used to compile the combination input and annotation data
set for a convenient output.
Much of the output of the program was set up on a demand (i.e., optional)
basis. A section-by-section performance analysis is automatically provided.
A brief summary of the variation of selected parameters through the circuit,
and plots of those parameters, may be selected if desired. An annotated list-
ing of the inputs may be requested or, if errors are detected, the listing is
internally forced in order to provide a simple means of error-detection and
correction and/or simplified record-keeping of case data.
Source Code
Operating Instructions
Input- Sample coding forms for the four types of input cards required are
presented in figure 9. The special symbols required in the first columns of
the title and master data cards are included.
1. Title card: For the title labeling card, with the exception of the
first column which must contain an asterisk (*I, the entire card may be used
as desired. This title was programmed to appear at the top of each page of
the case to which the title refers, including the plots. Only one title card
per case may be used.
2. Master card: The tunnel master control data card provides sufficient
information for defining conditions in the test section (which is the refer-
ence section for all calculations) and conditions of the surrounding external
atmosphere. Table 2 details the inputs included on the master data card. The
first column must contain a minus sign in order to identify the card as a
valid master card. The remainder of the inputs should be positive, with
15
columns 2 through 6 containing five fields of integers only (no decimal points).
Columns 7 through 10 were not used on this card and should be left blank.
Columns 11 through 50 should contain floating-point numbers. These columns
were divided into eight parameters of five columns each, including decimal
point.
4 . Termination card: The case termination card, which signals the end
of the section inputs for a particular case, is identified by the constraint
of blanks in card columns 3 and 4 . The numbers contained on this card are
used strictly as task codes; table 5 shows the details of these codes. In the
event of a request for plotted information, the code determines the type(s) of
information to be presented. For all other tasks the codes dictate a simple
yes/no decision.
All of the foregoing types of output are shown for the test case.
Computer system restrictions- Certain restrictions and/or assumptions had
to be imposed on the computer system and its methods and abilities in order to
perform the performance analysis within reasonable time, effort, and money
constraints.
17
For reasons of possible memory limitations on smaller systems, the number
of wind tunnel components in each circuit case was limited to 30 sections.
This limit may be changed by assigning a new value to LMTSEC in the main pro-
gram and by re-dimensioning the following variables as denoted by "XX"' . in
the main program (PERF@RM), DELP(XX+2), SEKO(XX) , SEL(XX), SMACH(XX) ,
SSUMEL(XX+2) and SSUMKO(XX+2); in the data-checking subroutine (DATACK),
ENDATA(XX,20), NCHECK(XX,20) and NDATA(XX,4); and in the plotting subroutine
(PLOTIT), DELP(XX+2), SSUMEL(XX+2) and SSUMKO(XX+2). If memory limitations
are a severe problem and/or if computer-controlled plotting facilities are not
available to the user, the data-checking and/or plotting subroutines may be
11 removed" by inserting dummy, one-card subroutines with the same arguments
which would have no effect on the calculations. This would decrease the util-
ity and power of the program, but would retain the basic performance estima-
tion capabilities without crippling them altogether.
On the master card (see table 2), the units of measure should be speci-
fied and an error message will be given if they are specified erroneously
(other than as type 1 or 2). However, the units code will default to 1 (the
International System) and case execution will continue. The test section and
atmospheric total pressures will default to one atmosphere if not specified.
On the section cards (see table 3), the number of items in the duct will
default to unity if not specified. The expansion loss parameter for diffusers
defaults to a value based on figure 4. (It is computed by determining the
shape of each end, the extent to which the diffuser is two-dimensional in
nature (i.e., changing cross-sectional size in height or width only), and the
equivalent cone angle, and then interpolating between the curves of figure 4.
See appendix A . ) The mesh screen loss constant defaults to 1.3, the value for
an average-condition metal mesh screen (ref. 6, p. 527), and the reference
Reynolds number for turning vanes defaults to 0.5 million (ref. 6, p. 527).
The surface roughness for honeycombs defaults to the appropriate equivalent of
0.00001 my the value for new, commercially smooth, non-steel pipe (ref. 7,
p. 62). The factor for the additional influence of a blockage on downstream
sections ( A E ) defaults to zero.
I 18
('...(invalid
L L L L Om
rnTrnT title)...') IS IXCGRRECT GR IWROPER AS IT EXISTS.
THE FIRST CARD COLUMN MUST CONTAIN AN ASTERISK (*) TO BE IDENTIFIED
AS A VALID TITLE CARD.
Two master cards, back-to-back, for a given case are identified by:
MORE THAN ONE MASTER CONTROL CARD EXISTS FOR THIS CASE OR INPUT CARDS
ARE OUT OF ORDER. CHECK DECK SET-UP. THE LAST MASTER CARD ENCOUNTERED
WILL BE ASSUMED AS THE CORRECT MASTER CARD FOR THE SECTION O S WHICH
FOLLOW.
MASTER CONTROL CARD HAS BEEN ENCOUNTERED BEFORE CASE TERMINATION AND
TITLE CARDS. CHECK DECK SET-UP. ERROR-MESSAGE TITLE WILL BE GENER-
ATED AND SUMMARY OUTPUT, NO-PLOT, INPUT DATA TABULATION, AND NEXT-CASE
RETURN TERMINATION PARAMETERS WILL BE ASSUMED.
If an invalid test section upstream end shape geometry is specified, one which
the program cannot handle, an error results:
**ERROR -- INVALID TEST SECTION UPSTREAM END SHAPE CODE WAS SPECIFIED
AS (code used) (SHOULD BE 1, 2 OR 3). THIS CASE CANNOT BE EXECUTED.
If the termination code requests power-matching but the input power value is
such that the calculation would be meaningless, a diagnostic of the following
form is printed:
If the maximum allowable number of circuit sections written into the program
is exceeded by placing too many section cards together in one case, or without
termination, title, and master cards between cases, this diagnostic will
appear:
In this instance, the inputs from the group of sections for which the limit
was exceeded will be tabulated and the remaining section inputs will be
evaluated and tabulated. I f the user fails to cause the test section blockage
amounts specified on the master control card to coincide with that of the test
section card, erroneous analysis may result since inconsistent flow areas
would be calculated. The section card value will be used (since the discrep-
ancy may be desired) and this notice is given:
An invalid section type code will cause a section to be skipped and a message
to be printed:
*ERROR --
INPUT SECTION TYPE CODE (CARD COLUMNS 3 AND 4 ) CALLS
INVALID SECTION TYPE. DATA CARD IGNORED.**
20
Any iiipilt errors were deemed justifiable came for judgment as an incmplete
case. As a result, reliable overall and summary information cannot be calcu-
lated. To assist the user in locating the error(s), the input values will be
forced to be tabulated and the following explanation appears:
No special provision was made for two test sections in the same circuit
case. As long as the blockage values for both test sections match the one
from the master card, no message will be printed. In any event, the execution
will not be terminated. The test section shapes and dimensions from the
master card are not checked against those of the test section card. Although
a mismatch of these values could cause a mass-flow error, including and
enforcing such a check could inhibit any meaningful tandem-test section cases.
These problems could be avoided, however, by naming only one working section
as a test section and referring to the other by general type.
Also, there was no provision for checking the specified tunnel type
against the types of sections actually used (e.g., checking a non-return, or
open-test-section tunnel for exit or open-throat test section input cards).
This check is not critical and was left to the user.
One error-check was not included due to the program complications which
would have resulted. If a case termination card is omitted at the end of a
case and a computer-system control card or a title card is encountered, the
error will be disastrous due to mismatched format types. Execution and
calculations will be immediately aborted by the computer.
Test Case
The NASA-Ames Research Center 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel was used as an
example of a typical wind tunnel. This tunnel, illustrated in figure 10, is
of the single-return, closed-test-section, continuous-running type. It has a
flat-oval test section 12.2 m ( 4 0 ft) high by 24.4 m (80 ft) wide and is
powered by six 12.2-m (40 ft) diameter, six-bladed fans. It has an eight-to-
one overall contraction ratio and uses multiple-circular-arc type turning
vanes in each of the four 90' corners.
A complete list of the test case inputs and computed information outputs
are presented in figure 11. The machine computing time for this test case
,I (without plots) was about 7 sec on an IBM 360/67.
Although this test case was not an exhaustive exercise of all possible
tunnel components, it does include most of the basic section types: diffusing
test section, single-duct contraction and diffuser, constant-area single duct,
21
c o n s t a n t - a r e a c o r n e r w i t h t u r n i n g vanes, and m u l t i p l e - d u c t f a n s e c t i o n s
( c o n t r a c t i o n , c o n s t a n t - a r e a annulus, and d i f f u s e r ) . Examples of o t h e r t y p e s
of components a r e shown i n t h e sample c a s e s which f o l l o w .
a P - 1~
- 1
~ ~ ~ ~
PREQUIRED 1 --
AER
ER
and, f o r c o n s t a n t power, a n e r r o r i n energy r a t i o y i e l d s t h e performance
penalty
-AVO
=
VO +-E) 1/3
1/ 3
"E st i m a t e
f o r a given l e v e l of r e q u i r e d power.
22
This adjustment of the estimated performance values is pointless for a
known, existing wind tunnel, but necessary for new, or proposed facilities.
Before the adjustment can be made the probable error in the energy ratio esti-
mate must be determined. It is desirable, therefore, to consider several
existing facilities of different circuit types in order to gain a degree of
confidence in the performance estimation routine.
Results
The input parameters and output performance values for the several sample
cases, other than the test case shown in figure 11, are compiled in appendix D.
The estimated energy ratios for the seven sample wind tunnels are presented in
table 6 . The corresponding sketches for all these sample tunnel circuits are
shown in figures 10 and 12.
The actual energy ratios for the first three wind tunnels presented in
table 6 were estimated from the best available information on fan and electri-
cal efficiencies from known input power levels. The actual performance of the
other four facilities was taken from measured data.
The test case and first sample case was the circuit of the NASA-Ames
Research Center 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel as described previously in the test
case discussion. The predicted energy ratio for this rather conventional
tunnel was only 1 percent higher than the actual value when new.
The Hawker Siddeley 15-Foot V/STOL Tunnel at Hatfield, England was con-
structed under economy constraints and is a compact, cost-effective facility.
The estimated performance was about 1.6 energy ratios higher (i.e., more
optimistic) than the actual value of 2 . 3 8 . This is an error of about 67 per-
cent. The primary performance difference was probably caused by the fan sys-
tem. The losses of the ducting in this area are difficult to predict because
the area changes are not gradual and are even difficult to define.
Evaluation
1. The Ames 40- by 80-Foot and 7- by 10-Foot Tunnels and the Lockheed-
Georgia Low-Speed Tunnel, although at opposite ends of the energy ratio
24
spectrum, are all basically standard, single return, closed-test-section
facilities; the computer program estimates of actual performance were good.
4. The Hawker Siddeley V/STOL and Langley 30- by 60-Foot Tunnels are
examples of facilities which may have flow problems due to too-rapid area
changes and, as a result, lower than optimum performance levels for their
respective circuit types. For these tunnels, because of their flow quality
and not because of their circuit types, the program provided a poor estimate
of actual performance.
25
APPENDIX A
~
Due t o the nature of this analysis, certain of the local flow-state, sec-
tion loss, and summary parameter formulas were used in a form more convenient
than that usually found in the literature. The relationships which were
altered or derived are outlined on the following pages.
I
I Local Flow-State Parameters
The calculation of several local parameters was based on the local Mach
number, determined from the relationship between the local area and the area
for choked flow:
I S o l v i n g f o r the area for choked flow, knowing the test section area and Mach
number ,
v+l
+ 1 2(Y-1)
2 [1+(9
M
O
2
)]
M)
+- 9] 2
Y - 1
=
26
ReynoZds number- The local Reynolds number was calculated based on other,
known, local conditions and from basic principles:
m = P-
u
(conservation of mass)
(ref. 18, p . 4 )
-
1 = 2 loglo(RNfi) - 0.8 (ref. 6 , p. 70)
fi
[log10(ARN2) - 0.8]-2 - X = 0
The losses for some types of sections were derived in forms not found in
the literature. For others, a curve-fit of data points or a simplification of
analysis was performed.
Assuming that the frictional loss value has a form similar to that for a flat
plate, then at 9 0 " :
27
Thus, t h e c o n s t a n t B i s dependent on t h e t u r n i n g vane l o s s c o n s t a n t and t h e
r e f e r e n c e Reynolds number a t which t h a t c o n s t a n t w a s determined:
1 2.58
7 KTVgO(log10 RNREF)
B =
0.455
I Therefore,
KFRICTION =
1
7 KTVgO ( l o g l o RNREF
loglo RN
I The r o t a t i o n a l l o s s i s as f o r a c o n s t a n t - a r e a c o r n e r where
- 2
KROTATION - 7 KTv =
The d i f f u s i n g c o r n e r l o s s f u n c t i o n i s t h e n
28
,R*fft?aers- The diffuser lmses are due to both friction and expansion.
The friction term may be derived theoretically from
Making the simplifying assumptions that the density and the friction coeffi-
cient are approximately constant and applying conservation of mass,
KFRICTION -
2
,
dx
K = KEXPANSION + KFRICTION
Thus, it may be rewritten:
K =
KEXPANSION + KFRICTION (1 -
29
The expansion loss parameter curves shown in figure 4 were determined using
the approximation
K - KFRICTION (CONICAL)
=
'>'
and figure 5(a) of reference 9, which shows complete diffuser losses plotted
as functions of equivalent cone angle and independent of area ratio for circu-
lar, square and rectangular, and two-dimensional diffusers. (This implies an
assumption that the expansion part of the losses is dependent only on cross-
sectional shape, the extent to which the diffusion takes place in only one
direction, and the equivalent cone angle.) Thus, the complete loss for
diffusers is given as
Exit- The kinetic energy loss at an exit of a non-return wind tunnel was
derived from basic compressibility relationships and with the assumptions that
the exit flow static pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure and that
the exit velocity is uniform.
(rewritten
fromref.17,p.53)
since
= I2 pv2 1
= -2 YPM2 (ref.17,~.55)
The contraction was estimated as being about 30 percent of the length of the
straighteners:
0.32h (0.30L)
KCONTRACTION =
Dh
The diffusion portion was based on the aft 70 percent of the length and on the
exit and minimum areas for the computation of the area ratio and equivalent
cone angle. As for a vaned diffuser,
31
Internal flow obstruction: drag item- The loss due to internal structure
may be derived from the relationships governing power losses:
PINPUT~~G
- K~~~~ P 02 ~ 0 ~ 0 3
2pF
and PDWG = DVE = (1/2)pv3scDE, where E is the factor accounting for addi-
tional effects on downstream sections. Since PIN PUT^^^
= PDMG, the loss
becomes
and therefore
Since in general the flow density at the fans is unknown at the time a given
section l o s s is calculated, and since for incompressible flow the density
ratio is unity, the ratio of the densities at the fan and the local station
was assumed as unity for the analysis. (If the user prefers not to make such
an assumption, an approximation of the ratio may be made by way of a change in
the downstream influence factor E.) The loss due to a flow obstruction is
32
Using the law of conservation of mass, this may be rewritten in terms of areas
and Mach numbers:
1
pv2 AoV
a
Qo
=-
=-
1 p V 2 AVO
2 0 0
and
PT:
33
Input power required- The power i n p u t t o t h e flow r e q u i r e d f o r o p e r a t i o n
of a wind t u n n e l c i r c u i t having predetermined l o s s e s w a s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e
p r e s s u r e rise r e q u i r e d a t t h e f a n s , w i t h t h e s i m p l i f y i n g assumption t h a t t h e
s t a t i c and t o t a l p r e s s u r e rises a c r o s s t h e f a n are e q u a l .
FpoAovo
PINPUT = APT~AFVF PFPoAoVo
Considering c o n s e r v a t i o n of mass,
Also,
N
Thus,
34
APPENDIX B
NUMERICAL FUNCTION-APPROXIMATIONS
Corners
- 2 . 5 7 0 7 4 8 ~ 1 0 - ~d2 + 2 . 0 6 6 2 0 7 ~ 1 0 - ~g3
-6.335764~10-' d4 032)
For a c o r n e r w i t h o u t t u r n i n g v a n e s t h e l o c a l l o s s f u n c t i o n of f i g u r e 3 ( b ) w a s
found u s i n g a l e a s t - s q u a r e s polynomial t e c h n i q u e and is g i v e n by
K = 4 . 3 1 3 7 6 1 ~ 1 0 - ~- 6 . 0 2 1 5 1 5 ~ 1 0 - ~8
+ 1 . 6 9 3 7 7 8 ~ 1 0 - ~a2 - 2.755078~10+ 83
+ 2 . 3 2 3 1 7 0 ~ 1 0 - ~f14 - 3 . 7 7 5 5 6 8 ~ 1 0 - ~g5
Diffusers
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e d i f f u s e r l o s s p a r a m e t e r i s a complex o p e r a t i o n .
It depends on t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l shape and e q u i v a l e n t cone a n g l e of t h e sec-
t i o n . For a c o n i c a l d i f f u s e r t h e expansion f u n c t i o n s a r e , f o r 3' L 2 0 I10':
35
KEXPCircular
= 1.70925x10-1 - 5. 84932X10'2 (20)
+ 8 . 1 4 9 3 6 ~ 1 0 ' ~(20)2 + 1 . 3 4 7 7 7 ~ 1 0 - ~( 2 0 ) 3
- 5 . 6 7 2 5 8 ~ 1 0 - ~(20) - 4 . 1 5 8 7 9 ~ 1 0 - ~(20)
+ 2 . 1 0 2 1 9 ~ 1 0 - ~(20) 034)
K E n c ircu 1ar
-
= 1 . 0 3 3 3 9 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ 1 . 1 9 4 6 5 ~ 1 0 - ~( 2 0 ) (B5 1
KEXPCir cular
= -9.66135~10-~ + 2 . 3 3 6 1 3 5 ~ 1 0 - ~(20) (B6)
For a square cross-section diffuser the expressions are, for 3" I 2 0 I 1 0 " :
= 1 . 2 2 1 5 6 ~ 1 0 ' ~- 2 . 2 9 4 8 0 ~ 1 0 - ~(20)
KE*Square
-
+ 5 . 5 0 7 0 4 ~ 1 0 - ~( 2 € 1 ) ~ 4 . 0 8 6 4 4 ~ 1 0 - ~( 2 0 )
- 3 . 8 4 0 5 6 ~ 1 0 - ~(20) + 8 . 7 4 9 6 9 ~ 1 0 - ~( 2 0 )
- 3 . 6 5 2 1 7 ~ 1 0 - ~(20) (B7 1
KExp square
= 9.62274~10'~ - 2 . 0 7 5 8 2 ~ 1 0 ' ~ (20) (B8)
KEXPSquare
= -1.321685~10'~ + 2 . 93315X10-2 (20) 09)
- 1 . 9 8 6 3 0 ~ 1 0 - ~( 2 0 ) 4 + 2 . 0 6 8 5 7 ~ 1 0 ' ~ (2015
36
= - 5.333333~10'~ (29)
1.0~10-~
KEXP2DRec tangular
and for 28 > 10':
-
KEXP
2% ircular KEXP2DRectangular
and
- KEaSquare + KEmCircular
KEXP DAverage 2
The extent to which a diffuser is planar in nature was computed from the
ratio of the changes in size of the two characteristic dimensions from end to
end :
6, = smaller of
h2 - hl or w2 - w1
w2 - w1 h2 - hl
6, = 0
Then, based on the geometries of each end, the basic loss constant, KEDBasicy
and the addi-
may be selected Erom K E X P ~ KEXP ~ ~ ~ or~ KEmSquare
~ ~3DAverage ~ ,
tional l o s s fact. may be selected from the corresponding
KEXPAdditional '
37
KEXP
2% i r c u ar
~
3 KEXP
2DAverage
Or
2DRect angu l a r
. Finally, the applicable
d i f f u s e r expansion loss c o e f f i c i e n t i s g i v e n by
Mesh S c r e e n
and f o r RN 1 4 0 0 :
Vaned D i f f u s e r s
Kv = 0.3
K, = 0 . 3 + [0.006(28 - 21.5')]
38
!l??E?!DIX c
The following pages contain the F8RTRAN codes developed to implement the
wind tunnel performance analysis techniques presented in this report.
The Notation section explains the variable names used in the program.
(Note that in the notation sections, as throughout this report, all letter 0 ' s
occurring in FflRTRAN names are shown with slashes, as 8 ; all number zeros are
shown unslashed.) This notation section is similar to that for engineering
symbols presented in the main body of the report, but this section was changed
in two respects. First, it was rearranged alphabetically by F8RTRAN variable
name. Second, it was expanded to include many variable names which were not
used elsewhere and which have significance only in the context of the computer
program. The "titles" shown in parentheses in the first column of this nota-
tion section are column heading titles which appear on the program output
pages.
Immediately following the Notation are the listings of the six actual
FORTRAN program codes: the main program (PERF8RM) and the five subroutines
(DATACK, SPEED, FRICTN, OUTPUT, AND PL8TIT). Each program routine page is
titled and numbered for clarity. The last seven columns of each line on each
page contain a two-letter program routine name abbreviation and a line
sequence number (in ten-count increments). Thus, the user can know at a
glance to which routine (and where within that routine) any given line or
instruction belongs. Each instruction line in the program is uniquely
identified.
39
NOTATION (FflRTRAN)
F~~RTRAN
name Engineering
and/or (title) symbol Description
A A cross-sectional area of local section,
m2 (ft2)
40
F@RT”
R ~ UA Yn1 name Engineering
and/or (title) symbol Description
Alt8AO ratio of local section upstream area to
(Al/AO) test section area, m2 (ft2)
DH hydraulic diameter:
Dh
4 x (cross-sectional area)
perimeter ¶ m (ft)
41
F ~ R T R A Nname Engineering
and/or (title) symbol Description
DHUB diameter of drive fan hub and/or spinner,
m (ft)
42
F~RTRAN Engineering
and/or (title) symbols Description
EKMESH KMESH mesh screen-type loss constant
(KMESH)
KEXPcircular
KED
2DRectangular
43
NRTRAN
name Engineering
and/or (title) symbo1 Description
EK2DR KEXP expansion loss coefficient for two-
2DRectangular dimensional rectangular cross-section
diffusers
EM0 MO
Mach number at upstream end of test
section
44
FgRTRAN name Engineering
and/or (title) system Description
ENWRIT section-card output array containing data
and/or annotation(s)
A-5944 45
F@RTRANname Engineering
and/or (title) system Description
FEKCS function defining the diffuser expansion
loss for three-dimensional, circular
cross-section diffusers at small diffu-
sion angles (TH2 < 3
'
)
46
nA
ryJRTRAN naiiie E-l15LllccL
rr:
ing
-A,.-..
47
F~RTRANname Engineering
and/or (title) system Description
MCHECK master-card input-requirement checking
code array
48
F$RT?AY name Engineering
and/or ( t i t l e ) system Description
PWRIP power r e q u i r e d t o be i n p u t t o f l o w i n
order t o d r i v e wind t u n n e l a t s p e c i f i e d
speed, W (hp)
P l o c a l s t a t i c d e n s i t y , N sec2/m4
(lb sec2/ft4)
RHdSF PF r
s t a t i c d e n s i t a t t h e f a n s , N sec2/m4
( l b sec2/ft )
RHdT d e n s i t y computed f o r t o t a l ( s t a n a t i o n )
PT 8
c o n d i t i o n s , N sec2/m4 ( l b sec / f t 4 )
49
F~RTRANname Engineering
and/or (title) symbol Description
SEL section centerline length array used in
summary calculations, m (ft)
50
F(?!?.T?AA
r?aEe Engineering
and/or (title) symbol Description
TH2 28 diffuser equivalent cone angle, deg
(2 THETA)
51
52
I
Y
-3
s
4
s
3
Y
3
Y
4
4
4
6
4
6
4
OM (r
4
6
1
1
1
7
1
I
1
7
_I
1
_c
a
53
-BE -1.08 0
PP 1090
54
55
300
sro
320
510
340
$50
ab0
370
380
39 0
400
1u10
'400
1430
'440
1450
1460
!e70
!y00
1490
1500
56
57
58
59
10
20-
so
40
so
m-
170
80
90
.no-
lo
.20 -
30
60
61
63
64
65
66
67
*
GO T O Paaa ..__I __ -. . .. . . _.,.
c...
._ , I . _." - ___. .. .
68
69
9230
424 0
9250
9260
9270
9280
9190
93oo
9310
70
71
72
73
74
1 1820
1830
i e49
1 1850
1 166@
1 1e70
1 1886
1 1890
1 1900
1 1910
1 1920
1 1930
1 1940
1 1950
1,1960
1, 1 9 7 0
1,1980
1,1990
1,2000
75
C...
76
240
770
?BQ.
790
609
810
420
830
8U.
850
169
e70
B80
890
900-
1910
r9a.
1930
lPYQ
!950
!Qbo
!970
!9b0
!990
Ian0
77
78
79
I
80
81
Me -2- oK 1 7 4 0
- - -
Ob0 O K 1770
000 -OK 1?00
000 DK 1790
82
a3
85
10
zn
30
4.0-
so
40-
TO
Be
90
QL
86
87
bK 4860
OK 4870
88
DK SO70
DK 5080
89
DATACK VIPE tL
90
91
92
93
QATACK -
94
95
:I ,
96
97
CN 00
-- - -
98
99
100
. - QUTPUT PAGE J
101
102
103
Pl 490
BT 500
104
105
106
INPUT AND OUTPUT FOR SAMPLE CASES
Six wind tunnels were used, in addition to the test case (fig. ll), asI
sample cases to establish the reliability and accuracy of the computer program
analysis technique for the various types of duct components and wind tunnel
circuits. Each case included here is titled with the appropriate wind tunnel
name and its pages are numbered. The performance analyses are presented on
the first two to three pages of each case. The summary characteristics tabu-
lations and the plotted information were omitted. The annotated tabulations
of the input data were included for reference.
107
aJ
+I U
U
I
I
0
0
0
.
+I
I
I
+I
I
+I
+I
+I
+I 0 .
I -44
N V
i
+
I
I
I
I
+
I
+I
.
t
+I
I
9- 9
I *
*.
Y VILA
n +
\
2:
I-I-
?n + $1 J.
I
v
I
I +Im, I-
3 !
3
4
I
I
It +I 00
n
&
I
I
s;
1Q
9
K I
Y
E ~
0
*D
5
c
4
+I
I
a70
99
A
.. m
n
+I
t I-]
vu
I-
1 : u u
doc
~+
I
,
3
~1I
z
a,
w
-
l l
c
I
I
/ II U
ll,
If
L
!Y
0
vi
d
I+
108
U t
dc:
"U
v a
*0
%I
d
I-
C
' I V
51
-1
II p.9
01
VI
t- I LL
u' I I
UII I D
VI, i
z
Q
U
U
d
109
m
I&
rl
d
a
!
4 I
4
4
4
!
0
I
4 I
1
t
c b
z I
3
c:
4
,
4
!
1
I
* !
!
J
I
I
-
L
2
3
I-
C
2
c
3
I-
C
C
LL
-
C
>
1
n:
I
F
U
U
I-
Y
L
I
c
3:
4
U
U
Ll
a
U
U
I
4
I
v
4
2
110
C
n v
I U
.( >
-
c
4
c
5
.c
U
2 U
z c U
-
C
I
c
7
u
>
c
2 C
C 1
c 4
c L
-i
4
4
2
c
U
-
2
c Y U
4
4
1
4
a
-
C
I
U
C
3
c
C 0 .
I
C
c t U
z2 -
Y
U
C
E
!A C
c U
4 (I
I-
lu
2
2
4
c
c
C
a
I
P
:
C
2
2
L
c
4
2
a
LA
c
U
c:
W
c .c C
I
U 2
I
I
111
' \
+I
I
9 1
l-+
+I
I
4 1
(c+
+I
I
9 1
Q +
+
I
1
4 1
-
Q *
+I
I
z
c
a
-
2
I-
n
9 1
rr\+ 5 0 0
+I
I
d l
m +
+
I
I
9 1
V +
+
I
I
7;;1
6 1
m+
+
.
D Q
. .
9
I
d l
;3 D 0
4
0,
In
m + m r) m 9
+I r
. . . .
d F d
m r) V m
I d 4 .
I( 9
Q I
N + N U N In
I
- 4 1
+I d
m
. .
rl
!
n
l-
d
V
m .
V
4.
-4
Ni i
rl ). 9 Q.
0
. .
9 0 al N N
14
2
3
0
4
.
r
>
e
(L,
0
m
Ln
I-
m
m
I-
Ln
;j d
.t
4
r
2
J
m
4
l-
m
;o
Z/i P
e
v N V
=I
I+ +
I-+
+
9 + N v v
N kl T
U
0
N
0
4
I 0
4
!
I
N
*i al
I
112
**
4 +
I
I
U
(s
a
$4 n
n + W
c
I a
I
;c4 f
.
f
a
+ ? w
I I-
I c
a G I a (z
a 9+ D P
C
:
d
+I P
Y
z I I-
I(
- 1 W
c 9 + d
z n
I + ?: 2 I
.
U I .
) 0
a I ~
c V
a
I
:I 5 0 W
+ m
1
- 4 1
I
0
. -*
c)
0
4
u
* VI+
+I
e
*I
e+
+I 4
N
4
4
*+
I
1
+I
m
.
-4
0
A
A c ILI
tI1 a I z
z C 9 1 X
2 m+ 3
3 2 e
e
Q
z
c
.(
C
-
r
I-
::
+
I .
3
?
D
9
0
0
.
-4
9
0
0
.
rl
4
c.
I
1 0
c +I
.
J U
I-
C
Q
U
I
1
2
91
N +
U
.-I
0' 3
.
-7
-4
0
a
U
I
. .
0
2 C +I 9 .r
.
OI 4
c 4 N
*'9 c
L 4 1
I VI
N
0
*
m
U N + 4 -4 rl
V
.
I
I
r- +I 3 9
0
9
W
t-
I -l 0 (z
a
u 9 1 v 0 0 UJ
I + 3 -4 -4 c
I-
+I z
E 4
*
J U w
u
I
u
I
rlI
.-+
D
3
v
-l
.
-4
o\
U
4
v
J)
U
I
V
P
rr 4
a
u +
oL+
u1
u1
VI G
u! a
PL
VI
ul
+ v)
Y
L:
I-+ r
a
a I
I a
Q v)
VI o+ 4 N N U
4
2
z
rl N N
a 0 N
r I m
* > 02 d
-*
.
I -4 N
*
it
113
In 9
N m
.
0 N
0 0
0
0
9
0
N 9
01 9
.
N nJ
0 0
0
0
90
0
9
.
r-
01
0
-4
ma nu
UU *Ul
?0 90 ?
00
?
NN
Y?
Inn Inry
-44 dIn
r-
In
0
u
.
0
:
9
00
UJ
0
m n
.
00
4 0
m d
..
Wr-
4:
9 N
Ur-
N
..
Inin
4-4
O Y
r-O'
inr-
4'
0 .
i I
I
n
..
ZI 2
1m
4.4
1U
0
r-I d
*I
mO'
-41
cI c
I+ !
iiI+ id 111
LVV
l I-
t
C) u
a i
+I
0
i: I
3
i* 3
iI z
I 2 I,
L A
I '
I
i
%
.
I I- I-
: I z U
I Q U
I I- 0
w l-
2 2
1
C 0
L, V
++ rl N
114
I *+
" N QI
XXUJ I
0
rc
n ml
i
ai
C!
.'
4 41
I
c *I
uv
w
wl
>
I
I 1
C I
2
a
i
c j '
V
W
4
115
\
2
I-
e
c
9-
5
L
n
U
3
2-
r
c
U
I c
I U
c
L
U
4
U
<
I 0
I C
I
>
c
c
b
L
U
>
i
:
4
L
I
i X
a
5
,
i
I
,
I
I
!
*i
116
*I I
.I
w
c3
4
n
9
..
a
UJ
3
2
c1
I-
..
2 v
0 c
u
U
J
.i
it 9
C
U
I
g
U
C
2 .(
z 5
0 P
3 c a m
t < c
U
'U
- a
a
7.
U
v) a<
I- c
-I >
3
d c
v) 0
W < c
I- *< z
0
1
U
C
L
I
-I
u
c
C
c-
V
rr
x
0
m Iy
\ a I- I-
w 2 v)
*
I
a 4
A
Iy
C
5
A
-
4
z I-
a
w 0
2
c
z
3
e C
z
3
-
O
Z
3
O
2
a
c n a
I
111
n c(
W t
n a
v) z
I4
I r
z e
0 w
A I-
a Lu
I
(3 v)
0:
c a
3 V .(
u U
0
I
O c
Y I
rll
r
U
13
I
I
+i
117
+
.I 1
91
f-+
+I
I
.+I
f-+
+I 2
c
I I-
91 a
9 + C
+I
I
4 1
9 +
+
I
I
-
z
I-
a
-
2
c
0
9 1 I C
in+ 0
+I C
I C
- 4 1
m +
+
I
*+
91
+ r
.
L - 1
.$+
I
I
.i
c
+ 4 +
t- I
a I
0 01
m +
+ 2
+I r
.
0 I
n in
4 J C
w N
34 >
4 c
n 4
I
1 0: e a <
< w m+ I-
0:
+ *U m
.
f
! u I m 3 I
v)
3
b:
";
Ly I 4
! 0
m * U I
I
I
I
2
0
w
I-
0
.
I-
o
4
d
m
.
c
n
I
I
"li
V d l
d 4 U
W
! v1 7
-.
0 IC
P m 4.
U
m 3
14
2 d I-
+ 3
I-
r)
In
0
n
I
I o, r
d I in
d + -4 U j.
+
m +
I-I
4 +
Iu r.U
v 11
\1 Y
L. (ri 0 V
I
Ry
N U
N
"?
(\I m U LT* h
118
91 I +
I
UJ
I
0
a $4
n +
I
I
Zl
. +I
I
-
z
t-
4
$1 o
J
W
3
+
I
f I
c
z 21
0
u
..
a
41
+
I
I
? z
t-
P
-
c
n
-
t
t
n
3 3 0
+
* 1:
I
I
0
0
0
.
JI
+I 0
4
0
4
I -4 4
*
*+
9 1
In In
+I * *11 rn
-
z
0 *+
I
d l
N
l-
.+
*
U
.
r-
v
P
4
.
e
U
4
+ +1
111 < I
v) C 9 1
I- 2
m+
v)
Ly
c
A
0
C
e
c
"
a
4
m+
+I
I
1
m
3
-4
-4
o\
m
4
-4
'3
r-
tn
-4
. 0
r-
-4
.
In
c
v)
c
If
+ 0 0
\
I r- IC
> 2 I
r 2
21 In
d
In
4
+I
-I
UJ
2
z
2
C
L
c
c
U
I
- 4 1
nl+
f-
nl
b)
r-
.
Ln
9
N
d
I-
d
I
In
In
*
In
r-
rl
.
n
z
I
3 9
4+
+
I
I
1
3D
In
-4
rl
W
d
4
. .
OI m
m
d
-4
0
r-
ln
4
0
UJ
Lu
P
v)
- 4 1
+I
I
0
r-
In
.
.
4 + d
I
3:
9
2 m+
+ ln In
a
I
0
a
2 r-+
+ .
-4 d
.
W
I
0
W 9 + 4 -4
w r\l cy
I
*
V
3
A 4 -4 -4 ry
j N
w
g~
0
U
ry
m
a
QUI + N
d
VI W
4 -4
119
d
*N
r(
rl
w
0
4
9
0
a
4
U
N
d
0
0
.
0
rl
4t 9
tu
d
0
A
-I
..
Q U
a39
NN
0 0
CI)
z
a
m d
e .
m 9 O r
*a
c
4
.
-I
tu 9
z
z N
3 d
I-
n
5
x
c
+
0
.
e*
0
O,
d
Of-
U O
..
ml drl
I
5 4 m
Inm
W e .
V
z
UJ
L
V
VI
LL
0
ty
I-
:i
2
t
U
I-
v1
2 In
U (F
-
z
a
P
z 2" I +I
N
n. 0
i 2
u.
*
+I
I
i
1
I
I
I
I
1
w1
I
;1
t-A
w
I-'
z
++
120
NI m 9
9
0
cu
0
u) 0 0
0 0
2 0
e 3
0
I
9
N
9
*
I-
I- v)
I
v)
e 0 0 cz I
* 0
e
0 u)
t
0
e 0 0 u)
P I
UJ
3
z 8 aD
m*
.
I
0 4
t 0
II
z
0
ue
e
e Nr- m m
uiU
0 0
mm r
0 0 t
0 . * e (1
0 0 0 0 z
W
* e4
I-Q
..
- 4 4
mm
m e
mm
.+.-I
d
W
z
c(
A
cz
W
u c
(*
0
0
z
0 w
e V
.J 0
3
z
@ -.I
a
4 c
m 3
c
0,
c
4 9
.J
UJ
3
I-
o
z
U
I:
I-
O
0
K
OI
*m
5
d
L I
dNv)*
a n.Wa I
I
m-l
m0 m.
94
4
y1
Yu
..
CI
u 99
Nnl
v)
U
mul
0
w J J +
I- P I Ot
3
t-
a V
V
I-
3 , i d 'L1
u.a
v)
z
w
z
4
I
0
2
c.
0
a 3
w
z
+
+ m
rl
121
0 1
+
N I U
A'
41
U
¶
I
+
*I
I
I
bnl
;'I
- 1
(1
U
9
- 1
I
i 4
I
,
I +I 1
I I 1
0
4
1
1
!
!
( A +i I
t
cn
! Ly
!
I
,
I
I
+
i
71 W
z
"II 0
z
+I
+I
I
9
i 1 0
2
I I
"i I
I
I
+
I
I
n
-zv)
- 2
n a
AClS
IUIY-I
-zu
iL-U
a
aco
cza
-0e
PUG
I
.I +
Wl I
91
*+
+I
I
*d+l
+
I
I
91
9 +
+
I
I
4 1
.a+
+ ? z z
I-
a
- -
I-
a
c
5
c
2
0
I-
a a n
0 0 0 0 0
N
4
4
W
N
.
-4
* **
In
N
4
b)
N
4
.3.
(0
VI v\ 0 In
0
.d . .
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 . .
a 0 0 3
t-
3
m a
0
4
I- 2
*.
a 0 m aD Q
.
t
M n d VI
5 m Q
a I-
n .3.
5 0, n4 I-
.*
0
Q
0 U *
I-
I
Q
u
I
N N N In 4 * 0
2 9 9 9 P .
.
v) 0 .3.
a
2
Iu Q, Q, 0, 9 (r In N
0 9 39 ? .3. a
0: I-
**
c(
0
z 9 9 m n N
.
Ly
0
I-
I 9 4 9 In
a I- W a m Q
u
s ?
I- 0
u) rg
o v) U 9 m
2
2 W m m m 0 m U
a m m m
d U
* 1
U .?
a 0
U
m l-
4
N N N N U d U
9 Q 9 v
. .
9 -I 0
0,
0
9
0
(n
9
0,
0
9
P
U
9
.c
d
,
IC
cu
m
N
P
N
.
Y\
N N N m rn
cu N ry v m m
*
In
.?
ul
U
In
3 m
v
N ?
. VI D rn
123
>
I-
n
r
U'
0
9
m
9
0
0
4
0
.
0
-z
I-
n
0
sd i =a
0 s
N U
m m
9 9
$ 5
d r l
4
I-
<
r
2
r 4 3)
n
L
I- 0
4
2
d
O
4 -I
L
n
n m
L
U
U
c
A
U
J\
. N
m
9
.
c
).
L
L
c
9 W
W m
m
d
9 rl
m
N
m
9
m
i
i'2
124
4'
hl
I
r- 0 N 0 dl
m
w *9
4
4- N *
4 N
Ia: 9 0
9
M
9
0 *
0
0
0 0
9
0
9
0
OD
N 0 N
m 0, 0
*0
-4
*
.
9 -4
. . .
9 N
.
d 0
9 0 J
0 0 0 0
O
N 0 0 0 0
* **. *
*.
F4
m 9
r-
N IC hl 9
-4
n 9 9 mln
00 mln m m
.*
4 m 9 O N
Lu 00 -4-4
mm m m mQ
* e 4.4 44
I
00 * * e *
40
e .
U 0 0 0 0 00
t- 00
. * ..
a w
I
c
a
V
z
a
x
rz
hlN
0
NN
. r-l-
**
mu\
IC-
v)v\
*e
rcrc
m a
U*
. * ..
aril
V I 4
.thl
-I 0
W U
z
z e
w
3 a m
c 4
*
-I
0 w W
z z
c(
z
I: 3
c +
c
2
0
l
0
2
I
I
*
4
v) LI I
+ *
\ S ry
w
z +I **
c
O
0
0
I
c
u
* I
I
v m
.*
00 .. . *
88 00 8 0 8 0
0 . ..
ou
04
I
d
tu
v)
I
z
3
v)
NN
m m
4 4 4 4 4 4
4N
c +I 00 0 0
c v) 1 P3 90: ? ? 30:
00 -0
U
4
rr
V
a
CI
a
z
Lu
v)
0
W
0
N
m
4
w
In '+
I
I
rcrc
mm
e*
0 0
NN
0 0
N N
0 0
N N
W
C
c
h
* 4
2
w
4
Ly
n
V
z
rz
. W
+
I
I
I
W N
23
m v .. * .
I-+ I-l-
nln m m
r-r-
lnln
. *
4
I m m U* U* e*. u
0
w
3 v)
w +
v) t;
a
a
w
a I I +I m m
*** . *..
W 2 a d d *rc ICrc r-rc
Y 0 Inn
v)
* * lnln m m
S
a
I
z
::
c
I
I
I
4.4
4.4 * ** *.
+I cc t-I- t-t tc c
i U V
ww
acz
UU
ULU
acz
U U
w w
LLK
U V
wul
acz
a
c
L
w t a
t t
V V
a
w
a
+ 4
a
3
I
t-
Y,
I3
d
I
> 1 z
t- I LL U
w
0 a
a u w
z
E! i w
m
a
4
c
a
a
e I c t- V t- a
V
u
v)
1 z
Ly
w
2
a
t
VI
u,
v)
c
2
a
t
W
&
VI
3
a Z v) z LL
V D K
v) W 0 I
u I- V 0
a c 4
z u1 9 l- (F
125
3 m In
Q r n N W
0 o r ; I
n
f-
0
9
0
N
d
0
0
.
O
o
0
0
. .
u
0
0
m
0
0
N
0
e
+ d 9 9
(v
U u * P 9
m N
m
0
N
0
. m
9
0
o
3
0
v)
Z
4
LL
In
3
m
o
3
O
m
?
N
o
o
o
m
l
m
-
m
. 1
:I
lr'
9
LL
0
II "
I
II
N
9 s:
oc
a m
*-r
e r
rlr
"
N N
0 0
GzI
3
0 0
9 3 3' m e
0 ddl dc 0 0 o< 00
Lu
? < ? Y'
m 9 9'
4 d
N
0 0
d 0
e
0
e
0 0
N e A
N 0, Q
l-
o
I-
In N
m m
e
d d
s
N
. 22
e .
"
2g
e .
"
m
9
.
in 00
N N
0
99
.
0
l-
U
I
9)m
+I-
e
mu!
*
m a
I-In
In0
0 .
N
.
In
In
U U U *9 5
P m
(Dl-
e .
NcO
N O
O m
s:
..
99
m m
22
..
UI I-+
a UU
a w w
f &rz I l n I
v)
v)
u
ru 2
a.
*
I-
a
>
z
U
4
LI c
I- a
U &AI
u L
W# U
a
0
. U
9
4
I
I/
126
m
Lu
0
U
a
0
..
u1
a
5
I-
2
0
Y
it
0
2
ru
w
Y
c
4
E
c
U
a
(Y
z
J
c
n
Z
L(
%
-1
0
c
m
\
>
c
O
0
Y
I
In
r(
c
Y
2
u
a
r(
U
w
-1
UJ
g
L.
u)
a
::
(Y
U
I
127
* *I
UI
za
e
e
a
e
0
Lu
3
2
CI 0
I-
z I
I
0
0
0 I a
ua 4
0 c In *
e I
I m. 0
z
I
c 5 a
c 0
I 0
I
I
+
t
I
3
d
N
N
z
v)
a
0
. ru V
0
A
i In
0
0
(L
C +I 4
.
W N
u
4 r- c)
U c I e
c I-
a I In z
4
r P + c1
C
-1 +I > Yz
I-
4 b 0 I-
a I-El
-1
; ; i x
Lu
4
d
m
UI
3c t s +I N
I-
In
0
e
a I
! a
!
W
I- +I U Lu
3
8
u I
v)
a +I N
r- 2
3 I In
I
I (3
a
a
0
I
I
-1
W +I U w
a
c z rr
z 3
v)
\ I 3
N u
> I- I+
u
0
I-
o z
0 0
U
I
+ N e
c
VI 4
4
fS
t
U
4
+ c K
U
(L c
U
a U
H V
a w a
c
>
Lu
-1
W
P U
0 I
U
v)
a?
*I
UJ
q
L
128
'+I
I
E1
+I
I
21
+I
I
9 1
e+
+I
-41
9 +
+
I
-?
91
In
3
+I
4i
ln+
+I
I
9 1
U +
+I
I
-(I
I U +
I
+I
I
I 9 1
m+
+1 0, n N N r-
.
4 P r- t
h
d l
I
ry
U ln ul
In
4 t
I
m+ 4 4 * 8
U
e
In
+I m
d P
n nJ N
I
IC w
, 91 4
U
<
In
?
N+ d 4 * .r
+I $ U (0 to
s 0,
!
!
(
b I
d l
N+
4
I
m
w
e
a N
In
8
D
I
0, 0 N N 4 1
+ N 0 N N
.*
m N
b I c r- I- b
C I
C
21 m
m * *In
3
I
8
In
I
UI
8
1
b
I
U +I m m N N
I
r( 3 + n(
I- r-
.
a VI ul In
c
U 21 4
4
4
d U * $
a
< +
.
a
2
0,+
U +
++
U
C
U N N N 4 I
3 nI ry N N 4
.
a
f
O 0 0 3
N rl r( t
4l
N y\ PD P
129
*I- *
4t
9
w
a
S
Lu
0
.
u1
W I-
4 0 a
0
9 Et
In
01 L
Lu
t-
e
e
0
.
e
0
L
0
P
u
Lu 0 t-
3 4 Lu
z 0
* -1
I
0
a
t S
z
.
0
0
u
u
W
e m
e a
4 1
In+
+I
I E
C
-*
V
* +
.
9
d
I m
*9 1+ m
0
+ 9
CP
-1
.
I Lu
a I
0 I
A 9
w
n *+
4 1
0
U
I-
a
+ m
.
U X
c I m
a I 9 !-
r .o I
N
a
m+
I- A
a + Q I N
u
2 I1 15 I
, 94- z
z
Lu 4 3
z m + m I d
I-
2
3
t
+ 9
m a
z
I e
I 0 CI
0 91 rl I
2 N +
CI A
3 + *N 0
I-
I In
-1 VI
a 4
I
1 * \
c N + rl >
VI
+I al > 4
. .
\ t
w .* D b)
0
I 0 0 r- 0
e
I-
O
0
LL
2L
+
m U aD
i
4
I
In
4
I I-
U
2:
I-
LL
4
L
V
m
+
+ nl
. a
L
V
L
CI
a
5 >
a * ru
P +
+ P c A
u
Ill P
A 3
W I
a hl v)
a Q + 4 -I
I 4
m d
u
%
x
i
a
3
4 d 4 a
x
5
4 u a
0) W r.
* N n In
-
*
it
4 rl 4
130
lm
+ In
91
PD
W
N
Wl
OI
%=I
l-
t-1
k m aD
.
U U 0 N
i 0 d
0 W 0 d 0
4
0
0
0
0
e
0
8
0
e
0
e
0 0 0 0
m 9 (I)
n
c
I *m m
m
N 6 co
4
e
I 3
0
0
0
t
0 0
r-
0
OD
z:
VI
-4
0
e 8 8 e
0 0 8 e
0 0 0 0
c
I
I
I
b
N
0
9
e
N
In
e
-4
d
m
9
d
e
0
m
N
8
In
0
m
8
9
.
rl
l-
Nrl 0 0 O N Ne
In* LnIn InN
99 9 m
m m mrl
N d -Id d m
S? -49-4 ..Id 40
00 ;; 8
0 0
. e .
00
8 .
00 00
- 8
? $ 7: 74 ?? mm mQ
* e
r-* r-I- +-I e m
* 8
dd 4 4 4 U
4- *e
d rld rl
Urn mm mcu
VI
*.
U
?
r-
9
0:
4
rl
m
U
e
U
U 0
rl In d
b 0
9
8 e
N 4
e 7
d
Fec8* 8 8
9-4
m e
drl
00
Of-
dN
.. ge 2. $ S ZE
NN
e .
cuw
8 .
rum
Ind 0 0 ou Inn Inn VIVI
4:
mPD
Inn
e .
m m
e . o".? rlrl
e .
dr-
8 .
m W W N N U
VI N NN $ $ %:
+
m
4 .ln
* d r-r- I-m OIn nu) V I 0
o"? SY In-
e .
* O
8 .
0 0
8 8
OIn
e *
Y Wm mm mm cum m m
4.4 mm m a 9 9
e*
. e
mm
0 .
m e
. e
(Fm 9 9 9
m
e . e . 8
m N Nlv Nm m m mm m
+I
cc cc el- el- I-+ tu
vu
i UUJ
aa
UI
U IU
=a
L' UU
WUI
aa
uu
UJU
aa
UV
W U
aQ:
ua
UV
P V
t- (z a
Lu V (z
w 2
+I d
Z
a v)
3
u.
a
u
Lu
I
n
3
I V a u. u.
a U Ghu
l I v) Lu M
-I u.
-1
i
I
(
a 0 U 0
L 4 I
z t I t
I I- 4- Lz V
I V z u
r(
V
I 4 3 2
U VJ
I a c 3
0 0 a
c v) U I-
z z P I-
U d 4 d
0 0 CI 3
V V a 3 3
P E E
++ IC m *
' I
131
o
:
$
I
+
1
m
o
0
0
90 90
U
u
0
0
0,
N
0
0
0
0
.
9
0
d
0
0
0
*
m
0
0
Od
m
o
0
0
o9
r
I
N
0
70
-
-
N
0
O
0
90 $1
0
I *o , sm U
o,
m
m
9
m
N
O
O
m
N
d "If
2 0
0
90 09
0 0
0
0
. d
0
0
N
0
d
O
0
d
4
d ( d
m 0
9
d
*,
9
I!
i
NN
. mm
dl Q I f
01< 0 c
O ( 0 ' 09 c3
O ( 0 ' 0 0 0 do E
dNV)
g' ..
mu.
o,m m
m
rl<
4 ,
m'
m
or
N
. 33 9
mI-
Nd
I-
d
>>\ Nm
L
0
m
m
m
d
N
. 2.
m
rl
d l
U
w 5
0
.%
*,
* h I-
o,
2 .
is
'i. ? d
d
e rl
4
i
m or
1-N
mm
.. or
N
m
m
ln
mm
.* e'"(
4 9
!
9
. 8..%
R
9 99
aa
*..
00
* ..
lnln
00
lnln ..
00
lnln
**
8%
lnm
.
vv cc
UU
aa W W
VU
as
a
u,
z
IY
I- u
3
cz
c A
-1
V )
a
1
s) c r - I C I
I-
U
4
Y0 I ' 0
3 Q
t-
2
3
L
9
4
132
2
C
e
I-
I-
U
2
C
c
0
U
3
C
C
U
c
U
c
c
0
U
4
a
C
Y
I
>
c c3
c v)
L \
z
-
C
IL
z-
m
.
In
(Ir
f 3
I-
4
L
I
I
UI
cz
3
v)
v)
UJ
cz
a
u
I
I
4
f
a
133
w
A
m
I
X
+I C
C
U
>
c I
5
U
*+
Q I
c
a
u + v
a
J
I
0 I
w
0 *+ 4
d l
c
5
a
I
I-
tI CC U
a 9 1 c
m+ c U
U
+I I-
P 2
1
9 c
d l
i! m+ c C
C n
+ I- d
: d
c
U 9
I
1
I-
C
L
2
0 N+ c c
3
< +I > U 2
.:
A
c 0 c x
cx I 0 2
C a <
;;I
C
z
0
V
a
+I P (r
a
C
-
! I U t
L U
.
c
w
c
v)
a
S
9
4 +
1
+
I
n
C
a
!!
-
2
U
>
C i-
L 2 4 1 C
Lu 4 + 0 U L
z 0 I
2
I
..
b I!
5 3
c c
9 + (r
c
C
II U
C
I
I
In+ r
t I
c
c
<
‘
r
a
*+ C
U
c I
I
i
L
(I
m+ c
< 0
i z
4 +
+ U
i
I
134
+
i
i
+
I
i
+
I
I
I
-
z
c
n
2
0
c
a
0 0
+
I
I
I
+
+I z
0
z -
z
I-
z
c
i I- I-
n n n a
0 D 0 0
+I
I
1
.
0
0
0
0,
0
0
0
.
0,
+I
I
+ 4
I $
-
z
C
c
I
I
+1
.
d
P
3
3
P
0
.
--
a
3
b:
I
1
4
I-
+
.
co
4 I
VI
4
4
6
9
* 9
0,
c
a
C +I
9
m
e
l-
v\ N
?
m
:
t + rn
. .
N N N
I 0 9 9 9
a
2 I 4 OI DL
Q:
c N m m m
C
U
c
a
I-
+I
I
I
0
N
0
9
.
d
m
9
d
.. 9
P
V
N
*
(0
?
m
.
9
0
b
9
C
z
..
N rrl m
.
9 Q
2
a
t Q, +
In
0, 4 4
I 0:
Q m
V
N
?
m
0
m
+I 4 0 N rrl N
I
I
$
e
VI
m
m
N
0
9
p.
m
d
m
. 9
P
e
m
+
++ . .
N N
e
N
+ N N N N d
+ N rrl N N N
++ 0 0 d
r-
rl J
m
N 4- I-
+ N cn 9 OD 6
135
+
I
I
$4
+
4+ -
2
9
I t
n
91 5 0
+I
I
d l
a+
+ ? L z
0
c I-
n n
a
ul i 0 i 0
+I a
a
0
0
e e
dI
ul+
>
L
0
0,
+I 1
t
>.
t
s! :
n
I:
W
D 4
tI 5 t
d n
*+ J
-41
e
*
d
0
e
t
;
In
W
Q
.
+I
I
6 1
m+
+ D 9 9 D 9
:t
I c
t
m
*.
4
?* <
P
t
?
4
+ 4
J
r
r f
4+
N
I E 0: P
n
e 0:
In
N In
9 3 0 d
I 2 l- N P 0,
a r I n 9
e
9
l- *. ?
d
Nul
+ 5 -4
9
0
8
a
0
P
4
9
0,
I P 0,
rid
10 X
24 :
t
I 5
4
*.
4
:
t
$
4
+
L
d
I
I
\t
%.
d
s 3
dl In n In
a + e ?
c
0 e+ d
2 Q
0
+ e e s e
P IC+ N N N N N
9 + 4 -4 N N N
4 d N N N
d d d
N 4
P 0 Q l- l-
In 9 (D
2 N
r) rl d 4
136
c
I m
0
9
0
LL 0 0
c
a 3 0
a 0 0
N m
ap *
m 0
0 0
0 0
e e
0 0
rl r-
d In
c e
m $
N
4In m 4
mvl m*
0-4 Orl
-
U
e m
0 0
e m
00
2 UI
5 V
z
3’;
O N
4:
mw
c 4 e 4In N U
L L
E OC
t3 0 a
U v)
OC \ 0 m
-
t
C
UJ
a
A
iLI
z
0
.
In
m
e
m
m
OD
e
In
4
li
.c
2
z
3
In
m
9
t rl m r-
> I 0 9
a P e e
z .+ d
I
d
(r
L
I
z m 0 * O
mrl
Q
U
c
2t CFO
m e e
- 4
e
2 V
U w
c v)
I 90 G 9
I e
c: v) ?? ?Y
w m*
(I
4
U
I-
In0
m e -*
111
lL
i
Lu
- 4 N4
Q a
0
>
U
-1
c1
z
4
z
a
- WOI
?
mm
?
m 4
* O
3:
mo,
N-4
-1 a
I c
4 w
v: a
d I lnU NO
z w 0 4 r-9
-I e * * e
m 4 * m e
3 N 4
8
to 00
V
W d d A
UU
y1
.A
4
.
v)
I-
U
:c I L a
a
r-
L
0
U
m
137
In
"
In o,
d 0,
d
0
-42
m
.
9 U 0 U
2 0 0 0 0
0
9 90 9
0
0
e
0
0 0
A
m
N
N
m
ul
N
N
4
r-
I
0 d 0 0 I- v) v)
s
"
0
e
In
3 2e
0
0
9
o,
0
e
w
t-
3
0
-1
0 0 0 0 0 w d
r 0
LL
0
0
9
-4
e
0
9
0
0
4
9
.
In
rl
m
In
9
0
cv
0:
9
4
2
Q
9
*
v)
*
4 N -1
tu
t-
U a
9 4 U-4 *m mn m- r
InU In* mm m* mn I I
Y
O C
e , ?o cc ?0 90 O C
?C
o c
t-
(3
2
0
e
O C
w
o n
.
N-4
?? 4 - d . 4
-1
i
oIa
4-
* I
Q r
d r
drl
dd
4 -
d.
9
d C
4 -
( UJ
2
I
e v)
3
-1
lY f W
UJ
t- z
oI
9
9
d In
In
9
Q
7
Z
w
V
I7
a
C
L
3
I
4
d N N N
A w
4 a U
t-
a 3 &
0
f-
In
In
0
ln
0
t-
s w
%
0
e 9 9 c a
4 d 4 4 U
c
U
.
L
In4
r-a s: QO
*r- Ze $ 0 -
* U
c
a
Yl-
e
N*
e *
uu *, e4
9
U
c
mn mu uo oc 0 4
me < ur
N n
or
9
O U
e *
m N
*.'
wr
e
dl-
U.r
K :
4..
90
9r-
O <
r-r
N U
O n
r-r
>
c
c
t
m, U. uo O < 0.4
y
~r N O O < or
e e 9
9.
e 1
5: l n b
d. In9
4 4
4.
-43-4
d r a
c
>
4
a
Nr N Y InIn In& I n U
oc oc m e m< o,C
z< 9
3:
9 .
d d
Nnl
4.
nlr
m
4.
rye
e
rz rz rr: a (z
z w z
5 c V
c)
3
LL 2
LL 2
u
v)
2
V
LL
"
u 3 U
0 L
-1 A Y, d
-I t- d c A
Q U 9 V Q
3
I
N
3
n
I:
I
N
2 3
d
I
:
t- t-
0 0
0
S E I I
N m
d
4 d " 5, v\
4
138
m
I
UJI
LLI
0
cl
n
,
4
4
4
C
% +1
z
c
0
NI
I t
V
U
2 9 1 >
C ' I
c I
4
+
,
4
+I
4t I
I
m t
V
7 1
d l
&A
>
d l
I
II
C
-U. c
c
-
<
2
z-
I-
a
<
c
-
7
U
C V
2 < C
0,
-
z
c
3
c
L
C
I-
C t V
C U
U ii >
I
c c
4
C
>
c
<
I c
C k
(r
< U
7
a c C
U 7
c
2
c
I
L
a
4
U
U
a
U
> n
-c
U Y-
c
C
2
4
-
I
0
U
*
4 v)
v
a
2
139
.? +I
I
&I 9 1
a I-+
a
a +I
I
d l
e+
I
+I
a I
a 9 1
a 9 +
a
w +
a I
2 I
I 4 1
-
I- 9 +
2:
a
L1
a
+I 2
c
.
z
c
o.
a 0
a $$ 0 0
+I
I
4 1
* In+
+I 0,
9
I
1 2
e+ N
+I m
In I
4
0 4
I
1 4 I
I .?+ m I
c
U a a +
z 2 I-
a
1
3
3I- m
a
0
9,i
c z
13
2
I
3
sa
0
0
LI
I-
a
I
+ a*
I
I
d l
m+
a
c
4
?
m
cy
9
01
0
N
e
a
m
.
I?
N
9U
4
I
,
I
a
. .
I-
C c U + 4
4
N
r-
d
N
cy
0 I
C 3 v) I
w I c
U
I
C
4
c(
Q
4: 0
m
rl
0
3
rt
d I
.c z
>
a
0
ul
c
a
I-
0
c.l
t
U
W :$
+I
I
L
c
n
0
r-
9
r-
d
N
011
d
VI
a
6
4-
'm+. d
.
In
VI
rn
I
,
I
I
dI?
.
O v)
2 +I 0 m 0 h OD I
z
a
U N N VI N
e
I
,
a I
n m
e I
rl
@ rl
U
I- S! n rl d d $4 I
.
2
U + U
0 s d
a
rl
N
I
1
c I
I rl 9 I
x z: *
L
m
e
Q
I 0
.
c 4 I
U
U
V m +
+ N
U
U
>
-
c
r-+
+ N
*
N
1
I
2
-I Q + b m F 4 <v 4
4
V
4
2
e m F m 4 1
C
c
Y\ C
d
cy
(r d \
U N 4 VI OD .
140
v) I I +
n a I it
UJ U I
a 0
D $1 0
u)
U I + I-
I- a I 4
u1 U I z
a I
$4 a
+I
I
?-
L
-
z
I-
a
a
UI
I-
a
9
91 3 0 0
+I a
w
1 t
u
:I J
+I
I
Z
- -
z
l-
a
a
x
0
u
L
$1 3 0 u
cn
+I
:1
I .
3
3
3
P
0
0
0
0
. . a
0
it
+
I
91
U +
+
I
-
4
a
I-
9
0
4 1 0 0
U + d 4 -I
'11
a + 2
2
!- I
4 I 3
C 9 1 I-
m+
.
2 O
C c 3 C 9 2
c t 3 C I- I
c I I
n 4 9
c :4 2 c 4 I-
:
a O
c
V
2 1
9 1
nl+
+I n
P
4
Y
. U
0
c
n
VI
(I,
4
h)
. 9
2
C
c
c
c
4
I
d l
cy+
+ n
d
0
d
. ;1U
N
P
9
4
. >
m
Am
9 E
I
91
4 +
+I 0
Y
2
0
C
..
4
0
0
9
4
. K
W
k
z
u
+I n U VI u
I
3,
0
-4
9
0: I
u
r(l d
d + N * N K
a
w
01+
+ ul
W
a
r-+
+
N
. r N
. >
W
-I
0
z
4
-I
I
a+ N r N 4
ul
4
z
cnl
Z I VI+ N r N
I4
. I VI w
b v I-
.
it
2 VI
rl **
141
REFERENCES
1. McDonald, Alan T.; and Fox, Robert W.: Incompressible Flow in Conical
Diffusers. Tech. Rep. No. 1, Army Research Office (Durham), Project
No. 4332, 1964. (Available from Armed Services Technical Information
Agency, U.S. Department of Defense.)
2. Reneau, L. R.; Johnston, J. P.; and Kl.ine, S. J.: Performance and Design
of Straight, Two-Dimensional Diffusers. Trans. ASME, Journal of Basic
Engineering, Vol. 89, March 1967, pp. 141-150.
4. Pope, Alan; and Harper, John J.: Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1966.
pp. 516-541.)
9. Henry, John R.; Wood, Charles C.; and Wilbur, Stafford W.: Summary of
Subsonic-Diffuser Data. NACA RM L56F05, 1956.
10. Moore, Carl A., Jr.; and Kline, Stephen J.: Some Effects of Vanes and of
Turbulence in Two-Dimensional Wide-Angle Subsonic Diffusers. NACA
TN 4080, 1958.
11. Cochran, D. L . ; and Kline, S. .J.: I J s e of Short Flat Vanes for Producing
Efficient Wide-Angle Two-Dimensional Sub-sonic Diffusers. NASA TN 4309,
1958.
15. Eckert, William T.; Mort, Kenneth W.; and Piazza, J. E.: Wind-
Sensitivity Studies of a Non-Return Wind Tunnel With a 216- by 432-mm
(8.5- by 17.0-in.) Test Section - Phase 11. NASA TM X-62,307, 1973.
16. Mort, K. W.; Eckert, W. T.; and Kelly, M. W.: The Steady-State Flow
Quality of an Open Return Wind Tunnel Model. Canadian Aeronautics and
Space Journal, Vol. 18, No. 9, Nov. 1972, pp. 285-289. (Also NASA
TM X-62,170, 1972.)
17. Liepmann, H. W.; and Roshko, A.: Elements of Gasdynamics. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1957.
18. Staff of Ames Research Center: Equations, Tables, and Charts for
Compressible Flow. NACA Report 1135, 1953.
19. Sovran, Gino; and Klomp, Edward D.: Experimentally Determined Optimum
Geometries for Rectilinear Diffusers with Rectangular, Conical or
Annular Cross-Section. Fluid Mechanics of Internal Flow, Gin0 Sovran,
ed., Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1967, pp. 270-319.
22. Krishnaswamy, T. N.: Selection of the Electric Drive for the 14' x 9'
Wind Tunnel. Journal of the Aeronautical Society of India, Vol. 7,
No. 2, May 1955, pp. 19-28.
23. Krishnaswamy, T. N.; and Ramachandra, S. M.: Fan System of the 14' x 9'
Open Circuit Wind Tunnel of the Indian Institute of Science. Journal
of the Aeronautical Society of India, Vol. 18, No. 2, May 1966,
pp. 47-61.
24. Kirk, J. A.: Experience With a V/STOL Tunnel. Journal of the Royal
Aeronautical Society, Vol. 71, Sept. 1967, pp. 606-622.
25. DeFrance, Smith J.: The N.A.C.A. Full-scale Wind Tunnel. NACA
Report 459, 1933.
143
TABLE 1.- NUMERIC INPUT CODE DEFINITIONS
Code
Code t y p e D e s c r i p t i o n of code meaning
value
Tunnel t y p e 1 Closed t e s t s e c t i o n , s i n g l e - r e t u r n t u n n e l
2 Closed test s e c t i o n , d o u b l e - r e t u r n t u n n e l
3 Closed t e s t s e c t i o n , non-return t u n n e l
4 Open-throat, s i n g l e - r e t u r n t u n n e l
5 Open-throat, d o u b l e - r e t u r n t u n n e l
6 Open-throat, n o n - r e t u r n t u n n e l
+
Units of measure
S e c t i o n shape
1
2
1
I n t e r n a t i o n a l System of U n i t s ( S I )
U.S. Customary U n i t s
Circular cross section
2 Rectangular c r o s s s e c t i o n
3 F l a t o v a l c r o s s s e c t i o n ( c e i l i n g and f l o o r
p a r a l l e l with semicircular sidewalls)
Section -type (See t a b l e 4)
P l o t type 10.0 No p l o t s
1.0 C u m u l a t i v e p r e s s u r e l o s s e s vs C i r c u i t
length
2.0 Wall p h e s s u r e d i f f e r e n t i a l v s c i r c u i t
length
>?.O Cummulative p r e s s u r e l o s s e s and w a l l
pressure d i f f e r e n t i a l vs c i r c u i t length
(on separate p l o t s )
144
-
m
u
-d
c
3
n
rl alwa
al a al al r l d al
a
a za n
23
a n w u
m n h al
s u
a 8
0
U 7.1
al
1 0
vd
c c
0
d
aJ
k
30
a rl m 3 4 al U u 7
n
m
G w
k al
s 7.1
d
k 0
o u
k
m
2
M
a
C
M
m
m
al 5
al
v E 0 k al W 1.1 a a k
a u a v) u u a
al k m 0 h .I4 M m m
+I k n a a fi u C W W 0
U u r l rl 7 d C d .d
a m 3 W 0 0 N rl rl
a
k
rl Mu d 01.1 a
.rl al
k
V n O
$2 C lu
P a
W rlu
aJa
6u
1.1 0
JJ
0 .da
m rl a U
a u c ?rl U U U
n al
rl
al d
gal k U
0 0
d
U n
7
c0 u4
a
0 c
I 0
z7 us
7.1a V d a 8h dal 7.1 u a
2 u m rw al
U *
aal u u U u k U a
u
:- m
mal u u
0 m a
7
U
alk
d 0 3 u krl
u a m a ala
0 m m m a G
al
al
m u o
a
3m 3';f
a: a
m a l
b
u o
rl al
u
W m v
9)
al
7.1 U
a
u.4
i-
ma
al
? umal k
a m u u
al X
w
- r9 X El H H
rl
Ual m k k k k &I
aa
ah
aalaJal
MMMbO
al
M
c u alalalal al rl rl rl rl rl r l d
H u u u u u a a a a lu a a
c
C C O C
d d d d 2 2 2
- H H H H H
%*
U
n
0
h
0
8 a
n
rl
4rl-a rl a rl a rl
rl
W a
rl
W
01 cdcdual a al lu al u al u
k C C r l k k k rl
rl
7
k
7.1
7
oos7.1
7.17.1cd7
E
l
7.1
k
d
7
g
7.1
7.1
3 d
rl
3
a
d
3
7
a
w w u u w w u w u w U W w w
a a a
d e
al aaalal
?one 0 d 0 d 0
al
n d al
n
w
c3
M
i-i i4
w
m
z E+wU
2
G cn rl
d
n
n
E
4
3 m 2 X rl
3 s3 0
3
H
PI
H
H PI
m o m
r l N N
4 elmum \o I I I
rl
d r f N
145
- ~ ~
u u u u u N U
m w u - l w w w k - u w
U I l l I I I O U N w
d I l l I I I k k k k k W E l k
G I l l I I I 0 0 0 0 0 E l l N o
3 \urn M U
6 E E E E EW E E
- O w
o ( d
TI aJ - k
0) u k G G O
a C d k C d O 0
""a,
b)
n a ) 0
3
k 0 l . d
3 u
9 4 -
u s
n
m
W
d
U
d
a
b4
V
m
al
t
a
U
M N " N
6E
H U
aJ0a
M M M
aaJa
u u u
aJ
M
a- rl rl 74 rl rl rl
E G G
H W H
U
c
H
3
d
(d
d
(d
2
(d
2
(d
2
(d
2
n n
0
rl
0
rl a
..
aa a a
a W W aJ aJaJ a al al
aJ U u n nn a, n n
k l-i rl
.d 9 3
5 a a
w Iy Iy
hi hi
d n FI
rl N
n n
m
rl N
5 J X
ul
Nt
.
I
*
rl
146
-
u
m E w k 1
U d I I a, h
d w(da I I ru) w > O N rl
C 00al bo I I - 1 I 0 0 rl
3 o w al 00 k O 0 (d a,
M d c d a rlrl O d N N r l C P
k
a,
.
)
U
k
% k
(do
g
d fi0 d
C
al u C
.
I u u 0 (d
o u ( d a
uc)
7
k
0
k k
2
U
0
LI
ala a l a
.) m
7 u u u P rn
ad c u
n
(XI aJ0
a (d 8
U ( d ( d
8 0
rl
7
k
0
W M O m k k (d
C ( d r l ( d ( d d w m
a a ru c
d
0
U
3al
o s
0
m m W
a
a,
0
.r( .
a ro m m
d
k
d
P
U
C
m 0
0d d
0
0
U
5-rl
0
m
l d d
al
d
$ s
al d
3
k C
n (do
d
fii
a,
U
d a,
n
w a
g:: l
d
k
U
v1
w
a,
h
U
w k al 0
U kvlmal
d m
(dP
al 5al
E o w m a,
% U
M *rl
C
0
0 0 wow- e (d
O d k U
3 u t a ta
I a,
v)
ual
s a
T
ah
c u
$ k
H
a 0
k
$a k
a,
- a,
a U
7
(d nn
V I 0
n
0 U
7
n
2
.rl
..
6.
u dQ) 0 a
C 0 . c 0
aJ a O d a rla -rl u
w w al
8
k
a,
n u u
drf
n
-a,
un
rl
rl
(d
a,
7
4 7 ' a
1
CT
u
0 w w
1 9
(da U
U
(do
w 0
g
.rl a
al
d cn
@ a ,
n t a
a,
cn
@a,
ncn
U
a
a,
U
- 0
m
(d
C
.rl
n
a,
U
(d
E
a,
m U U
a- .rl
dal a a,
a d
d U
c v)
.rl (d
&Id
U - U
1 -
a
- I L I
h
C
(d
n a
VI u a,
W rl a
ac 5 a
$67
ud
(d
ru
a,
-r(
%
0 n
- 0
147
TABLE 4.- ADDITIONAL, SECTION-DEPENDENT INPUT REQUIREMENTS
Section
- d d it i o n a l
Card
input 2quir emen t ? a
YPe column ( s )
Type d e s c r i p t i o n title(s)
3de
-
S i n g l e ducts:
Test s e c t i o n , c l o s e d , c o n s t a n t 31 ---
a r e a , empty
T e s t section, closed, constant 32 SIAL Required 36-40
a r e a w i t h model BLKGE Optional 46-50
CD Required 61-65
D EPS Optional 76-80
T e s t section, closed, 33 KEXP Default 56-60
d i f f u s i n g , empty
T e s t section, closed 04 SIAL Required 36-40
d i f f u s i n g , w i t h model BLKGE Optional 46-50
KEXP Default 56-60
CD Required 61-65
D EPS Optional 76-80
T e s t s e c t i o n , open-throat, 05 ---
empty
T e s t s e c t i o n , open-throat, 06 sIAL Required 36-40
w i t h model BLKGE Optional 46-50
CD Required 61-65
D EPS Optional 76-80
Constant-area d u c t 10 ---
Contract i o n 20 ---
Corner, c o n s t a n t - a r e a , turning 30 CHORD Required 41-45
vanes o n l y PHI Required 51-55
KT 90 Default 56-60
RNREF Default 66-70
Corner, c o n s t a n t - a r e a , w i t h 32 CHORD Required 41-45
t u r n i n g vanes and w a l l s PHI Required 51-55
KT 90 Default 56-60
RNREF Default 66-70
Corner, c o n s t a n t - a r e a , w i t h 33 PHI Required 51-55
walls and w i t h o u t t u r n i n g KT 90 Default 56-60
vanes
Corner, d i f f u s i n g , w i t h 34 CHORD Required 41-45
t u r n i n g vanes and w a l l s PHI Required 51-55
KT 90 Default 56-60
RNRE F Default 66-70
Diffuser 40 KEXP Default 56-60
E x i t k i n e t i c energy from flow 45 ---
dump
Sudden expansion 46 ---
-
148
TABLE 4 - AZDITIClNAL, SECTION-DEPENDENT INPUT REQUIREMENTS - Contftlued .
Section
dditional
Card
input Requirement? a
Type description Type column ( s )
title (s)
code
~
149
TABLE 4.- ADDITIONAL, SECTION-DEPENDENT INPUT REQUIREMENTS - Concluded.
Section
Additional
Card
input
Type column(s)
Type description title(s)
code
~~
150
TABLE 5 . - CASE TEWTNATION TASK DESCRIPTIONS
151
c
cbp 7
4
h
W
1
3 3
> a
h
m rl
N
;
I a
II >3 24 1
a . m
U 0
4 D.3
3
I I
I I
I II
.
.
0
m u d
U
e m
o m m
O d U s
Mc
3
Y u .-
U P P
4 %
u m w m
0 u u
u m c
c m v 0)
m m d >
M U m
2 ,mgu.4
-3
g
w u
m e m o
s m m m
9 u 3 m
c c c c c
m a m
rl
3 3 -+c
a c
.M .
M .Mom .
M
w P C U U
m mc
vm cu a m V G
o m 0
m u s 4
o m
m u
m u
0 0 0 u u r l o u
3
0 0 d c
u m 3 O d d ru l c
m
u e v c 3 w
c
rl
. crl
c
a a
-1M m >
u o
U P G
3 w m
M ~ U
I U
c o u
.4 4 m e
z m
0 u4
4
m u &
'u
rl w N 0
m e .
.4 rl 'u
M O 01
cc c
o m -
m. P -
U
I - c
P O
m v d
w m u
c w u
* a w
u m w
0
.
.I
0
0
0
co
0
(D
0
d
0 m
hl
k
01
u
3
k
crl
a
G
bo
co
0 al
v- a
k
al
co
3
w
w
.rl
(D
!a
I
4
al
k
3
d bo
c, rl
0 Ih
0
Y-
0
co
>
4
3
hl
ea ..
2
z
a,
+
0
Z 4
\
\
c
153
a
a
a
9
rl
rc
0
154
\
+
C
8-
c .E
c-"g
0
d
d
u
-4
C
d
w
a,
T
J
u
I?
8
0
a,
M
I C
0
.rl
u
V
rd
k
u
V
n
a
W
155
m
a,
U
tecl
a,
w
a,
ec
--- ec
W
a
a,
a
3
rl
a, U
E3 E
V
U
I
e
M hl
.rl
v1 a,
a, ec
a 3
M
E
.d
.rl
Fr
c,
U
(d
ec
u
u
co
n
P
W
-7
oooa A ~3 a
156
aJ
d
M
C
Id
-I+
i??
C
Fc
3
u
w
m 0
aJ
s :
C
0
-rl
aJ u
-a LI
-I+ C
3 3
M w
M m
C (d
.I+
m
E3 C
Fc
U 3
u
c
u Fc
-84 0
3 w
m v)
C aJ
Fc m
3 m
H 0
d
n
(d d
W (d
u
0
4
I
m
aJ
Fc
3
M
.I+
k
157
v1
a
!
3
ia
a
a
7
u
7
0
I
v1 m
d
Ll 9)
7 Ll
k 3
M
h
P
v
158
J,
W
z
n
>Q
160
at
r4
M
E
(d
a,
U
U
rl
s
rl
7
CT
PI
W
0
E
0
rl
U
27
W
rd
3
U
c
aJ
.rl
U
rl
u-l
u-l
aJ
0
U
v)
v1
0
rl
k
aJ
In
7
W
u-l
art
a
a
aJ
G
3
I
\o
aJ
b
7
M
d
crr
161
Main Program (PERF0RM)
fead
Title Card
Section
-------
Subroutine DATACK Geometry
-------
Skip Analysis, Only
U
nits
Basic
Parameters Measure Parameters v
Test
n
Default Valve
for Diffuser
Expansion L o a
Section Flow
to Section
162
a
al
a
1
rl a
c”0 al
5
C
V d
U
I C
0
6 V
(d
Fc I
80
0 h
Fc
a al
Fc
E 7
M
i
n
d
cr
(d
v
163
Data-CheckingSubroutine (DATACK)
Section A Tabulation of
Card Checking Input Data
-
"
# Card
__ Checkina
- 4
Assignment of Fixed
Determination
Required General
of of
Determination
Required Format Parameters
Inputs w
I Checking
Checking and Setting Requirements and
Error Codes Filling Arrays with
1 Data or Message
164
(3
Local Speed Subroutine (SPEED)
Start
1
Return
P 1
Start
Reynolds
1
Number
1
I
Friction
Coefficient
T Return
F i g u r e 7.- Continued.
165
Section Analysis
Information
output Summary Information
Subroutine Plotting Subroutine
(OUTPUT) (PL0TIT)
D Start
Definition of Plot
Section Titles Titles and Parameters
Section Type
us Units of
SI
Modify Parameters
for SI Plots
Typical
Section
Section
Q Pressure
Information
Losses
Plot Wall
Pressures
*
1
No
Plot Pressure Losses
Return
166
h
(d
W
167
(d
91
3
0
Q)
91
Ll a
5 Q)
a
a
Ll 4
0
W
s
Q)
d
a
168
h
rn
U
Q
aJ
c
rn
a
U
a
a
U
1
2
d
&.I
0
w
rn
M
C
d
a
a
0)
c
Q
4
a
6
a
VI
I
Q\
aJ
&I
1
ta
r(
h
169
170
!
i
1 !
! I [
'0 i
I8 I C
i
I
I ! *
VI II
I F
I I
4 i
i
! i
0 0
1
0 0;
i
rl dl
I 0 0:
' 0
i I
i
i
I
I
*I
!i
v1
!i i
I
d
rl
rd
! I
II
iI
I
I
171
4
+I 0
0
tn 31 rl
. .
0 0
Y I 0 0
r! I
a
n
9 0 0
0 0 a
4
+ 0
QI
In
IF
rl
. .
I
.
tn N
I
I
0
0
2 3
+ 0
0 0
0 3
il
+I
I
I
I
.
N
r-
*
In
VI
,
*
-
-I
I
e
0.
m
0
e
+
+I m0, **
..
0
..
9 * 0
m 4
o m
4
-4 z6" Q
3 4
+I 00
0 .
3 0 0 0 3
-
4
2
3
+I
I
a m
L
40
r-
..
U
?
P
n
J?
(Tm
mcu
..
9 4
00 0
N 4-
I -4
I- t
C
2
c
3
+I
1
I
r-
m
0
. 3
. .
cr
r-
U
Q
co
-
t
L
I
I
+
U 4
1
. .
1
5
a
21
a
t
I
I
+
0
0
0)
. h
m
4
0
0
4
4
a
+I
I
00
00
0 . .
-4
D
-I-
a m
. e
m
..
In v
-7
I N m m v
U
c
.. . .
2
U
c +
I
40
r-m
.. -.
P (Td
r-0
0
tn n
0
I mu\ 4 4 0 cn v
Nu9 P mln .s 1'
4 4 N
N
D 90, (T n
+I
I
I
I
corn
a m
N,U
tnN
.. 3
4
Q
n
.. Y .
cry
4ul
mr-
m m
0
N
4 4
E,
v
t
I
1
I
@o,
m 4
0-
U.4
0 . .
>
P
3
\1
.. .
3 N
e m
3ul
WCJ
9
9
N
4
tI t O
U >
I-+
U V
I- 3
s5
U
I 'U J I LUW 8
all L (La cr 3
UI
-I
L (2 2
I z 0
I I
I
I Ul I-
i
I
2
t-
v.
-
I:
I-
3 cf
u
a
a
t
1
I
U
4 u:
UI z
I U
v) 0
Q ' 3 U
z
g!
r U
rY y. z
0 4
U! u U
L ul (T
e
172
d
m
m
N
I-
N
*
3
c
N
s
0
d
0
N
0
0
0
N
0
e 9 9 3 9
0 0 0 C 0
N J OL N (F
0 P 9 bt 9
0 r- N
. . .
N N
In cn
OD
3
e
0" d
0
0 d
0 0 0 0 0
co
4
r:
N
9
0
m
m
e .* * .
d
m
m
9
4
*
Cl
U
.t
In
a
PI
a
1
l-i
c)
In m CD
g
.
130
. .
d
m 9 m 1 rn m W
d 0 O C 0 0
e e
0 0 oc 0 0 I
:
$
4
N
. Q
*
N-
O m
w
9
a0
N d
i
N VI? 4 A
0
$
m
9
9
.
r-
e
d
al
3
9
N
m
f-
d
e I
0
w
k
. . . E4.
v m oc
PI
m 9 oc
0
0 a
N .t mc 41 W d
d
a
.
* VI- d -4
k
.Y PI
d I-). IC r-
? e I
s Q
N
mr
N r
m
N
m
N
a
s
d
9
2 d.
N r
.
.
N
I
N
0
"4
N
d
. 9
3
rl
4
mc
0
e
NC
VI1
1
m
In
N
VI
*
OD
m
N
In
. d
JJ
u
0)
(0
l-i
m
401
N
.
m:
mr
*.
0 :
m
?
0
.Y
o\
7-l
*
0
PI
e
e
7
JJ
a
4 +I
i
U
cz
n
I-
u
u
t l
V I
I
UI
I-
cl
u1
I-
V
Lv 3
c
.rl
3i
U U s o! t
z
n
>. I- P
0 v) U v) W
UJ' m w 3 ul
+ 3> z
3
i
(Z
I- 4
2 LI
I u I lr I
z
0' I CJ
a
I-
U
a I-
M
I-I
/I t-
I VI U 3c 3
U U U z
UI;
W!
+
U
0 -
!!
U
a
UJ
L
4
t
a
Lu
4
! z U U L !Y
! 4 c
C
0 C
L
c
u
+I
U c)
z
.i
0;
+I
-
c (r
,-
*
d
IC
r -
9
173
m
YI
2P
I
I
a
I
B
IL
1
2
I
t
z
3
u4
I
I
i
.d
u
2
0
u-c a
d
c aJ
. *
-
: z
d
d
C
!5
d
t- 0 U
C d E
2 u 0
c
3
a V
N
d I
t
C a
d rl
C
U u rl
I a
C
a
0 aJ
k
> h 1
u M
d d
I u Er
C 0
4 rl
a
U
I-
2
2 n
U c)
L W
I
c
U
4
U
v
U
V
U
I
4
I
v
4
7
174
+
I
r l
I
11
3 1
i lI E
0
I d
I
>
a
r
8
0
W
-
3
W
+
I
G
d
V
I
I
m
c I 0
c I d
c U
il
c
I m
OL
d
+I d
ec
I- aJ
C: U
3 4 U
E
I
3
IJ:
4
I + 2a
c 1
c
0 c
I
2
0
U
I
-
c
c
I
I
R
a
m
>
X
I
U
e
c
-
U
d
+
1
1
v1
I
a 3
4
I-
2i l1
a I - I r(
(u C J I U
c z : I 0
z c I Q)
u!
U
3 + cn
I n
u a
W
z.
4
w
VI
+
1
w I
Lz I
t
w
I
i
+I
Ly
I
4
I
v:
4
z
175
a
aJ
1
C
C
0
.. u
0
w I
C
rl
rl
176
177
m
C
n
c C I
I C 4
I
I
c
-
C
,
Lp
-
4
c
I a
I C
I
c
i
c
2
a
c C (r
4t I C
I
1 : L;
c
”
4
-L- U
L
I
r
(d
u
I a c
, c:
c
(d
a
z
Ic ;f C
a u
5 c rf
2 1
a
- - 4
II
I- t
4 I-
a
P
2
c
U 3 c
C
c L
.r( a
2 a 9)
1
3 4 -4 c > v VI
c 0 I I- Y 0 E
c n 2 .d
C
2
4
c
d
t
z
0
i x
-
a
2
C
r
I
g
d
u
c C u c a 0
3 I C 4-l u
I- c cz
w
I
I *n I- (d
rl I
C n I-
w -
Y 1
C
U
I
L U
L
c 0
-
C
P
(d
d
d
.
I r
u
C
C
c
-J
w
I n
c
C
U a
9)
k
> 2 a v) al 9
c z u M
a ! a
v)
w
rz (d d
I 2 6 t Ir c u
C c I a .k
4
a
4 C
4 s
.I
I- t v
2
C
c
2
a
I 4
I- h
U 4
L 2 w
I W
1 S
L t a
a U
a I-
U
V U
U v
a t c 4
c 4
U I
U U
s
4
I c c
a c I
U
4
2
I
I
178
+I
I
9 1
r-+
+I
I
d l
r-+
tI ?
!-
9 1 a
9 + P
+I
I
-(I
9 +
9
+I
I
1
z
.
I
c.
a
.z
c
0
In+ 0 0
+I 0
0
I a
d l 0 Q)
In+ 91 3
C
+I c
> .rl
I c u
*+
9 1
.
.
e
I El
V
+1 m
.*
c
0
z I (0 v I
u d l e e
c
c
*+ 4 d (d
U
4 4 +I (d
2
t
U I
a
e 0 9 1 u
4 m+
z 1
. . .
C
0 + a
U
CD 0 >
4
N
UI
>
-4 $
4 c.l
I ? 4
-
c
2
c
a
I
a
:l
n
U N
m
m
a
n
h
.?
v
-l
rl
w
c
n
t
U
v)
UI
0 91
N +
+I 0
(r
C
-4
z*
N
4
0
3
3
e
-4
.
rl
r,
a
4
.
ry
m
m
ry
0
rl
. .
2
C
U E! +I -4 N
r- 2 4 m
4
N
P
U
(d
c t I e e m rl
4 u 4 1 U v\ 9 D 4 e 3
C
C
YI N + c U m r) U P P
. . .2
v)
z +I a
U
m
In
0 3
0, 3
n
(d
u
5 9
I
1 n N
4
m
4
e
rl m
e
a
4 + U VI m m Q)
u
+I u CT
m
0
CP
U 0 Q
9
(d
I
(r
* e
I\
e 0: e
0
z1
+
C
4
0
-?
0
(v
3 0
N
N
+
*
z
4
m + N n
w
v
r-+
I+ 9
e
9 + 0 m h( U N 4
P N .
II Y N N
C 0 cu 3 0 cu
c N 0 -l .* rn
N UI 0 al OI
179
+ c
>
I-
a n
L L
a
t- i Lo Lu
+I 0
0
I e
In
Zl 0,
+
I
I I-
n
$1 0
+I 0 Q
0
E:
x
I rl
d l 0
9 +
+I d
?
I I-
(L
1: 0
:I
a si
+I
+ *
0,
In
9
0
90
Q,
~
a
-0
1
d
U
ug
?
4
5
In
w 9
9 0 I
N Q,
e 0,
e
m
4 U
0 Q Q
3 f- a Q)
N
m
N
3
a
4 U 7
* e 7 r(
U
.Y
0 0
6 'JI m
In
OD $ 0
rl
e ? d 0
u
N m v N
v1
d 4 In In
0 I
OI
4
* Q,
me rn d
f 0 0
e
g
-r4
d
4 4 a
U
rl 4 Q k
0 4 ;f; d 7
VI 7 M
9
0
;i 9
d
0 d
R
Q,
4
cy
rl
. 0,
4
rJ
4
. m
In
e
N
In
m
In
e
cy
ul
U
a
a
U
w OI Q
m m c,
l
e 0
0 0
4 4
n(
. m
. n
u*
W
9
. 9
e
d rJ ly nl
rl 4 N cy
d Q N 0
e e m rl
0
4
N
d s In
d
180
181
d
i?&
:c-
W
m
E
a
c
;
0
n
P
W
;
I-
182
183
8EP'Z N
184
Pi5 R t
4 *e
‘31-
1
Y
g 4 -.I
d
I \
185
I-
r N i
;i ?
6 d
e
I
186
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINfING OFFICE: 1976 - 635-275/120